CN106599605B - A kind of limestone soil Mountainous Area hillside scale hydrologic process analogy method - Google Patents
A kind of limestone soil Mountainous Area hillside scale hydrologic process analogy method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of limestone soil Mountainous Area hillside scale hydrologic process analogy methods, comprising: hillside computing unit divides；Hydrometeorological data spread；Vegetation retention calculates；Calculating is stayed in the storage of basement rock male and fomale(M&F)；It infiltrates and moisture redistribution process calculates；Interflow calculates；Earth's surface Process of Confluence calculates；Evapotranspiration process calculates.The present invention considers limestone soil Mountainous Area and is widely present that native stone two end number mixing medium, macrovoid preferentially flows and basement rock male and fomale(M&F), on the one hand introduces rubble form factorεCompare coefficient with rubble qualityR v Influence of the native stone two end number mixing medium to hillside water cycle process is quantified；On the other hand it is divided based on hillside computing unit, computing unit is divided into macrovoid and preferentially flows area and matrix area, carried out the area Liang Liu water cycle process and calculate；Meanwhile model is stayed based on the storage of improved depression, calculating basement rock male and fomale(M&F) influences hydrologic process.It is more accurate that the present invention simulates the hillside hydrologic process of limestone soil property, closer to reality.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of limestone soil Mountainous Area hillside scale hydrologic process analogy methods, are a kind of hydrological simulation sides
Method is a kind of analogy method of water cycle process for Limestone Mountain Areas.
Background technique
Limestone Region hillside hydrologic process is studied, can be mentioned for Limestone Region water resources assessment, management and bringing soil erosion under control
For basis.Limestone soil Mountainous Area hillside hydrologic process is different from region of no relief.In Limestone Area hillside soil layer is relatively thin, can generally divide
For homogeneous soil layer, native stone two end number mixing dielectric layer, weathering crushed stone layer and horizon d.Limestone transmissibility and retentiveness compared with
Difference, when soil contains limestone gravel, rubble may be considered that non-permeable area.Since limestone has erodable, soil
Lower subordinate covers huge thick basement rock through long-term month after month water erosion, and extensive development lands lower underground river or preferential circulation road.Meanwhile surface of bedrock is recessed
Convex injustice, these male and fomale(M&F)s are the groundwater reservoirs for storing moisture.Limestone soil Mountainous Area hydrological characteristics complex especially exists
Northern Arid&semi-arid area.Currently, hillside hydrological model does not consider In Limestone Area soil stone hydrological characteristics to the hillside hydrology
Process influences, and leads to problems such as model analog distortion, precision occur not high.
Summary of the invention
In order to overcome the problems of the prior art, the invention proposes a kind of limestone soil Mountainous Area hillside scale hydrologic processes
Analogy method.The present invention considers Limestone Mountain Areas and is widely present that native stone two end number mixing medium, macrovoid preferentially flows and basement rock is recessed
On the one hand convex surface introduces rubble form factorεCompare coefficient with rubble qualityR v Native stone two end number mixing medium is quantified to hillside water
The influence of cyclic process；On the other hand it is divided based on hillside computing unit, computing unit is divided into the preferential Liu Qu of macrovoid and base
Matter area carries out the area Liang Liu water cycle process and calculates；Meanwhile model is stayed based on the storage of improved depression, calculate basement rock male and fomale(M&F) pair
Hydrologic process influences.
The object of the present invention is achieved like this: a kind of In Limestone Area hillside scale hydrologic process analogy method, described
The calculating process of method is as follows:
Hillside computing unit divides: hillside being divided into several basic computational ele- ments using area-time method；
Vertical section divides in computing unit: according to hillside vegetation, soil and rock behavio(u)r, dividing in basic computational ele- ment
Be 4 layers: layer, soil horizon, horizon d are stayed in Vegetation canopy retention layer, earth's surface storage；Vegetation retention layer can segment again are as follows: high vegetation retention
Layer, meadow layer and bare area are stayed in layer and the storage of short vegetation；Soil horizon be further divided into homogeneous soil layer, native stone two end number mixing dielectric layer,
Weathering crushed stone layer；Horizon d is further divided into the area male and fomale(M&F) Chu Liuceng and area is preferentially flowed in crack；
State variable includes: Vegetation canopy interception, depression storage allowance, dry branches and fallen leaves storage allowance, soil in computing unit
Water content；Major parameter includes: that vegetation maximum retention depth, depression maximum Chu Liushen, basement rock male and fomale(M&F) maximum Chu Liushen, deadwood are fallen
Leaf dry weight, soil hydraulic coefficient, characteristic curve of soil moisture, soil moisture content, thickness of soil, native stone binary medium rubble quality
Than coefficient, slope surface roughness etc..Computing unit hydrologic process calculates: converging including producing during hydrometeorological data spread, rainfall
Process of Confluence calculating etc. is produced during journey calculating, non-rainfall.
Hydrometeorological data spread: including hydrometeorological process space NO emissions reduction spread and rain time NO emissions reduction spread.
The spatial of meteorological data in basin, including drop are carried out using Thiessen polygon method and the inverse distance-weighting method of average
Rain, temperature, wind speed, air humidity, net radiation etc., calculation formula is as follows:
(1)
(2)
In formula:DIndicate interpolation point estimate；D pi Indicate thepiA station data of studying and comparing；pmExpression is studied and compared website number；λ pi Indicate thepiA station data weight of studying and comparing；d pi Indicate thepiIt is a study and compare website with interpolation point distance；pnIndicate weight
Index.
Due to the instability of daily rain amount process, to daily rain amount data further progress NO emissions reduction spread, specific formula is such as
Under:
(3)
(4)
(5)
In formula:IFor the periodt k Interior maximum rainfall average rainfall intensity；SIndicate storm parameters；tFor the time (t k-1 <t≤t k )；t k
For the period () section time,NFor when number of segment；Indicate heavy rain attenuation coefficient；PIndicate daily rainfall；T
Indicate that daily rain amount always lasts；a,bExpression parameter.
Produce Process of Confluence during rainfall to calculate: during rainfall, soil evaporation amount is smaller, can ignore.In computing unit
Hydrologic process is mainly by rainfall → vegetation retains → infiltrates production stream → Process of Confluence and constitutes.
