CN106568562B - Test method and device for anti-loosening performance of transmission tower cross-arm bolts - Google Patents
Test method and device for anti-loosening performance of transmission tower cross-arm bolts Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种输电塔横担螺栓防松性能的试验方法及装置。其中，该方法包括如下步骤：计算输电塔在各预设工况下的风荷载；建立输电塔横担的有限元模型，在各预设工况下对输电塔横担施加对应的风荷载；计算横担中各杆件在风荷载下的应力，并选取应力比大于预设应力比的杆件作为测量杆件；当风荷载使安装于各测量杆件的螺栓均松脱时，获取安装于所选测量杆件的螺栓的预紧力时程曲线；根据预紧力时程曲线确定各螺栓松脱时的加载次数；根据各螺栓松脱时的加载次数确定各螺栓松脱位置的分布情况，并将最先松脱的螺栓确定为防松性能薄弱的螺栓。本发明提供的方法实现了对横担结构整体的防松性能考察的目的，进而使输电线路的安全性能更好。
The invention provides a test method and device for the anti-loosening performance of cross-arm bolts of a power transmission tower. Wherein, the method includes the following steps: calculating the wind load of the transmission tower under each preset working condition; establishing a finite element model of the crossarm of the transmission tower, and applying a corresponding wind load to the crossarm of the transmission tower under each preset working condition; Calculate the stress of each member in the cross arm under wind load, and select the member whose stress ratio is greater than the preset stress ratio as the measuring member; when the wind load makes the bolts installed on each measuring member loose, the installation According to the time-history curve of pre-tightening force of the bolts of the selected measuring rod; according to the time-history curve of pre-tightening force, the number of loading times when each bolt is loose; situation, and the first loose bolt is determined as the bolt with weak anti-loosening performance. The method provided by the invention realizes the purpose of inspecting the anti-loosening performance of the entire cross-arm structure, and further improves the safety performance of the transmission line.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及螺栓防松技术领域，具体而言，涉及一种输电塔横担螺栓防松性能的试验方法及装置。The invention relates to the technical field of anti-loosening bolts, in particular to a test method and device for the anti-loosening performance of cross-arm bolts of transmission towers.
背景技术Background technique
螺栓是输电塔杆件连接和传力的关键部件，其紧固状态不仅影响塔整体的可靠性，甚至威胁整条线路的安全运行。横担是导线在输电塔的悬挂和支撑部位，强风、舞动等动力荷载作用下，横担承受持续交变荷载，螺栓更容易发生松动。2009年底至2010年初我国发生大范围导线舞动灾害，其中河南省舞动造成的杆塔损坏较为严重，杆塔损坏的主要原因是舞动造成横担螺栓松动，进而导致横担或整塔发生破坏。Bolts are the key components for connection and force transmission of transmission tower rods, and their fastening state not only affects the overall reliability of the tower, but even threatens the safe operation of the entire line. The cross arm is the suspension and support part of the wire on the transmission tower. Under the action of strong wind, galloping and other dynamic loads, the cross arm bears continuous alternating loads, and the bolts are more likely to loosen. From the end of 2009 to the beginning of 2010, a large-scale wire galloping disaster occurred in my country. Among them, the pole tower damage caused by galloping in Henan Province was more serious. The main reason for the damage to the pole tower was that the galloping caused the cross-arm bolts to loosen, which in turn led to damage to the cross-arm or the entire tower.
现有输电塔螺栓防松性能试验中，试验对象均为单个螺栓样本，振幅和频率依据GB/T 10431—2008《紧固件横向振动试验方法》取值，该标准主要适用于机械行业紧固件，所施加的振动荷载仅为水平荷载，由此确定的螺栓松脱规律和防松性能，不能准确反映输电塔横担在强风、舞动等条件下同时作用水平荷载和垂直荷载的真实状态。此外，由于在大风或舞动荷载作用下，横担上平面、侧面及下平面杆件的受力状态不同，因而螺栓发生松脱的机理、先后顺序及分布位置也存在较大差异，传统的单个螺栓防松性能试验不能满足考察横担整体防松性能的要求，进而无法保证横担整体的安全性，从而威胁输电线路的安全性能。In the anti-loosening performance test of existing transmission tower bolts, the test object is a single bolt sample, and the amplitude and frequency are taken according to GB/T 10431-2008 "Test Method for Lateral Vibration of Fasteners". This standard is mainly applicable to fastening in the mechanical industry. The applied vibration load is only the horizontal load, and the bolt loosening law and anti-loosening performance determined from this cannot accurately reflect the true state of the horizontal load and the vertical load acting on the cross arm of the transmission tower under conditions such as strong wind and galloping. In addition, under the action of strong wind or galloping load, the force states of the upper plane, side and lower plane of the cross-arm are different, so the mechanism, sequence and distribution position of the bolts are also quite different. The traditional single The bolt anti-loosening performance test cannot meet the requirements of investigating the overall anti-loosening performance of the cross-arm, and thus cannot guarantee the overall safety of the cross-arm, thus threatening the safety performance of the transmission line.
发明内容Contents of the invention
鉴于此，本发明提出了一种输电塔横担螺栓防松性能的试验方法及装置，旨在解决现有的螺栓防松性能试验方法只能考察单个螺栓的防松性能进而导致输电线路安全性能差的问题。In view of this, the present invention proposes a test method and device for the anti-loosening performance of transmission tower crossarm bolts, aiming at solving the problem that the existing bolt anti-loosening performance test method can only examine the anti-loosening performance of a single bolt and thus lead to the safety performance of transmission lines. bad question.