Vegetation retention calculates:
Vegetation retention calculates, and calculation formula is as follows:
(6)
(7)
(8)
In formula:VegIndicate the area of vegetation；WrIndicate that vegetation retains water；Wr maxIndicate that maximum vegetation retains water；I
Indicate raininess；RrIndicate that Vegetation canopy flows out water；LAIIndicate leaf area index.
Calculating is stayed in depression storage, and calculation formula is as follows:
(9)
(10)
In formula:It is strong (raininess after vegetation retains) for net rainfall；H u2It is stayed for earth's surface storage；H umax2For upper soll layer maximum
Chu Liushen；R u2For soil surface runoff；f in For infiltration rate.Earth's surface storage allowance is respectively that depression storage allowance and dry branches and fallen leaves storage are stayed
Amount is constituted, and dry branches and fallen leaves storage allowance is consumed in later period evapotranspiration process, and depression storage is stayed and is consumed in soil infiltration.
Calculating is stayed in dry branches and fallen leaves storage, and calculation formula is as follows:
H umax =z max G(11)
In formula:GFor dry branches and fallen leaves dry weight；zFor dry branches and fallen leaves maximum retention factor.
Calculating is stayed in the storage of basement rock male and fomale(M&F):
Ignore during rainfall under the conditions of evapotranspiration, the storage of basement rock male and fomale(M&F) is stayed to be calculated using following formula:
(12)
(13)
In formula:H u1It is stayed for the storage of basement rock male and fomale(M&F)；H umax1For basement rock male and fomale(M&F) maximum Chu Liushen；K scr For weathering crust water guide system
Number；R u1For surface of bedrock runoff；LFor computing unit length；qFor upper layer of soil lower boundary Water Flux.During rainfall, bedrock surface
Infiltration point is first filled with basement rock male and fomale(M&F) under top, then generates bedrock surface interflow；Non- flush period, basement rock male and fomale(M&F) store up allowance
Mainly it is consumed in transpiration process.
Soil and horizon d moisture dynamic process calculate: soil horizon moisture movement process uses Richards (Richards
Equation) formula calculates:
(14)
In formula:hFor soil water suction；CFor moisture capacity；SSFor source sink term (i.e. root water uptake)；zFor reference axis；K(h) be
Coefficient of transmissibility；tFor the time.In view of widely distributed the crack of soil and horizon d is preferentially flowed, during soil water movement
Computing unit is divided into matrix area and preferential stream area.Wherein matrix area occupied area ratio is in computing unit, preferentially flow area
Occupied area ratio is。
For In Limestone Area, contains large quantities of lime rock rubble in matrix area soil, belongs to native stone two end number mixing medium,
But rubble therein does not have retentiveness and transmissibility, affects soil water movement process.To its matrix area soil moisture
When dynamic process is simulated, introduces rubble quality and compare coefficientR v Influence of the limestone gravel to soil moisture content is described.According toR v Greatly
It is small, soil horizon can be divided into following soil layer: 1) whenRvWhen=0, soil horizon is homogeneous soil；2) when 1 >R v When > 0, soil horizon is
Native stone two end number mixing dielectric layer；3) whenR v When=1, soil horizon is horizon d.Then matrix area soil water movement process is further repaired
Just are as follows:
(15)
Wherein,For coefficient of transmissibility in matrix area, rubble form factor is introducedεCompare coefficient with rubble qualityR v , obtain
Formula (16).
(16)
Wherein:
(17)
In formula:w m For matrix area area ratio；hFor soil water suction；C ms For the moisture capacity of soil；SS(i.e. for source sink term
Root water uptake)；ΓFor different section water quality exchanges amounts；SubscriptmIndicate matrix area；SubscriptiIndicate soil horizon；K ss (h)For soil
Unsaturation coefficient of transmissibility；K ss For soil saturation coefficient of transmissibility；α、vnWithvmFor parameter,vm=1-1/vn；zFor reference axis.
When native stone two end number mixing medium reaches saturation,h=0, it is based on formula (16), coefficient of transmissibility is saturated in computing unit are as follows:
K m = (1-εR v )·K ss (18)
Area is preferentially flowed in the computing unit of In Limestone Area equally contains large quantities of lime rock rubble, but pore structure and matrix area
Difference causes the flow of water, coefficient of transmissibility etc. different.Its soil moisture process calculation formula is expressed as follows:
(19)
In formula: subscriptfIndicate preferential stream area；w f Preferentially to flow area's area ratio；Other parameters are the same.
Up-and-down boundary condition is all made of flux boundary condition:
(20)
(21)
In formula:qFor Water Flux；SubscriptmWithfIt respectively indicates matrix area and macrovoid preferentially flows area；SubscriptiIndicate soil
Layer.During rainfall, coboundary flux is that net rainfall is strong；It is topsoil evaporation capacity flux during non-rainfall.Lower boundary is limestone
Bedrock surface, due to limestone bad hydraulic permeability, it is believed that be impermeable stratum, but the crack being distributed in lime batholithite has centainly
Transmissibility and retentiveness.Therefore, lower boundary most area Water Flux is 0, and only fraction area has Water Flux.
Interflow calculates:
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
In formula:QFor flow section flow in earth；K s For soil saturation coefficient of transmissibility；WFor computing unit width；Φ is earth
Middle stream height of water level, i.e. soil water potential；xWithzFor reference axis；eFor soil internal porosity；R sub For vertical inbound traffics, (i.e. interflow is produced
Flow)；qFor Water Flux at each layer soil upper and lower interface；SubscriptmWithfIt respectively indicates matrix area and macrovoid preferentially flows area；Under
MarkiIndicate soil horizon.
During model calculates, matrix area and macrovoid preferentially flow area's characteristic curve of soil moisture using same curve.It considers
Contain a large amount of rubbles in native stone two end number mixing medium, changes Soil moisture characteristics parameter.During model calculates, Soil moisture characteristics
Curve is calculated using consideration rubble Van Genuchten model:
(27)
(28)
In formula:S e For saturation degree coefficient；R v Compare coefficient for rubble rubble quality；θFor native stone two end number mixing medium soil water-containing
Amount；θ s For native stone two end number mixing medium saturated soil water content；θ r For native stone two end number mixing medium soil residual water content；θ n For
Without rubble soil moisture content；θ ns For no rubble saturated soil water content；θ nr For no rubble soil residual water content；α、vnWithvm
For parameter,vm=1-1/vn；hFor soil water suction.