一个方面，本发明提出了一种输电塔横担螺栓防松性能的试验方法，包括如下步骤：荷载计算步骤，计算输电塔在各预设工况下的风荷载；风荷载施加步骤，在各预设工况下对输电塔横担施加对应的风荷载；测量杆件选取步骤，计算横担中各杆件在风荷载下的应力，并选取应力比大于预设应力比的杆件作为测量杆件；预紧力时程曲线获取步骤，当风荷载使安装于各测量杆件的螺栓均松脱时，获取安装于所选测量杆件的螺栓的预紧力时程曲线；松脱加载次数确定步骤，根据预紧力时程曲线确定各螺栓松脱时的加载次数；防松性能评估步骤，根据各螺栓松脱时的加载次数确定各螺栓松脱位置的分布情况，并将最先松脱的螺栓确定为防松性能薄弱的螺栓。In one aspect, the present invention proposes a test method for the anti-loosening performance of transmission tower cross-arm bolts, comprising the following steps: a load calculation step, calculating the wind load of the transmission tower under each preset working condition; a wind load application step, at each The corresponding wind load is applied to the cross-arm of the transmission tower under the preset working condition; the selection step of the measurement member is to calculate the stress of each member in the cross-arm under the wind load, and select the member whose stress ratio is greater than the preset stress ratio as the measurement member Rods; the step of obtaining pretightening force time-history curves, when the wind load makes the bolts installed on each measuring bar loose, obtain the pre-tightening force time-history curve of the bolts installed on the selected measuring bar; loose loading In the step of determining the number of times, according to the pretightening force time history curve, the number of times of loading when each bolt is loose is determined; in the step of anti-loosening performance evaluation, the distribution of the loosening position of each bolt is determined according to the number of times of loading when each bolt is loose, and the first Loose bolts are identified as bolts with weak anti-loosening properties.
进一步地，上述输电塔横担螺栓防松性能的试验方法中，荷载计算步骤中：预设工况包括：大风工况和舞动工况。Further, in the test method for the anti-loosening performance of cross-arm bolts of the transmission tower, in the load calculation step: the preset working conditions include: strong wind working condition and galloping working condition.
进一步地，上述输电塔横担螺栓防松性能的试验方法中，预设工况为大风工况，荷载计算步骤进一步包括：大风工况横担水平风荷载确定子步骤，计算输电塔横担的挂点处输电导线在大风工况下的风荷载，将输电塔横担的挂点处输电导线在大风工况下的风荷载确定为输电塔横担在大风工况下的水平风荷载；大风工况横担垂直风荷载确定子步骤，将输电导线、金具和绝缘子三者之和确定为输电塔横担在大风工况下的垂直风荷载。Further, in the above-mentioned test method for the anti-loosening performance of the cross-arm bolts of the transmission tower, the preset working condition is a strong wind condition, and the load calculation step further includes: the sub-step of determining the horizontal wind load of the cross-arm under the strong wind condition, calculating the The wind load of the transmission conductor at the hanging point under the strong wind condition, the wind load of the transmission conductor at the hanging point of the transmission tower cross arm under the strong wind condition is determined as the horizontal wind load of the transmission tower cross arm under the strong wind condition; The sub-step of determining the vertical wind load of the cross-arm of the working condition is to determine the sum of the transmission wire, fittings and insulators as the vertical wind load of the cross-arm of the transmission tower under the strong wind condition.
进一步地，上述输电塔横担螺栓防松性能的试验方法中，输电塔横担在大风工况下的水平风荷载方向与输电导线的方向垂直。Furthermore, in the above-mentioned test method for the anti-loosening performance of the cross-arm bolts of the transmission tower, the horizontal wind load direction of the cross-arm of the transmission tower under the condition of strong wind is perpendicular to the direction of the transmission wire.
进一步地，上述输电塔横担螺栓防松性能的试验方法中，预设工况为舞动工况，荷载计算步骤进一步包括：舞动工况荷载确定子步骤，根据输电导线所处舞动区的级别和输电导线的结构参数确定输电导线的舞动幅值，再根据输电导线的舞动幅值和驻波理论计算输电塔横担在舞动工况下的水平风荷载和垂直风荷载。Further, in the test method for the anti-loosening performance of the cross arm bolts of the transmission tower, the preset working condition is the galloping condition, and the load calculation step further includes: the galloping condition load determination sub-step, according to the level of the galloping area where the transmission wire is located and The structural parameters of the transmission wire determine the galloping amplitude of the transmission wire, and then calculate the horizontal wind load and vertical wind load of the cross-arm of the transmission tower under the galloping condition according to the galloping amplitude of the transmission wire and the standing wave theory.
进一步地，上述输电塔横担螺栓防松性能的试验方法中，输电塔横担在舞动工况下的水平风荷载方向与输电导线的方向平行。Further, in the above-mentioned test method for the anti-loosening performance of the cross-arm bolts of the transmission tower, the horizontal wind load direction of the cross-arm of the transmission tower under galloping conditions is parallel to the direction of the transmission wire.
进一步地，上述输电塔横担螺栓防松性能的试验方法中，松脱加载次数确定步骤进一步包括：加载时间确定子步骤，加载时间为各螺栓的预紧力为零时的时间；频率计算子步骤，计算输电塔横担在各预设工况下的风荷载的加载频率；加载次数确定子步骤，根据加载时间和加载频率确定各螺栓松脱时的加载次数。Further, in the test method for the anti-loosening performance of the cross-arm bolts of the transmission tower, the step of determining the number of times of loose loading further includes: the sub-step of determining the loading time, the loading time is the time when the pretightening force of each bolt is zero; the frequency calculation sub-step The step of calculating the loading frequency of the wind load of the transmission tower cross arm under each preset working condition; the sub-step of determining the number of loading times is to determine the number of times of loading when each bolt is loose according to the loading time and loading frequency.
进一步地，上述输电塔横担螺栓防松性能的试验方法中，加载次数确定子步骤中，将加载时间和加载频率的乘积确定为加载次数。Further, in the test method for the anti-loosening performance of the cross arm bolts of the transmission tower, in the sub-step of determining the loading times, the product of the loading time and the loading frequency is determined as the loading times.
进一步地，上述输电塔横担螺栓防松性能的试验方法中，还包括：重复上述步骤，分别确定各螺栓为单帽螺栓和双帽螺栓时的加载次数；将各单帽螺栓和双帽螺栓的加载次数进行比较，将最先松脱的单帽螺栓和双帽螺栓确定为防松性能薄弱的螺栓。Further, in the test method for the anti-loosening performance of the cross arm bolts of the transmission tower, it also includes: repeating the above steps, respectively determining the loading times when each bolt is a single-cap bolt and a double-cap bolt; The number of loading times is compared, and the first loose cap bolt and double cap bolt are determined as the bolts with weak anti-loosening performance.