Earth's surface Process of Confluence calculates: calculation formula is as follows:
Continuation method:
(29)
The equation of motion:
S f =S 0 (30)
Manning formula:
(31)
In formula:Q 0 Indicate earth's surface flow section flow；AIndicate flow section area；R surf Indicate Surface Runoff amount；S f Table
Show friction gradient；S 0Indicate that computing unit is averaged ground gradient or the slope of river；R wr Indicate flow section hydraulic radius；knIt indicates
Manning roughness coefficient；
Produce Process of Confluence during non-rainfall to calculate: during non-rainfall, the soil water is mainly consumed in moisture redistribution process, packet
Include soil evaporation and deep percolation process etc..
Soil evaporation process calculates:
Soil evaporation amount in computing unit be vegetation interception water, soil evaporation and transpiration the sum of, calculate
Formula is as follows:
(32)
In formula:It indicates the total evapotranspiration of computing unit (mm)；Subscript 1 indicates vegetation interception water；Subscript 2 indicates that vegetation is steamed
It rises；Subscript 3 indicates exposed soil evaporation.
Soil potential evaporation ability calculates (maximum evaporation intensity) by Penman formula:
(33)
(34)
In formula:For net radiation amount；For the heat flux being passed in water；It is saturation vapour pressure to the derivative of temperature；For atmospheric density；For the specific heat at constant pressure of air；For the difference of practical water vapor pressure and Saturated water vapor pressure；To steam
Deliver face aerodynamic resistance；For the gasification latent heat of water；For air humidity constant；For atmospheric pressure.
Aerodynamic resistance calculates: its calculation formula is as follows:
(35)
(36)
In formula:For aerodynamic resistance (s/m)；For the height (m) of weather station observation point from the ground；To set
Change height (m)；Table is the corresponding earth's surface rugosity (m) of vapor turbulent diffusion；For earth's surface rugosity；For von Karman
Constant；For wind speed；For vegetation height.
Vegetation interception water amount () calculated using Noilhan-Planton model:
(37)
(38)
(39)
(40)
(41)
In formula:The area ratio of computing unit is accounted for for the area of vegetation in bare area-vegetation domain；It is accounted for for wet blade face
The area ratio on vegetation blade face；E p For potential evaporation amount, i.e. evaporation capacity；WrFor vegetation interception；Wr maxFor vegetation maximum
Retain water；IFor raininess；RrWater, the i.e. part (mm) beyond maximum vegetation retention water are flowed out for Vegetation canopy；LAITable
Show leaf area index.
Transpiration amount () calculated using Penman-Monteith formula.Each layer evapotranspiration of soil is using Lei Zhidong's
Roots water uptake model is calculated.Specific formula is as follows:
(42)
(43)
In formula:T r For practical transpiration amount (mm)；For the potential steaming calculated using Penman-Monteith formula
The amount of rising；For heat flux；For vegetation impedance (s/m).
Roots water uptake model:
(44)
T r =E 2 (45)
In formula:lrIndicate root zone thickness；T r For transpiration amount；SSFor root water uptake.
Vegetational type's impedance computation: propose that formula calculates vegetational type's impedance using Dickinson etc.:
(46)
(47)
(48)
(49)
(50)
In formula:r cFor vegetational type's impedance (s/m)；r sminFor minimum stomata impedance (s/m)；LAIFor leaf area index；
For temperature influence function；Saturation deficit influence function is pressed for atmospheric water vapour；The influence letter effectively radiated for photosynthesis
Number；For the influence function of soil moisture content；For temperature (DEG C)；It is Saturated water vapor pressure with the difference between measured value
(kPa)；When being closed for stomataIt is worth (approximately equal to 4kPa)；r smaxFor maximum stomata impedance (5000s/m)；For light and effect effectively radiation (W/m2)；ForCritical value (high vegetation: 30W/m2；Low vegetation: 100W/
m2)；For root parameter water content (explanation being such as not added, all soil moisture contents refer both to volumetric(al) moisture content herein)；To plant
By it is wilting when soil moisture content；For saturated soil water content.
Bare area soil evaporativeness () calculated by following formula:
(51)(52)
In formula:For ground moistening function；For Surfaces soil water content；For soil molecule suction (about 1000-
10000 atmospheric pressure) corresponding soil moisture content；For topsoil field capacity；Other parameters meaning is the same.
Non- flush period soil moisture dynamic process is calculated using modified Richards formula, and calculation formula is the same as non-rainfall
Phase；When non-flush period earth's surface has underground water outflow, runoff concentration calculation, the same flush period of calculation formula are carried out using kinematic wave equations；
Non- flush period interflow uses improved kinematic wave equations, the same flush period of calculation formula.
The beneficial effect comprise that: computing unit is divided using area-time method, according to hillside in computing unit
Profile features are successively divided into vegetable layer, soil horizon and horizon d on vertical, are further divided into each layer according to its characteristic
Sub-layer.In computing unit Water Flux include rainfall, vegetation retention, depression storage stay, infiltrate and moisture dynamic process, interflow,
Surface flow and evapotranspiration process etc..Flush period produces in Process of Confluence simulation, mainly over time and space to rainfall data
It carries out discrete；Vegetation retention is the function of leaf area index；In view of there is preferential stream, soil rainfall infiltration in mountain area soil infiltration
During process calculates, mountain area is divided into macrovoid and preferentially flows area and matrix stream area, matrix stream and preferentially stream soil infiltration and moisture
Redistribution is all made of Richards's equation (Richards) calculating；Soil interflow uses improved power wave equation (Saint-
Venant equation) it calculates；Earth's surface confluence is calculated using power wave equation (Saint-Venant equation).Non- rainfall
Period, soil moisture are consumed in soil evaporation and moisture redistribution, and soil evaporation includes vegetation interception water, transpiration
It evaporates with exposed soil, is calculated separately in calculating；Soil moisture dynamic process, interflow process and earth's surface Process of Confluence are same as rainfall
Period.The present invention keeps soil tor slope hydrologic process simulation in Limestone region more accurate, closer to reality.
Detailed description of the invention
Present invention will be further explained below with reference to the attached drawings and examples.
Fig. 1 is the flow chart of one the method for the embodiment of the present invention.
Specific embodiment
Embodiment one:
The present embodiment is a kind of limestone soil Mountainous Area hillside scale hydrologic process analogy method, and process is as shown in Figure 1.This
The calculating process of embodiment the method is as follows:
Hillside computing unit divides: hillside being divided into several basic computational ele- ments using area-time method；
Vertical section divides in computing unit: according to hillside vegetation, soil and rock behavio(u)r, in basic computational ele- ment
(etc. high bands) is divided into 4 layers, Vegetation canopy retention layer, earth's surface storage stay layer (dry branches and fallen leaves storage stays layer and depression to store up and stays layer), soil horizon,
Horizon d.Soil horizon is further divided into homogeneous soil layer, native stone two end number mixing dielectric layer, weathering crushed stone layer and horizon d.It calculates
State variable includes: Vegetation canopy interception, depression storage allowance, dry branches and fallen leaves storage allowance, soil moisture content etc. in unit.Mainly
Parameter includes: vegetation maximum retention depth, depression maximum Chu Liushen, basement rock male and fomale(M&F) maximum Chu Liushen, dry branches and fallen leaves dry weight, soil
Coefficient of transmissibility, characteristic curve of soil moisture, soil moisture content, each layer thickness of soil, native stone binary medium rubble quality than coefficient,
Slope surface roughness etc..Vegetation retention layer can segment again are as follows: high vegetation retention layer (is divided into coniferous forest, theropencedrymion, broad-leaf forest and normal
Green broad-leaf forest) and short vegetation storage stay layer (spinney), meadow layer and bare area.
State variable includes: Vegetation canopy interception in computing unit, allowance is stored up in depression, basement rock male and fomale(M&F) stores up allowance, withered
Branch fallen leaves storage allowance, soil moisture content；Major parameter includes: that vegetation maximum retains deep, depression maximum Chu Liushen, basement rock male and fomale(M&F)
Maximum Chu Liushen, dry branches and fallen leaves dry weight, soil hydraulic coefficient, characteristic curve of soil moisture, soil moisture content, thickness of soil, soil
Stone binary medium rubble quality is than coefficient, slope surface roughness etc..Computing unit hydrologic process calculates: including hydrometeorological data exhibition
Process of Confluence calculating etc. is produced during producing Process of Confluence calculating, non-rainfall during cloth, rainfall.
Hydrometeorological data spread: including hydrometeorological process space NO emissions reduction spread and rain time NO emissions reduction spread:
The spatial of meteorological data in basin, including drop are carried out using Thiessen polygon method and the inverse distance-weighting method of average
Rain, temperature, wind speed, air humidity, net radiation etc., calculation formula is as follows:
(1)
(2)
In formula:DIndicate interpolation point estimate；D pi Indicate thepiA station data of studying and comparing；pmExpression is studied and compared website number；λ pi Indicate thepiA station data weight of studying and comparing；d pi Indicate thepiIt is a study and compare website with interpolation point distance；pnIndicate weight
Index.
Due to the instability of daily rain amount process, to daily rain amount data further progress NO emissions reduction spread, specific formula is such as
Under:
(3)
(4)
(5)
In formula:IFor the periodt k Interior maximum rainfall average rainfall intensity；SIndicate storm parameters；tFor the time (t k-1 <t≤t k )；t k
For the period () section time,NFor when number of segment；Indicate heavy rain attenuation coefficient；PIndicate daily rainfall；T
Indicate that daily rain amount always lasts；a,bExpression parameter.
Produce Process of Confluence during rainfall to calculate: during rainfall, soil evaporation amount is smaller, can ignore.In computing unit
Hydrologic process is mainly by rainfall → vegetation retains → infiltrates production stream → Process of Confluence and constitutes.
Vegetation retention calculates:
Vegetation retention calculates, and calculation formula is as follows:
(6)
(7)
(8)
In formula:VegIndicate the area of vegetation；WrIndicate that vegetation retains water；Wr maxIndicate that maximum vegetation retains water；I
Indicate raininess；RrIndicate that Vegetation canopy flows out water；LAIIndicate leaf area index.
Calculating is stayed in depression storage, and calculation formula is as follows:
(9)
(10)
In formula:It is strong (raininess after vegetation retains) for net rainfall；H u2It is stayed for earth's surface storage；H umax2For upper soll layer maximum
Chu Liushen；R u2For soil surface runoff；f in For infiltration rate.Earth's surface storage allowance is respectively that depression storage allowance and dry branches and fallen leaves storage are stayed
Amount is constituted, and dry branches and fallen leaves storage allowance is consumed in later period evapotranspiration process, and depression storage is stayed and is consumed in soil infiltration.
Calculating is stayed in dry branches and fallen leaves storage, and calculation formula is as follows:
H umax =z max G(11)
In formula:GFor dry branches and fallen leaves dry weight；zFor dry branches and fallen leaves maximum retention factor.
Calculating is stayed in the storage of basement rock male and fomale(M&F):
Ignore during rainfall under the conditions of evapotranspiration, the storage of basement rock male and fomale(M&F) is stayed to be calculated using following formula:
(12)
(13)
In formula:H u1It is stayed for the storage of basement rock male and fomale(M&F)；H umax1For basement rock male and fomale(M&F) maximum Chu Liushen；K scr For weathering crust water guide system
Number；R u1For surface of bedrock runoff；LFor computing unit length；qFor upper layer of soil lower boundary Water Flux.During rainfall, bedrock surface
Infiltration point is first filled with basement rock male and fomale(M&F) under top, then generates bedrock surface interflow；Non- flush period, basement rock male and fomale(M&F) store up allowance
Mainly it is consumed in transpiration process.