本发明通过确定横担螺栓发生松脱的加载次数，可以准确确定输电铁塔横担不同部位螺栓发生松脱的机理、先后顺序及分布位置，实现了对横担结构整体的防松性能考察的目的，实现了输电塔横担防松性能的有效评估，保证了横担整体的安全性，进而使输电线路的安全性能更好。The present invention can accurately determine the mechanism, sequence and distribution position of the bolts loosening in different parts of the cross-arm of the transmission tower by determining the loading times of the cross-arm bolts loosening, and realizes the purpose of inspecting the anti-loosening performance of the overall cross-arm structure , to realize the effective evaluation of the anti-loosening performance of the cross-arm of the transmission tower, to ensure the overall safety of the cross-arm, and to make the safety performance of the transmission line better.
另一方面，本发明还提出了一种输电塔横担螺栓防松性能的试验装置，包括：荷载计算模块，用于计算输电塔在各预设工况下的风荷载；风荷载施加模块，用于建立输电塔的有限元模型，在各预设工况下对输电塔横担施加对应的风荷载；测量杆件选取模块，用于计算横担中各杆件在风荷载下的应力，并选取应力比大于预设应力比的杆件作为测量杆件；预紧力时程曲线获取模块，用于当风荷载使安装于各测量杆件的螺栓均松脱时，获取安装于所选测量杆件的螺栓的预紧力时程曲线；松脱加载次数确定模块，用于根据预紧力时程曲线确定各螺栓松脱时的加载次数；防松性能评估模块，用于根据各螺栓松脱时的加载次数确定各螺栓松脱位置的分布情况，并将最先松脱的螺栓确定为防松性能薄弱的螺栓。On the other hand, the present invention also proposes a test device for anti-loosening performance of transmission tower cross-arm bolts, including: a load calculation module for calculating the wind load of the transmission tower under various preset working conditions; a wind load application module, It is used to establish the finite element model of the transmission tower, and the corresponding wind load is applied to the cross arm of the transmission tower under each preset working condition; the measurement member selection module is used to calculate the stress of each member in the cross arm under the wind load, And select the rod whose stress ratio is greater than the preset stress ratio as the measuring rod; the acquisition module of the preload time history curve is used to obtain the bolt installed on the selected measuring rod when the wind load loosens the bolts Measure the pretightening force time history curve of the bolts of the bar; the module for determining the number of loose loading times is used to determine the loading times when each bolt is loose according to the pretightening force time history curve; the anti-loosening performance evaluation module is used The number of loadings during loosening determines the distribution of the loosening position of each bolt, and the bolt that loosens first is determined as the bolt with weak anti-loosening performance.
本发明通过确定横担螺栓发生松脱的加载次数，可以准确确定输电塔横担不同部位螺栓发生松脱的机理、先后顺序及分布位置，实现了对横担结构整体的防松性能考察的目的，进而实现了输电塔横担防松性能的有效评估，保证了横担整体的安全性，进而使输电线路的安全性能更好。The present invention can accurately determine the mechanism, sequence and distribution position of the bolts loosening in different parts of the cross-arm of the transmission tower by determining the loading times of the cross-arm bolts loosening, and realizes the purpose of inspecting the anti-loosening performance of the overall cross-arm structure , thereby realizing the effective evaluation of the anti-loosening performance of the cross-arm of the transmission tower, ensuring the overall safety of the cross-arm, and further improving the safety performance of the transmission line.
附图说明Description of drawings
通过阅读下文优选实施方式的详细描述，各种其他的优点和益处对于本领域普通技术人员将变得清楚明了。附图仅用于示出优选实施方式的目的，而并不认为是对本发明的限制。而且在整个附图中，用相同的参考符号表示相同的部件。在附图中：Various other advantages and benefits will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment. The drawings are only for the purpose of illustrating a preferred embodiment and are not to be considered as limiting the invention. Also throughout the drawings, the same reference numerals are used to designate the same parts. In the attached picture:
图1为本发明实施例提供的输电塔横担螺栓防松性能的试验方法的流程图；Fig. 1 is the flow chart of the test method of the anti-loosening performance of the transmission tower cross-arm bolt provided by the embodiment of the present invention;
图2为本发明实施例提供的输电塔横担螺栓防松性能的试验方法中，输电塔横担有限元模型示意图；Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the finite element model of the cross-arm of the transmission tower in the test method for the anti-loosening performance of the cross-arm bolts of the transmission tower provided by the embodiment of the present invention;
图3为本发明实施例提供的输电塔横担螺栓防松性能的试验方法中，双帽螺栓预紧力传感器安装示意图；Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the installation of the double-cap bolt pretightening force sensor in the test method for the anti-loosening performance of the cross-arm bolts of the transmission tower provided by the embodiment of the present invention;
图4为本发明实施例提供的输电塔横担螺栓防松性能的试验方法中，输电塔横担下平面螺栓预紧力传感器布置示意图；Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the layout of the flat bolt pre-tightening force sensor under the cross-arm of the transmission tower in the test method for the anti-loosening performance of the cross-arm bolts of the transmission tower provided by the embodiment of the present invention;
图5为本发明实施例提供的输电塔横担螺栓防松性能的试验装置的结构框图。Fig. 5 is a structural block diagram of a test device for the anti-loosening performance of cross-arm bolts of a transmission tower provided by an embodiment of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面将参照附图更详细地描述本公开的示例性实施例。虽然附图中显示了本公开的示例性实施例，然而应当理解，可以以各种形式实现本公开而不应被这里阐述的实施例所限制。相反，提供这些实施例是为了能够更透彻地理解本公开，并且能够将本公开的范围完整的传达给本领域的技术人员。需要说明的是，在不冲突的情况下，本发明中的实施例及实施例中的特征可以相互组合。下面将参考附图并结合实施例来详细说明本发明。Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Although exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the present disclosure may be embodied in various forms and should not be limited by the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided for more thorough understanding of the present disclosure and to fully convey the scope of the present disclosure to those skilled in the art. It should be noted that, in the case of no conflict, the embodiments of the present invention and the features in the embodiments can be combined with each other. The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
方法实施例：Method example:
参见图1，图1为本发明实施例提供的输电塔横担螺栓防松性能的试验方法的流程图。如图所示，该方法包括以下步骤：Referring to FIG. 1 , FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a test method for the anti-loosening performance of cross-arm bolts of a transmission tower provided by an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the method includes the following steps:
荷载计算步骤S1，计算输电塔在各预设工况下的风荷载。The load calculation step S1 is to calculate the wind load of the transmission tower under each preset working condition.