Soil and horizon d moisture dynamic process calculate: soil horizon moisture movement process uses Richards (Richards
Equation) formula calculates:
(14)
In formula:hFor soil water suction；CFor moisture capacity；SSFor source sink term；zFor reference axis；K(h) it is coefficient of transmissibility；tFor
Time.In view of widely distributed the crack of soil and horizon d is preferentially flowed, by computing unit point during soil water movement
For matrix area and preferential stream area.Wherein matrix area occupied area ratio is in computing unit, preferential to flow area's occupied area ratio
For。
For In Limestone Area, contains large quantities of lime rock rubble in matrix area soil, belongs to native stone two end number mixing medium,
But rubble therein does not have retentiveness and transmissibility, affects soil moisture dynamic process.To its matrix area soil moisture
When dynamic process is simulated, introduces rubble quality and compare coefficientR v Influence of the limestone gravel to soil moisture content is described.According toR v Greatly
It is small, soil horizon can be divided into following soil layer: 1) whenR v When=0, soil horizon is homogeneous soil；2) when 1 >R v When > 0, soil horizon is
Native stone two end number mixing dielectric layer；3) whenR v When=1, soil horizon is horizon d.Then matrix area soil water movement process is further repaired
Just are as follows:
(15)
Wherein,For coefficient of transmissibility in matrix area, rubble form factor is introducedεCompare coefficient with rubble qualityR v , obtain
Formula (16).
(16)
Wherein:
(17)
In formula:w m For matrix area area ratio；hFor soil water suction；C ms For the moisture capacity of soil；SS(i.e. for source sink term
Root water uptake)；ΓFor different section water quality exchanges amounts；SubscriptmIndicate matrix area；SubscriptiIndicate soil horizon；K ss (h) it is soil
Unsaturation coefficient of transmissibility；K ss For soil saturation coefficient of transmissibility；α、vnWithvmFor parameter,vm=1-1/vn；zFor reference axis.
When native stone two end number mixing medium reaches saturation,h=0, it is based on formula (16), coefficient of transmissibility is saturated in computing unit are as follows:
K m = (1-εR v )·K ss (18)
Area is preferentially flowed in the computing unit of In Limestone Area equally contains large quantities of lime rock rubble, but pore structure and matrix area
Difference causes the flow of water, coefficient of transmissibility etc. different.Its soil moisture process calculation formula is expressed as follows:
(19)
In formula: subscriptfIndicate preferential stream area；w f Preferentially to flow area's area ratio；Other parameters are the same.
Up-and-down boundary condition is all made of flux boundary condition:
(20)
(21)
In formula:qFor Water Flux；SubscriptmWithfIt respectively indicates matrix area and macrovoid preferentially flows area；SubscriptiIndicate soil
Layer.During rainfall, coboundary flux is that net rainfall is strong；It is topsoil evaporation capacity flux during non-rainfall.Lower boundary is limestone
Bedrock surface, due to limestone bad hydraulic permeability, it is believed that be impermeable stratum, but the crack being distributed in lime batholithite has centainly
Transmissibility and retentiveness.Therefore, lower boundary most area Water Flux is 0, and only fraction area has Water Flux.
Interflow calculates:
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
In formula:QFor flow section flow in earth；K s To be saturated coefficient of transmissibility；WFor computing unit width；Φ is interflow
Height of water level, i.e. soil water potential；xWithzFor reference axis；eFor soil internal porosity；R sub For vertical inbound traffics, (i.e. interflow produces stream
Amount)；qFor Water Flux at each layer soil upper and lower interface；SubscriptmWithfIt respectively indicates matrix area and macrovoid preferentially flows area；SubscriptiIndicate soil horizon.
During model calculates, matrix area and macrovoid preferentially flow area's characteristic curve of soil moisture using same curve.It considers
Contain a large amount of rubbles in native stone two end number mixing medium, changes Soil moisture characteristics parameter.During model calculates, Soil moisture characteristics
Curve is calculated using consideration rubble Van Genuchten model:
(27)
(28)
In formula:S e For saturation degree coefficient；R v Compare coefficient for rubble rubble quality；θFor native stone two end number mixing medium soil water-containing
Amount；θ s For native stone two end number mixing medium saturated soil water content；θ r For native stone two end number mixing medium soil residual water content；θ n For
Without rubble soil moisture content；θ ns For no rubble saturated soil water content；θ nr For no rubble soil residual water content；α、vnWithvm
For parameter,vm=1-1/vn；hFor soil water suction.
Rubble quality is calculated than coefficient earth's surface Process of Confluence: calculation formula is as follows:
Continuation method:
(29)
The equation of motion:
S f =S 0 (30)
Manning formula:
(31)
In formula:Q 0 Indicate earth's surface flow section flow；AIndicate flow section area；R surf Indicate Surface Runoff amount；S f Table
Show friction gradient；S 0Indicate that computing unit is averaged ground gradient or the slope of river；R wr Indicate flow section hydraulic radius；knIt indicates
Manning roughness coefficient.
Produce Process of Confluence during non-rainfall to calculate: during non-rainfall, the soil water is mainly consumed in moisture and redistributed
Journey, including soil evaporation and deep percolation process etc..
Soil evaporation process calculates:
Soil evaporation amount in computing unit be vegetation interception water, soil evaporation and transpiration the sum of, calculate
Formula is as follows:
(32)
In formula:It indicates the total evapotranspiration of computing unit (mm)；Subscript 1 indicates vegetation interception water；Subscript 2 indicates that vegetation is steamed
It rises；Subscript 3 indicates exposed soil evaporation.
Soil potential evaporation ability calculates (maximum evaporation intensity) by Penman formula:
(33)
(34)
In formula:For net radiation amount；For the heat flux being passed in water；It is saturation vapour pressure to the derivative of temperature；For atmospheric density；For the specific heat at constant pressure of air；For the difference of practical water vapor pressure and Saturated water vapor pressure；To steam
Deliver face aerodynamic resistance；For the gasification latent heat of water；For air humidity constant；For atmospheric pressure.
Aerodynamic resistance calculates: its calculation formula is as follows:
(35)
(36)
In formula:For aerodynamic resistance (s/m)；For the height (m) of weather station observation point from the ground；To set
Change height (m)；Table is the corresponding earth's surface rugosity (m) of vapor turbulent diffusion；For earth's surface rugosity；For von Karman
Constant；For wind speed；For vegetation height.
Vegetation interception water amount () calculated using Noilhan-Planton model:
(37)
(38)
(39)
(40)
(41)
In formula:The area ratio of computing unit is accounted for for the area of vegetation in bare area-vegetation domain；It is accounted for for wet blade face
The area ratio on vegetation blade face；E p For potential evaporation amount, i.e. evaporation capacity；WrFor vegetation interception；Wr maxFor vegetation maximum
Retain water；IFor raininess；RrWater, the i.e. part (mm) beyond maximum vegetation retention water are flowed out for Vegetation canopy；LAITable
Show leaf area index.
Transpiration amount () calculated using Penman-Monteith formula.Each layer evapotranspiration of soil is using Lei Zhidong's
Roots water uptake model is calculated.Specific formula is as follows:
(42)
(43)
In formula:T r For practical transpiration amount (mm)；For the potential steaming calculated using Penman-Monteith formula
The amount of rising；For heat flux；For vegetation impedance (s/m).
Roots water uptake model:
(44)
T r =E 2 (45)
In formula:lrIndicate root zone thickness；T r For transpiration amount；SSFor root water uptake.
Vegetational type's impedance computation: propose that formula calculates vegetational type's impedance using Dickinson etc.:
(46)
(47)
(48)
(49)
(50)
In formula:r cFor vegetational type's impedance (s/m)；r sminFor minimum stomata impedance (s/m)；LAIFor leaf area index；
For temperature influence function；Saturation deficit influence function is pressed for atmospheric water vapour；The influence letter effectively radiated for photosynthesis
Number；For the influence function of soil moisture content；For temperature (DEG C)；It is Saturated water vapor pressure with the difference between measured value
(kPa)；When being closed for stomataIt is worth (approximately equal to 4kPa)；r smaxFor maximum stomata impedance (5000s/m)；For light and effect effectively radiation (W/m2)；ForCritical value (high vegetation: 30W/m2；Low vegetation: 100W/
m2)；For root parameter water content (explanation being such as not added, all soil moisture contents refer both to volumetric(al) moisture content herein)；To plant
By it is wilting when soil moisture content；For saturated soil water content.
Bare area soil evaporativeness () calculated by following formula:
(51)(52)
In formula:For ground moistening function；For Surfaces soil water content；For soil molecule suction (about 1000-
10000 atmospheric pressure) corresponding soil moisture content；For topsoil field capacity；Other parameters meaning is the same.
Non- flush period soil moisture dynamic process is calculated using modified Richards formula, and calculation formula is the same as non-rainfall
Phase；When non-flush period earth's surface has underground water outflow, runoff concentration calculation, the same flush period of calculation formula are carried out using kinematic wave equations；
Non- flush period interflow uses improved kinematic wave equations, the same flush period of calculation formula.
Finally it should be noted that being only used to illustrate the technical scheme of the present invention and not to limit it above, although referring to preferable cloth
The scheme of setting describes the invention in detail, those skilled in the art should understand that, it can be to technology of the invention
Scheme (such as the acquisition of data, the utilization of various formula, the sequencing calculated etc.) is modified or replaced equivalently, without
It is detached from the spirit and scope of technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. a kind of limestone soil Mountainous Area hillside scale hydrologic process analogy method, which is characterized in that the calculating of the method
Journey is as follows:
Hillside computing unit divides: hillside being divided several basic computational ele- ments using area-time method；
Vertical section divides in computing unit: according to hillside vegetation, soil and rock behavio(u)r, 4 are divided into basic computational ele- ment
Layer: layer, soil horizon, horizon d are stayed in Vegetation canopy retention layer, earth's surface storage；Vegetation canopy retention layer can segment again are as follows: high vegetation cuts
It stays layer and short vegetation to store up and stays layer, meadow layer and bare area；Soil horizon is further divided into homogeneous soil layer, native stone two end number mixing medium
Layer, weathering crushed stone layer；Horizon d is further divided into the area male and fomale(M&F) Chu Liuceng and area is preferentially flowed in crack；
State variable includes: Vegetation canopy interception in computing unit, depression storage allowance, basement rock male and fomale(M&F) stores up allowance, deadwood is fallen
Leaf Chu Liuliang, soil moisture content；Major parameter includes: vegetation maximum retention depth, depression maximum Chu Liushen, basement rock male and fomale(M&F) maximum
Chu Liushen, dry branches and fallen leaves dry weight, soil hydraulic coefficient, characteristic curve of soil moisture, soil moisture content, thickness of soil, native stone two
First medium rubble quality is than coefficient, slope surface roughness；
The calculating of computing unit hydrologic process produces Process of Confluence calculating, non-flush period during including: hydrometeorological data spread, rainfall
Between produce Process of Confluence；
Hydrometeorological data spread includes hydrometeorological process space NO emissions reduction spread and rain time NO emissions reduction spread；
Carry out the spatial of meteorological data in basin using Thiessen polygon method and the inverse distance-weighting method of average, including rainfall,
Temperature, wind speed, air humidity, net radiation, calculation formula are as follows:
In formula: D indicates interpolation point estimate；DpiIndicate pth i station datas of studying and comparing；Pm indicates website number of studying and comparing；λpiTable
Show i station data weights of studying and comparing of pth；dpiIndicate pth i study and compare website with interpolation point distance；Pn indicates weighted index；
Due to the instability of daily rain amount process, to daily rain amount data further progress NO emissions reduction spread, specific formula is as follows:
S=aP+b (5)
In formula:For period tkInterior maximum rainfall average rainfall intensity；S indicates storm parameters；T is the time, wherein tk-1<t≤tk；tkFor
Period, wherein k ∈ 0,1 ..., N, number of segment when N is；μ indicates heavy rain attenuation coefficient；P indicates daily rainfall；T indicates daily rain amount
Always last；A, b expression parameter；