具体地，为准确评估输电塔横担螺栓在实际环境下的防松性能，需要计算输电塔在实际环境的各种预设工况下的风荷载，各工况均为实际环境的工况。需要说明的是，各预设工况可以根据实际情况来确定，本实施例对其不做任何限定。Specifically, in order to accurately evaluate the anti-loosening performance of the cross-arm bolts of the transmission tower in the actual environment, it is necessary to calculate the wind load of the transmission tower under various preset working conditions in the actual environment, and each working condition is the working condition of the actual environment. It should be noted that each preset working condition may be determined according to actual conditions, which is not limited in this embodiment.
风荷载施加步骤S1，在各预设工况下对输电塔横担施加对应的风荷载。The wind load applying step S1 is to apply a corresponding wind load to the cross arm of the transmission tower under each preset working condition.
具体地，参见图2，建立输电塔横担的有限元模型，将上述步骤中所计算的输电塔在预设各工况下的风荷载施加于输电塔横担的输电导线的挂点4。Specifically, referring to FIG. 2 , a finite element model of the cross-arm of the transmission tower is established, and the wind load of the transmission tower calculated in the above steps under preset working conditions is applied to the hanging point 4 of the transmission conductor of the cross-arm of the transmission tower.
测量杆件选取步骤S2，计算横担中各杆件在风荷载下的应力，并选取应力比峰值大于预设应力比的杆件作为测量杆件。The measuring member selection step S2 is to calculate the stress of each member in the cross arm under the wind load, and select the member whose stress ratio peak value is greater than the preset stress ratio as the measuring member.
具体地，在上述步骤所施加的风荷载下，采用有限元分析法计算横担中各杆件的应力比，并选取应力比峰值大于预设应力比的杆件作为测量螺栓防松性能的杆件，杆件的应力比越大，说明杆件的振动越强烈，越需要评估连接于该杆件螺栓的防松性能。具体实施时，预设应力比可以为0.5。应力比为杆件实际应力与设计应力的比值。需要说明的是，有限元分析法计算横担中各杆件的应力比为本领域技术人员所公知，故不赘述。Specifically, under the wind load applied in the above steps, the stress ratio of each member in the cross arm is calculated by using the finite element analysis method, and the member with the peak value of the stress ratio greater than the preset stress ratio is selected as the member for measuring the anti-loosening performance of the bolt The greater the stress ratio of the member, the stronger the vibration of the member, and the more it is necessary to evaluate the anti-loosening performance of the bolts connected to the member. During specific implementation, the preset stress ratio may be 0.5. The stress ratio is the ratio of the actual stress of the member to the design stress. It should be noted that the calculation of the stress ratios of the rods in the cross arm by the finite element analysis method is well known to those skilled in the art, so it will not be described in detail.
预紧力时程曲线获取步骤S3，当风荷载使安装于各测量杆件的螺栓均松脱时，获取安装于所选测量杆件的螺栓的预紧力时程曲线。The pretightening force time-history curve acquisition step S3 is to acquire the pre-tightening force time-history curve of the bolts installed on the selected measuring bar when the wind load loosens the bolts installed on each measuring bar.
具体地，在选取的测量杆件的连接板与螺栓之间安装预紧力传感器，在预设工况下对横担施加上述步骤中计算的风荷载，利用预紧力传感器获取测量杆件的螺栓从开始施加风荷载到螺栓松脱这段时间的预紧力时程曲线。Specifically, a preload sensor is installed between the connecting plate and the bolt of the selected measuring member, and the wind load calculated in the above steps is applied to the cross arm under the preset working condition, and the preload sensor is used to obtain the The pretightening force time history curve of the bolt from the beginning of wind load to the bolt loosening.
松脱加载次数确定步骤S4，根据预紧力时程曲线确定各螺栓松脱时的加载次数。Step S4 of determining the times of loose loading is to determine the times of loading when each bolt is loose according to the pretightening force time history curve.
具体地，根据获取的各螺栓的预紧力时程曲线确定各螺栓从开始施加风荷载到螺栓松脱时，风荷载对螺栓的加载次数。Specifically, according to the obtained time-history curves of the pretightening force of each bolt, the number of times the wind load is applied to the bolts from the beginning of wind load to the bolt loosening is determined.
防松性能评估步骤S5，根据各螺栓松脱时的加载次数确定各螺栓松脱位置的分布情况，并将最先松脱的螺栓确定为防松性能薄弱的螺栓。The anti-loosening performance evaluation step S5 is to determine the distribution of each bolt's loosening position according to the loading times when each bolt is loosened, and determine the first loosened bolt as the bolt with weak anti-loosening performance.
具体地，根据上述步骤中确定的各螺栓松脱时的加载次数可以得到各螺栓松脱位置的分布情况，将最先松脱的螺栓确定为防松性能薄弱的螺栓，具体实施时，可以对最先松脱的螺栓适当增加预紧力以提高最先松脱螺栓的防松性能。Specifically, according to the loading times when each bolt is loosened determined in the above steps, the distribution of the loosened position of each bolt can be obtained, and the first loosened bolt is determined to be a bolt with weak anti-loosening performance. Properly increase the pre-tightening force of the first loose bolt to improve the anti-loosening performance of the first loose bolt.
可以看出，本实施例中，通过确定横担螺栓发生松脱的加载次数，可以准确确定输电铁横担不同部位螺栓发生松脱的机理、先后顺序及分布位置，实现了对横担结构整体的防松性能考察的目的，进而实现了输电塔横担防松性能的有效评估，保证了横担整体的安全性，进而使输电线路的安全性能更好。It can be seen that in this embodiment, by determining the number of loading times when the cross-arm bolts loosen, the mechanism, sequence and distribution position of the bolts loosening in different parts of the power transmission iron cross-arm can be accurately determined, and the overall analysis of the cross-arm structure is achieved. The purpose of the anti-loosening performance inspection is to realize the effective evaluation of the anti-loosening performance of the cross-arm of the transmission tower, to ensure the overall safety of the cross-arm, and to make the safety performance of the transmission line better.
上述实施例中，荷载计算步骤中，预设工况可以包括：大风工况和舞动工况。需要说明的是，大风工况和舞动工况均为领域技术人员所公知，故不赘述。In the above embodiment, in the load calculation step, the preset working conditions may include: a strong wind working condition and a galloping working condition. It should be noted that both the strong wind condition and the galloping condition are well known to those skilled in the art, so details will not be described here.