Produce Process of Confluence during rainfall to calculate: during rainfall, soil evaporation amount is smaller, is ignored；The hydrology in computing unit
Process is mainly by rainfall → Vegetation canopy retains → infiltrates production stream → Process of Confluence and constitutes；
Vegetation canopy retention calculates, and calculation formula is as follows:
Wrmax=0.2VegLAI (8)
In formula: Veg indicates that the area of vegetation in bare area-vegetation domain accounts for the area ratio of computing unit；Wr indicates that Vegetation canopy is cut
Allowance；WrmaxIndicate Vegetation canopy rainfall interception amount；I is raininess；Rr indicates Vegetation canopy discharge；LAI indicates that leaf area refers to
Number；
Calculating is stayed in depression storage, and calculation formula is as follows:
In formula: I ' is that net rainfall is strong, it may be assumed that the raininess after Vegetation canopy retains；Hu2Depth is stayed for upper soll layer storage；Humax2For soil
Depth is stayed in maximum storage in surface layer；Ru2For soil surface runoff；finFor infiltration rate；
Calculating is stayed in dry branches and fallen leaves storage, and calculation formula is as follows:
Humax=zmaxGd(11)
In formula: GdFor dry branches and fallen leaves dry weight；zmaxFor dry branches and fallen leaves maximum retention factor；
Calculatings is stayed in the storage of basement rock male and fomale(M&F): ignores during rainfall under the conditions of evapotranspiration, basement rock male and fomale(M&F) is stored up to stay and be calculated using following formula:
In formula: Hu1Depth is stayed for the storage of basement rock male and fomale(M&F)；Humax1Depth is stayed for the storage of basement rock male and fomale(M&F) maximum；KscrFor weathering crust water guide
Coefficient；Ru1For surface of bedrock runoff；L is computing unit length；Q is Water Flux at each layer soil upper and lower interface；
During rainfall, lower infiltration point is first filled with basement rock male and fomale(M&F) above bedrock surface, then generates bedrock surface interflow；Non- rainfall
Phase, basement rock male and fomale(M&F) storage allowance are mainly consumed in transpiration process；
Soil and horizon d moisture dynamic process calculate: soil horizon moisture movement process uses Richards (Richards
Equation) formula calculates:
In formula: h is soil water suction；C (h) is moisture capacity；SS is source sink term, i.e. root water uptake；Z is reference axis；K (h) is to lead
Water coefficient；T is the time；
In view of widely distributed the crack of soil and horizon d is preferentially flowed, computing unit is divided into during soil water movement
Matrix area and preferential stream area；
Wherein matrix area occupied area ratio is w in computing unitm, macrovoid preferentially flows area's occupied area ratio in computing unit
For wf；
For In Limestone Area, contains large quantities of lime rock rubble in matrix area soil, belong to native stone two end number mixing medium, but its
In rubble do not have retentiveness and transmissibility, affect soil moisture dynamic process；
When to its matrix area soil moisture dynamic process simulation, introduces rubble quality and compare coefficients RvLimestone gravel is described to soil
The influence of earth water content；
According to RvSoil horizon can be divided into following soil layer: 1) work as R by sizevWhen=0, soil horizon is homogeneous soil；2) as 1 > Rv>
When 0, soil horizon is native stone two end number mixing dielectric layer；3) work as RvWhen=1, soil horizon is horizon d；
Then matrix area soil water movement process is further corrected are as follows:
Wherein, wm,iFor the matrix area occupied area ratio of the i-th floor soil；CMs, iFor moisture capacity in the matrix area of the i-th floor soil；
hM, iFor soil water suction in the matrix area of the i-th floor soil；SSF, iThe source sink term in area is preferentially flowed for the macrovoid of the i-th floor soil；
ΓM, iFor different sections water quality exchanges amount in the matrix area of the i-th floor soil；KM, iIt (h) is water guide system in the matrix area of the i-th floor soil
Number, introduces rubble form factor ε and rubble quality compares coefficients Rv, obtain formula (16)；
KM, i(h)=(1- ε Rv)Kss(h) (16)
Wherein:
In formula；hiFor the soil water suction of i-th layer of soil；KssIt (h) is soil unsaturation coefficient of transmissibility；KssFor soil saturation water guide
Coefficient；α1, vn and vm be parameter, vm=1-1/vn；Z is reference axis；
When native stone two end number mixing medium reaches saturation, h=0 is based on formula (16), and coefficient of transmissibility is saturated in computing unit are as follows:
Km=(1- ε Rv)·Kss (18)
Area is preferentially flowed in the computing unit of In Limestone Area and equally contains large quantities of lime rock rubble, but pore structure and matrix area are not
Together, cause the flow of water, coefficient of transmissibility etc. different；
Its soil moisture process calculation formula is expressed as follows:
In formula: subscript f indicates that macrovoid preferentially flows area；wF, iArea's occupied area ratio is preferentially flowed for the macrovoid of the i-th floor soil；
hF, iThe soil water suction in area is preferentially flowed for the macrovoid of the i-th floor soil；ΓF, iMacrovoid for the i-th floor soil preferentially flows area
Different section water quality exchanges amounts；Other parameters are the same；
Up-and-down boundary condition is all made of flux boundary condition:
In formula: qmFor Water Flux at each floor soil upper and lower interface in matrix area；qfEach floor soil bound in area is preferentially flowed for macrovoid
Water Flux at face；wF, iArea's occupied area ratio is preferentially flowed for the macrovoid of the i-th floor soil；hM, iFor the matrix of i-th layer of soil
Soil water suction in area；Subscript m and f respectively indicate matrix area and macrovoid preferentially flows area；During rainfall, coboundary flux is net
Raininess；It is topsoil evaporation capacity flux during non-rainfall；Lower boundary is limestone bedrock surface, due to limestone bad hydraulic permeability,
Therefore think that it is impermeable stratum, but the crack being distributed in lime batholithite has certain transmissibility and retentiveness；
Therefore, lower boundary most area Water Flux is 0, and only fraction area has Water Flux；
Interflow calculates:
RSub, iFor the vertical inbound traffics in i-th layer of soil；ΦiFor the interflow height of water level in i-th layer of soil；QiFor i-th layer of soil
Flow section flow in the earth of earth；W is computing unit width；eiFor the porosity of i-th layer of soil；X is reference axis；