本实施例中，模拟实际的自然环境下输电塔的各工况，对横担施加风荷载，使螺栓的防松性能更接近实际情况，更准确的评估了螺栓的防松性能。In this embodiment, various working conditions of the transmission tower in the actual natural environment are simulated, and wind load is applied to the cross arm, so that the anti-loosening performance of the bolts is closer to the actual situation, and the anti-loosening performance of the bolts is more accurately evaluated.
在本发明的一种实施方式中，预设工况为大风工况，荷载计算步骤S1可以进一步包括：In one embodiment of the present invention, the preset working condition is a strong wind working condition, and the load calculation step S1 may further include:
大风工况横担水平荷载确定子步骤S11，计算输电塔横担的挂点处输电导线在大风工况下的风荷载，将输电塔横担的挂点处输电导线在大风工况下的风荷载确定为输电塔横担在大风工况下的水平风荷载。Sub-step S11 of determining the horizontal load of the cross-arm under the strong wind condition is to calculate the wind load of the transmission conductor at the hanging point of the transmission tower cross-arm under the strong wind condition, and calculate the wind load of the transmission conductor at the hanging point of the transmission tower cross-arm under the strong wind condition The load is determined as the horizontal wind load of the cross-arm of the transmission tower under the condition of strong wind.
具体地，由于横担自身的风荷载远小于挂点处输电导线的风荷载，所以试验中，仅考虑作用在挂点处的输电导线的风荷载Fwc。大风工况下，根据输电塔横担挂点处的输电导线的风速和长度计算横担挂点处的输电导线的风荷载Fwc。将输电塔横担的挂点处输电导线在大风工况下的风荷载确定为输电塔横担在大风工况下的水平风荷载。具体实施时，大风工况下的水平风荷载的方向可以与输电导线的方向垂直，并且，可以采用作动器对横担施加正弦曲线的风荷载，不同时刻t输电塔横担水平风荷载的表达式为：其中，fWC为横担的自振频率，对输电塔横担进行模态分析即可得到fWC。需要说明的是，根据输电塔横担挂点处的输电导线的风速和长度计算横担挂点处的输电导线的风荷载Fwc的方法为领域技术人员所公知，故不赘述。Specifically, since the wind load of the cross-arm itself is much smaller than the wind load of the transmission wire at the hanging point, only the wind load F wc of the transmission wire acting on the hanging point is considered in the test. Under strong wind conditions, the wind load F wc of the transmission wire at the cross-arm attachment point of the transmission tower is calculated according to the wind speed and length of the transmission wire at the cross-arm attachment point. The wind load of the transmission conductor at the hanging point of the cross-arm of the transmission tower under the strong wind condition is determined as the horizontal wind load of the cross-arm of the transmission tower under the strong wind condition. During specific implementation, the direction of the horizontal wind load under strong wind conditions can be perpendicular to the direction of the transmission conductor, and the actuator can be used to apply a sinusoidal wind load to the cross arm, and the horizontal wind load of the transmission tower cross arm at different times t The expression is: Among them, f WC is the natural vibration frequency of the cross-arm, and f WC can be obtained by performing modal analysis on the cross-arm of the transmission tower. It should be noted that the method of calculating the wind load Fwc of the transmission wire at the cross-arm attachment point of the transmission tower according to the wind speed and length of the transmission wire at the cross-arm attachment point is well known to those skilled in the art, so it will not be described in detail.
大风工况横担垂直荷载确定子步骤S12，将输电导线、金具和绝缘子三者重量之和确定为输电塔横担在大风工况下的垂直风荷载。The sub-step S12 of determining the vertical load of the cross arm under the strong wind condition is to determine the sum of the weights of the transmission wires, fittings and insulators as the vertical wind load of the cross arm of the transmission tower under the strong wind condition.
具体地，将横担挂点处的输电导线、金具和绝缘子三者重量之和确定为横担在大风工况下的垂直风荷载Gc。具体实施时，垂直风荷载以恒定荷载形式施加，采用配重法模拟实现。需要说明的是，配重法为领域技术人员所公知，故不赘述。Specifically, the sum of the weights of the transmission wires, fittings and insulators at the hanging point of the cross-arm is determined as the vertical wind load G c of the cross-arm under strong wind conditions. In the specific implementation, the vertical wind load is applied in the form of constant load, which is simulated by the counterweight method. It should be noted that the counterweight method is well known to those skilled in the art, so it will not be described in detail.
本实施例中，对实际环境中大风工况下的风荷载进行模拟，即同时考虑水平风荷载和垂直风荷载的共同作用，使横担的试验环境更接近实际的工作环境，确保了螺栓防松性能评估的准确性。In this embodiment, the wind load under the strong wind condition in the actual environment is simulated, that is, the joint action of the horizontal wind load and the vertical wind load is considered at the same time, so that the test environment of the cross-arm is closer to the actual working environment, ensuring that the bolts are protected. Accuracy of loose performance assessment.
在本发明的一种实施方式中，预设工况为舞动工况，荷载计算步骤S1可以进一步包括：In one embodiment of the present invention, the preset working condition is a galloping working condition, and the load calculation step S1 may further include:
根据输电导线所处舞动区的级别和输电导线的结构参数确定输电导线的舞动幅值，再根据输电导线的舞动幅值和驻波理论计算输电塔横担在舞动工况下的水平风荷载和垂直风荷载。Determine the galloping amplitude of the transmission wire according to the level of the galloping area of the transmission wire and the structural parameters of the transmission wire, and then calculate the horizontal wind load and vertical wind load.
具体地，首先根据输电导线所处舞动区的强弱级别和输电导线的结构参数确定输电导线的舞动幅值，然后根据输电导线的舞动幅值和驻波理论计算输电导线在舞动工况下的水平风荷载FG和垂直风荷载GG，最后，将输电导线在舞动工况下的水平风荷载FG和垂直风荷载GG确定为横担在舞动工况下的水平风荷载FG和垂直风荷载GG。具体实施时，舞动工况下的水平风荷载的方向可以与输电导线的方向平行，并且，可以采用作动器对横担施加正弦曲线的风荷载，不同时刻t输电塔横担水平风荷载的表达式为：其中，fG为横担的输电导线的舞动频率，根据输电导线的结构参数和舞动阶次即可确定fG。垂直风荷载以恒定荷载形式施加，采用配重法模拟实现。需要说明的是，输电导线舞动幅值的计算方法、采用驻波理论计算水平风荷载和垂直风荷载的方法均为领域技术人员所公知，故不赘述。Specifically, firstly, the galloping amplitude of the transmission conductor is determined according to the strength level of the galloping area of the transmission conductor and the structural parameters of the transmission conductor, and then the galloping amplitude of the transmission conductor is calculated according to the galloping amplitude of the transmission conductor and the standing wave theory. Horizontal wind load F G and vertical wind load G G , finally, determine the horizontal wind load F G and vertical wind load G G of the transmission conductor under galloping conditions as the horizontal wind load F G and Vertical wind load G G . During specific implementation, the direction of the horizontal wind load under the galloping condition can be parallel to the direction of the transmission wire, and the actuator can be used to apply a sinusoidal wind load to the cross-arm, and the horizontal wind load of the cross-arm of the transmission tower at different times t The expression is: Among them, f G is the galloping frequency of the transmission wire of the crossarm, and f G can be determined according to the structural parameters and galloping order of the transmission wire. The vertical wind load is applied in the form of constant load, which is simulated by the counterweight method. It should be noted that the calculation method of the galloping amplitude of the transmission wire and the method of calculating the horizontal wind load and the vertical wind load by using the standing wave theory are well known to those skilled in the art, so details will not be described here.
本实施例中，对实际环境中舞动工况下的风荷载进行模拟，即同时考虑水平风荷载和垂直风荷载的共同作用，使横担的试验环境更接近实际的工作环境，确保了螺栓防松性能评估的准确性。In this embodiment, the wind load under the galloping condition in the actual environment is simulated, that is, the joint action of the horizontal wind load and the vertical wind load is considered at the same time, so that the test environment of the cross arm is closer to the actual working environment, ensuring that the bolts are Accuracy of loose performance assessment.
在本发明的一种实施方式中，松脱加载次数确定步骤S4可以进一步包括：In one embodiment of the present invention, step S4 of determining the number of times of loose loading may further include:
加载时间确定子步骤S41，加载时间为各螺栓的预紧力为零时的时间。Loading time determination sub-step S41, the loading time is the time when the pretightening force of each bolt is zero.
具体地，观察上述步骤中获取的各螺栓的预紧力时程曲线，当各螺栓的预紧力为零时记录此刻时间，将该时间作为加载时间。Specifically, observe the pretightening force time history curve of each bolt obtained in the above steps, record the time when the pretightening force of each bolt is zero, and use this time as the loading time.
频率计算子步骤S42，计算输电塔横担在各预设工况下的风荷载的加载频率。The frequency calculation sub-step S42 is to calculate the loading frequency of the wind load of the cross-arm of the transmission tower under each preset working condition.
具体地，大风工况下，将横担的自振频率fWC确定为风荷载的加载频率，对输电塔横担进行模态分析即可得到fWC。舞动工况下，将输电导线的舞动频率fG确定为风荷载的加载频率，根据输电导线的结构参数和舞动阶次即可确定fG。Specifically, under strong wind conditions, the natural vibration frequency f WC of the cross arm is determined as the loading frequency of the wind load, and f WC can be obtained by performing modal analysis on the cross arm of the transmission tower. Under the galloping condition, the galloping frequency f G of the transmission conductor is determined as the loading frequency of the wind load, and f G can be determined according to the structural parameters and galloping order of the transmission conductor.
加载次数确定子步骤S43，根据加载时间和加载频率确定各螺栓松脱时的加载次数。The loading times determination sub-step S43 is to determine the loading times when each bolt is loose according to the loading time and loading frequency.
具体地，根据上述步骤中得到的各螺栓的加载时间和加载频率的乘积确定为各螺栓松脱时的加载次数。Specifically, the product of the loading time and loading frequency of each bolt obtained in the above steps is determined as the number of loading times when each bolt is loose.
本实施例中，根据各螺栓的加载时间和加载频率确定了各螺栓松脱时的加载次数，该方法简单、易行。In this embodiment, according to the loading time and loading frequency of each bolt, the number of loading times when each bolt is loose is determined, and the method is simple and feasible.
为了对不同的方案进行比较，可以采用上述方法分别对单帽螺栓和双帽螺栓分别进行试验，进而可以确定单帽螺栓连接和双帽螺栓中的螺栓松动分布情况，并将各单帽螺栓和双帽螺栓的加载次数进行比较，将最先松脱的单帽螺栓和双帽螺栓确定为防松性能薄弱的螺栓。In order to compare different schemes, the above method can be used to test the single-cap bolts and double-cap bolts respectively, and then the distribution of bolt looseness in the single-cap bolt connection and double-cap bolts can be determined, and the single-cap bolts and double-cap bolts can be determined. The loading times of the double-cap bolts were compared, and the first loose single-cap bolts and double-cap bolts were determined as the bolts with weak anti-loosening performance.
具体地，螺栓全部选择单帽螺栓，重复荷载计算步骤S1、风荷载施加步骤步骤S2、测量杆件选取步骤S3、预紧力时程曲线获取步骤S4、松脱加载次数确定步骤S5，分别确定各单帽螺栓的加载次数。然后再将螺栓全部选择为双帽螺栓，再次重复上述荷载计算步骤S1、风荷载施加步骤步骤S2、测量杆件选取步骤S3、预紧力时程曲线获取步骤S4、松脱加载次数确定步骤S5，确定各双帽螺栓的加载次数。最后将各单帽螺栓和各双帽螺栓的加载次数进行比较，将最先松脱单帽螺栓和双帽螺栓确定为防松性能薄弱的螺栓。对于最先松脱的螺栓为单帽螺栓，则可以通过适当增加预紧力或者将单帽螺栓换成双帽螺栓以提高单帽螺栓的防松性能。对于最先松脱的螺栓为双帽螺栓，则可以通过适当增加预紧力以提高双帽螺栓的防松性能。Specifically, select single-cap bolts for all bolts, repeat the load calculation step S1, the wind load application step S2, the measurement member selection step S3, the pretightening force time-history curve acquisition step S4, and the step S5 for determining the number of loose loading times, respectively determine Number of loads for each cap bolt. Then select all the bolts as double cap bolts, and repeat the above load calculation step S1, wind load application step S2, measurement member selection step S3, pretightening force time history curve acquisition step S4, and loose loading times determination step S5 , to determine the number of loadings for each double cap bolt. Finally, the loading times of each single-cap bolt and each double-cap bolt are compared, and the first loose single-cap bolt and double-cap bolt are determined as the bolts with weak anti-loosening performance. If the first loose bolt is a single-cap bolt, the anti-loosening performance of the single-cap bolt can be improved by appropriately increasing the pre-tightening force or replacing the single-cap bolt with a double-cap bolt. If the first loose bolt is a double cap bolt, the anti-loosening performance of the double cap bolt can be improved by appropriately increasing the pre-tightening force.