Rsub,i=qm,i+qf,i(24)
qM, iFor Water Flux at each floor soil upper and lower interface in matrix area of the i-th floor soil；qF, iMacrovoid for i-th layer of soil is excellent
Water Flux at each floor soil upper and lower interface in the area Xian Liu；
qm,i=wm(qm,i-1-qm,i) (25)
qf,i=wf(qf,i-1-qf,i) (26)
In formula: QiFor flow section flow in the earth in i-th layer of soil；KsTo be saturated coefficient of transmissibility；W is computing unit width；Φ
For interflow height of water level, i.e. soil water potential；X and z is reference axis；E is soil internal porosity；RsubFor vertical inbound traffics；Q is each
Water Flux at layer soil upper and lower interface；Subscript m and f respectively indicate matrix area and macrovoid preferentially flows area；Subscript i indicates soil
Layer；qM, i-1For Water Flux at each floor soil upper and lower interface in matrix area of the (i-1)-th floor soil；qF, i-1For the big of (i-1)-th layer of soil
Hole preferentially flows Water Flux at each floor soil upper and lower interface in area；
During model calculates, matrix area and macrovoid preferentially flow area's characteristic curve of soil moisture using same curve；Soil water dtex
Curve is levied to calculate using consideration rubble Van Genuchten model:
In formula: SeFor saturation degree coefficient；RvCompare coefficient for rubble quality；θ ' is native stone two end number mixing medium soil moisture content；θssFor
Native stone two end number mixing medium saturated soil water content；θrFor native stone two end number mixing medium soil residual water content；θnFor no gravelly soil
Earth water content；θnsFor no rubble saturated soil water content；θrsFor no rubble soil residual water content；α, vn and vm are parameter, vm
=1-1/vn；H is soil water suction；
Rubble quality is calculated than coefficient earth's surface Process of Confluence, and calculation formula is as follows:
Continuation method:
The equation of motion:
Sf=S0 (30)
Manning formula:
In formula: Q0Indicate earth's surface flow section flow；A indicates flow section area；RsurfIndicate Surface Runoff amount；SfExpression rubs
Wipe gradient；S0Indicate that computing unit is averaged ground gradient or the slope of river；RwrIndicate flow section hydraulic radius；Kn indicates graceful peaceful
Roughness coefficien；
Produce Process of Confluence during non-rainfall to calculate: during non-rainfall, the soil water is mainly consumed in moisture and carries out redistribution process, packet
Include soil evaporation and deep percolation process；
Soil evaporation process calculates, and calculation formula is as follows:
E=E1+E2+E3 (32)
In formula: E indicates the total evapotranspiration of computing unit；E1Indicate Vegetation canopy interception water amount；E2Indicate transpiration amount；E3Table
Show bare area soil evaporativeness；
Soil potential evaporation amount EpIt is calculated by Penman formula:
In formula: RN is net radiation amount；G is the heat flux in incoming water；Δ is derivative of the saturation vapour pressure to temperature；ρaFor air
Density；CpFor the specific heat at constant pressure of air；δeFor the difference of practical water vapor pressure and Saturated water vapor pressure；raFor evaporating surface air
Dynamics impedance；λ is the gasification latent heat of water；γ is air humidity constant；PR is atmospheric pressure；
Aerodynamic resistance calculates: its calculation formula is as follows:
In formula: raFor evaporating surface aerodynamic resistance；Hz is the height of weather station observation point from the ground；Hd is displacement height；
zomTable is the corresponding earth's surface rugosity of vapor turbulent diffusion；zoxFor earth's surface rugosity；κ is von Karman constant；U is wind speed；hc
For vegetation height；
Vegetation canopy interception water amount E1It is calculated using Noilhan-Planton model:
E1=Veg δ Ep (37)
δ=(Wr/Wrmax)2/3 (40)
Wrmax=0.2VegLAI (41)
In formula: Veg is that the area of vegetation in bare area-vegetation domain accounts for the area ratio of computing unit；δ is that wet blade face accounts for vegetation leaf
The area ratio in face；EpFor soil potential evaporation amount, i.e. evaporation capacity；Wr is Vegetation canopy interception；WrmaxFor vegetation hat
Layer rainfall interception amount；I is raininess；Rr is that Vegetation canopy flows out water, that is, exceeds the part of Vegetation canopy rainfall interception amount；LAI
Indicate leaf area index；
Transpiration amount E2It is calculated using Penman-Monteith formula, each layer evapotranspiration of soil uses the root water uptake of Lei Zhidong
Model is calculated, specific formula is as follows:
E2=Veg (1- δ) EPM (42)
In formula: EPMFor the potential transpiration amount calculated using Penman-Monteith formula；G is the heat flux in incoming water；rcFor
Vegetational type's impedance；
Roots water uptake model:
Tr=E2(45)
In formula: lr indicates root zone thickness；TrFor practical transpiration amount；SS is source sink term；
Vegetational type's impedance computation: propose that formula calculates vegetational type's impedance using Dickinson:
σ1 -1=1-0.0016 (25-Ta)2 (47)
σ2 -1=1-VPD/VPDc (48)
In formula: rcFor vegetational type's impedance；rsminFor minimum stomata impedance；LAI is leaf area index；σ1For temperature influence function；
σ2Saturation deficit influence function is pressed for atmospheric water vapour；σ3The influence function effectively radiated for photosynthesis；σ4For soil moisture content
Influence function；TaFor temperature；VPD is Saturated water vapor pressure with the difference between measured value；VPDcVPD value when being closed for stomata；
rsmaxFor maximum stomata impedance；PAR is light and effect effectively radiation；PARcFor the critical value of PAR；θ is Surfaces soil water content；
θwFor soil moisture content of vegetation when wilting；θsFor saturated soil water content；
Bare area soil evaporativeness E3It is calculated by following formula:
In formula: β is ground moistening function；θ is Surfaces soil water content；θmFor the corresponding soil moisture content of soil molecule suction；θh
For topsoil field capacity；
Non- flush period soil moisture dynamic process is calculated using modified Richards formula, and calculation formula is the same as non-flush period；When
When non-flush period earth's surface has underground water outflow, runoff concentration calculation, the same flush period of calculation formula are carried out using kinematic wave equations；Non- rainfall
Phase interflow uses improved kinematic wave equations, the same flush period of calculation formula.
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