本实施例中，通过比较各单帽螺栓和各双帽螺栓的加载次数，有效的评估了单帽螺栓和双帽螺栓的防松性能，可以更好的提出螺栓防松的优化方案。In this embodiment, by comparing the loading times of each single-cap bolt and each double-cap bolt, the anti-loosening performance of the single-cap bolt and the double-cap bolt is effectively evaluated, and an optimization scheme for bolt anti-loosening can be better proposed.
下面将以舞动工况为例，对本实施例中的方法进行更为详细的说明：The following will take the galloping condition as an example to describe the method in this embodiment in more detail:
以舞动区500kV干字型转角塔为例，该输电塔前后各有1基耐张塔，前后侧导线档距分别为275m和310m。输电导线型号为4×LGJ 630/45，单根输电导线初始张力为47.02kN，输电导线的舞动频率fG为0.05Hz。该输电塔横担采用6.8级M16和M20的螺栓，螺栓安装扭矩标准值分别为80N·m和100N·m。Taking the 500kV dry-shaped corner tower in the dancing area as an example, there is a base tension tower at the front and rear of the transmission tower, and the distance between the front and rear conductors is 275m and 310m respectively. The model of the transmission wire is 4×LGJ 630/45, the initial tension of a single transmission wire is 47.02kN, and the galloping frequency f G of the transmission wire is 0.05Hz. The cross arm of the transmission tower adopts 6.8-grade M16 and M20 bolts, and the standard bolt installation torque values are 80N·m and 100N·m respectively.
首先确定耐张塔前后两档输电导线的舞动幅值分别为7.17m和8.08m，基于驻波理论计算得到输电导线水平荷载FG和垂直荷载GG分别为240kN和30kN。Firstly, the galloping amplitudes of the two transmission wires at the front and rear of the strain tower are determined to be 7.17m and 8.08m, respectively. Based on the standing wave theory, the horizontal load F G and vertical load G G of the transmission wire are calculated to be 240kN and 30kN, respectively.
然后，建立如图2所示的输电塔横担的有限元模型，将上述确定的舞动工况下的风荷载施加在输电塔横担的输电导线的挂点4○，采用有限元分析法计算舞动工况下横担各杆件的应力比，预设应力比为0.5，应力比峰值超过0.5的杆件分布如图2所示，分别为横担下平面主材1、第一横担下平面斜材2和第二横担下平面斜材3，应力比峰值超过0.5的杆件应力比计算值可以参见表1：Then, establish the finite element model of the cross-arm of the transmission tower as shown in Figure 2, apply the wind load determined above under the galloping condition to the hanging point 4○ of the transmission conductor of the cross-arm of the transmission tower, and use the finite element analysis method to calculate The stress ratio of each member of the cross arm under the galloping condition, the preset stress ratio is 0.5, and the distribution of the members with the peak value of the stress ratio exceeding 0.5 is shown in Figure 2. The calculated value of the stress ratio of the members whose stress ratio peak value exceeds 0.5 for the plane inclined material 2 and the plane inclined material 3 under the second cross arm can be found in Table 1:
表1Table 1
将应力比峰值超过预设应力比的杆件作为测量螺栓防松性能的杆件，在各杆件的连接螺栓与连接板之间安装预紧力传感器。各测量杆件的连接螺栓可以为单帽螺栓，也可以为双帽螺栓，当各螺栓为双帽螺栓时，参见图3，螺母5和螺母6置于连接板7的上面，螺母9置于连接板7的下面，预紧力传感器8安装于连接板7与螺栓9之间。横担下平面螺栓预紧力传感器8的布置可以参见图4。The rod whose peak stress ratio exceeds the preset stress ratio is used as the rod for measuring the anti-loosening performance of the bolt, and a preload sensor is installed between the connecting bolt and the connecting plate of each rod. The connecting bolts of each measuring rod can be single-cap bolts or double-cap bolts. When each bolt is a double-cap bolt, see Figure 3. Nuts 5 and 6 are placed on the connecting plate 7, and nut 9 is placed on the Below the connecting plate 7 , a preload sensor 8 is installed between the connecting plate 7 and the bolt 9 . The arrangement of the plane bolt pretightening force sensor 8 under the cross arm can refer to FIG. 4 .
在输电塔横担的输电导线挂点位置分别施加水平风荷载和垂直荷载。调整作动器加载方向与横担结构的相对位置，实现舞动工况下水平风荷载的施加。舞动工况下输电塔横担振动试验的水平风荷载的特性曲线为正弦曲线。根据水平风荷载FG可以得到不同时刻t输电塔横担振动试验中水平风荷载的表达式为FG(t)＝120+120sin(2π×0.05t)。输电塔挂点垂直风荷载GG为30kN，并且垂直风荷载以恒定荷载形式施加，采用配重法模拟实现。The horizontal wind load and the vertical load are respectively applied to the hanging point of the transmission wire on the cross arm of the transmission tower. Adjust the loading direction of the actuator and the relative position of the cross-arm structure to realize the application of horizontal wind load under galloping conditions. The characteristic curve of the horizontal wind load of the cross-arm vibration test of the transmission tower under the galloping condition is a sinusoidal curve. According to the horizontal wind load F G , the expression of the horizontal wind load in the cross-arm vibration test of the transmission tower at different times t can be obtained as F G (t) = 120 + 120sin (2π × 0.05t). The vertical wind load G G of the hanging point of the transmission tower is 30kN, and the vertical wind load is applied in the form of a constant load, which is simulated by the counterweight method.
当各螺栓分别为单帽螺栓和双帽螺栓时，进行舞动工况下的输电塔横担螺栓振动试验，利用预紧力传感器8测量螺栓的预紧力时程曲线F(t)。When the bolts are single-cap bolts and double-cap bolts, the vibration test of the transmission tower cross-arm bolts under galloping conditions is carried out, and the pre-tightening force time-history curve F(t) of the bolts is measured by the pre-tightening force sensor 8 .
最后根据预紧力时程曲线F(t)确定螺栓发生松动的加载次数N，单帽螺栓和双帽螺栓的加载次数N可以参见表2：Finally, according to the pretightening force time history curve F(t), the number of loading times N for bolt loosening is determined. The number of loading times N for single-cap bolts and double-cap bolts can be referred to in Table 2:
表2Table 2
从表2可以看出螺栓A和螺栓B在舞动工况下风荷载的作用下最先发生松脱，在进行输电塔横担螺栓防松时，对于单帽螺栓可以通过适当增大这两处螺栓的预紧力或者将单帽螺栓更换成双帽螺栓来提高横担螺栓的防松性能，对于双帽螺栓可以通过适当增大这两处螺栓的预紧力来提高横担螺栓的防松性能。It can be seen from Table 2 that bolts A and B are the first to loosen under the action of wind load under galloping conditions. When anti-loosening the cross-arm bolts of transmission towers, the single-cap bolts can be appropriately increased by increasing the two bolts. The anti-loosening performance of the cross-arm bolts can be improved by replacing the single-cap bolts with double-cap bolts. For double-cap bolts, the anti-loosening performance of the cross-arm bolts can be improved by appropriately increasing the pre-tightening force of these two bolts. .
本实施例中，通过确定横担螺栓发生松脱的加载次数，可以准确确定输电塔横担不同部位螺栓发生松脱的机理、先后顺序及分布位置，实现了对横担结构整体的防松性能考察的目的，进而实现了输电塔横担防松性能的有效评估，保证了横担整体的安全性，进而使输电线路的安全性能更好。In this embodiment, by determining the number of loading times when the cross-arm bolts loosen, the mechanism, sequence and distribution position of the bolts in different parts of the transmission tower cross-arm can be accurately determined, and the anti-loosening performance of the overall cross-arm structure is realized. The purpose of the investigation is to realize the effective evaluation of the anti-loosening performance of the cross-arm of the transmission tower, to ensure the overall safety of the cross-arm, and to make the safety performance of the transmission line better.
装置实施例：Device example:
参见图5，图5为本发明实施例提供的输电塔横担螺栓防松性能的试验装置的结构框图。如图所示，该装置包括：荷载计算模块100、风荷载施加模块200、测量杆件选取模块300、预紧力时程曲线获取模块400、松脱加载次数确定模块500和防松性能评估模块600。其中，Referring to FIG. 5 , FIG. 5 is a structural block diagram of a test device for the anti-loosening performance of cross-arm bolts of a transmission tower provided by an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the figure, the device includes: a load calculation module 100, a wind load application module 200, a measurement member selection module 300, a preload time history curve acquisition module 400, a loose loading times determination module 500 and an anti-loosening performance evaluation module 600. in,
荷载计算模块100用于计算输电塔在各预设工况下的风荷载。风荷载施加模块200用于建立输电塔的有限元模型，在各预设工况下对输电塔横担施加对应的风荷载。测量杆件选取模块300用于计算横担中各杆件在风荷载下的应力，并选取应力比大于预设应力比的杆件作为测量杆件。预紧力时程曲线获取模块400用于当风荷载使安装于各测量杆件的螺栓均松脱时，获取安装于所选测量杆件的螺栓的预紧力时程曲线。松脱加载次数确定模块500用于根据预紧力时程曲线确定各螺栓松脱时的加载次数。防松性能评估模块600用于根据各螺栓松脱时的加载次数确定各螺栓松脱位置的分布情况，并将最先松脱的螺栓确定为防松性能薄弱的螺栓。其中，该装置的具体实施过程参见上述方法实施例中的说明即可，本实施例在此不再赘述。The load calculation module 100 is used to calculate the wind load of the transmission tower under various preset working conditions. The wind load applying module 200 is used to establish a finite element model of the transmission tower, and apply a corresponding wind load to the cross arm of the transmission tower under each preset working condition. The measuring member selection module 300 is used to calculate the stress of each member in the cross arm under the wind load, and select the member whose stress ratio is greater than the preset stress ratio as the measuring member. The pretightening force time history curve obtaining module 400 is used to obtain the pretightening force time history curve of the bolts installed on the selected measuring rods when the wind load loosens the bolts installed on each measuring rod. The loosening loading times determination module 500 is used to determine the loading times when each bolt is loosened according to the pretightening force time history curve. The anti-loosening performance evaluation module 600 is used to determine the distribution of loosening positions of each bolt according to the loading times when each bolt is loosened, and determine the first loosened bolt as the bolt with weak anti-loosening performance. Wherein, for the specific implementation process of the device, refer to the description in the foregoing method embodiments, and details will not be repeated here in this embodiment.
本实施例中，通过确定横担螺栓发生松脱的加载次数，可以准确确定输电铁横担不同部位螺栓发生松脱的机理、先后顺序及分布位置，实现了对横担结构整体的防松性能考察的目的，进而实现了输电塔横担防松性能的有效评估，保证了横担整体的安全性，进而使输电线路的安全性能更好。In this embodiment, by determining the number of loading times when the cross-arm bolts loosen, the mechanism, sequence and distribution position of the bolts in different parts of the power transmission iron cross-arm can be accurately determined, and the anti-loosening performance of the overall cross-arm structure is realized. The purpose of the investigation is to realize the effective evaluation of the anti-loosening performance of the cross-arm of the transmission tower, to ensure the overall safety of the cross-arm, and to make the safety performance of the transmission line better.
显然，本领域的技术人员可以对本发明进行各种改动和变型而不脱离本发明的精神和范围。这样，倘若本发明的这些修改和变型属于本发明权利要求及其等同技术的范围之内，则本发明也意图包含这些改动和变型在内。Obviously, those skilled in the art can make various changes and modifications to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, if these modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalent technologies, the present invention also intends to include these modifications and variations.
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