CN106563439A - La-modified La-V2O5/TiO2 desulfurization catalyst - Google Patents

La-modified La-V2O5/TiO2 desulfurization catalyst Download PDF

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CN106563439A
CN106563439A CN201610954409.6A CN201610954409A CN106563439A CN 106563439 A CN106563439 A CN 106563439A CN 201610954409 A CN201610954409 A CN 201610954409A CN 106563439 A CN106563439 A CN 106563439A
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catalyst
removal
oil bath
tio
impurities
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吴思敏
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Xinyi Chino New Mstar Technology Ltd
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Xinyi Chino New Mstar Technology Ltd
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/16Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/20Vanadium, niobium or tantalum
    • B01J23/22Vanadium
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/86Catalytic processes
    • B01D53/8603Removing sulfur compounds
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/86Catalytic processes
    • B01D53/8621Removing nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/8625Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/8628Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/002Mixed oxides other than spinels, e.g. perovskite
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00Catalysts
    • B01D2255/20Metals or compounds thereof
    • B01D2255/206Rare earth metals
    • B01D2255/2063Lanthanum

Abstract

The invention discloses a La-modified La-V2O5/TiO2 desulfurization catalyst, wherein metatitanic acid slurry, ammonium metavanadate, oxalic acid and lanthanum chloride are adopted as main synthesis raw materials. The raw materials are subjected to magnetization reaction to synthesize a novel modified desulfurization and denitration catalyst. The catalyst is high in desulfurization efficiency.

Description

La modified La-V2O5/TiO2Desulphurization catalyst
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of modified La-V of La2O5/TiO2Catalyst, with metatitanic acid slurry, ammonium metavanadate, oxalic acid, chlorination Lanthanum is main synthesis material, belongs to catalyst technical field.
Background technology
It is various harmful containing sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and dust etc. in coal-burning boiler and the flue gas of thermal power plant discharge Composition, the natural resources, the ecosystem, material, visibility and public health to China constitutes serious threat, while Socio-economic development and the normal life of the people are affected, SO is controlled2, NO discharges have become China quite over a long time One of vital task.Dry fume is while desulfurization (SO2) denitration (NO) because can be prevented effectively from equipment repeat configure, running cost It is simple to operate with low, it is considered as a very promising flue gases purification the features such as without secondarily polluted water. V2O5/TiO2As desulphurization denitration catalyst, his desulphurization denitration rate is not especially high, and catalyst regeneration is also to perplex its one Problem, now we are using the modified obtained La-V of rare element La2O5/TiO2Catalyst effectively improves V2O5/TiO2Urge The two defects of agent.
The content of the invention
The technical solution used in the present invention is:A kind of La modified La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst, with metatitanic acid slurry, inclined vanadium Sour ammonium, oxalic acid, lanthanum chloride is main synthesis material
Comprise the following steps:
Step 1, first by metatitanic acid starch 90 DEG C of oil bath ultrasound 4h removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid starch 140 DEG C be air-dried 15h;
Lower 800 DEG C of sufficient air calcines 12h in step 3 and then Muffle furnace, and anatase titanium dioxide TiO is obtained2Carrier;
Step 4, a certain amount of ammonium metavanadate and oxalic acid are weighed, the lower 90 DEG C of oil bath removal of impurities of ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid 20 drop speed per minute is then added dropwise the magnetic agitation when being added dropwise is added dropwise 80 DEG C of oil bath heating;
Step 6, will obtained TiO as stated above2 Carrier is immersed in the mixed liquor, the 100 DEG C of leachings of magnetic agitation oil bath heating Compression molding under pressure after stain 6h;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and 140 DEG C are dried 15h, and roasting 6h is obtained V in 500 DEG C of Muffle furnace abundance air2O5/ TiO2Catalyst;
Step 8, lanthanum chloride is dissolved in in deionized water the removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 9, by obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst is immersed in 100 DEG C of oil bath heatings 8h of magnetic agitation in lanthanum chloride solution, so Be centrifuged under centrifugal separator afterwards, under rotary evaporator 180 DEG C moisture evaporation, then 120 DEG C are dried 10h La- are obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst;
Step 10, by prepared La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst makes 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
Beneficial effect of the present invention:V2O5/TiO2Catalyst desulfurizing denitration rate is general, and the present invention passes through to introduce La rare elements, By magnetic agitation in preparation process, calcine under atmosphere under sufficient air, these method of modifying make obtained catalyst Effect is greatly promoted and greatly improves desulphurization denitration rate, is 1 in lanthanum chloride and ammonium metavanadate mass ratio:6, lanthanum chloride 5g, meta-aluminic acid ammonium 30g, metatitanic acid slurry 10ml, oxalic acid 10ml, deionized water 150ml, obtained La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst takes off Sulphur denitration effect is best.
Specific embodiment
Embodiment 1
Produce lanthanum chloride and ammonium metavanadate mass ratio 1:1 sample.Lanthanum chloride 5g, meta-aluminic acid ammonium 5g, metatitanic acid slurry 10ml, oxalic acid 10ml, deionized water 150ml.
Step 1, first by 10ml metatitanic acids starch 90 DEG C of oil bath ultrasound 4h removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid starch 140 DEG C be air-dried 15h;
Lower 800 DEG C of sufficient air calcines 12h in step 3 and then Muffle furnace, and anatase titanium dioxide TiO is obtained2Carrier;
Step 4,5g ammonium metavanadates and 10ml oxalic acid are weighed, the lower 90 DEG C of oil bath removal of impurities of ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid 20 drop speed per minute is then added dropwise the magnetic agitation when being added dropwise is added dropwise 80 DEG C of oil bath heating;
Step 6, will obtained TiO as stated above2 Carrier is immersed in the mixed liquor, the 100 DEG C of leachings of magnetic agitation oil bath heating Sheetmolding is pushed after stain 6h in certain power;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and 140 DEG C are dried 15h, and roasting 6h is obtained V in 500 DEG C of Muffle furnace abundance air2O5/ TiO2Catalyst;
Step 8,5g lanthanum chlorides are dissolved in into the removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation in 150ml deionized waters;
Step 9, by obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst is immersed in 100 DEG C of oil bath heatings 8h of magnetic agitation in lanthanum chloride solution, so Be centrifuged under centrifugal separator afterwards, under rotary evaporator 180 DEG C moisture evaporation, then 120 DEG C are dried 10h La- are obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst;
Step 10, by prepared La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst makes 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
Embodiment 2
Produce lanthanum chloride and ammonium metavanadate mass ratio 1:2 sample.Lanthanum chloride 5g, meta-aluminic acid ammonium 10g, metatitanic acid slurry 10ml, oxalic acid 10ml, deionized water 150ml.
Step 1, first by 10ml metatitanic acids starch 90 DEG C of oil bath ultrasound 4h removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid starch 140 DEG C be air-dried 15h;
Lower 800 DEG C of sufficient air calcines 12h in step 3 and then Muffle furnace, and anatase titanium dioxide TiO is obtained2Carrier;
Step 4,10g ammonium metavanadates and 10ml oxalic acid are weighed, the lower 90 DEG C of oil bath removal of impurities of ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid 20 drop speed per minute is then added dropwise the magnetic agitation when being added dropwise is added dropwise 80 DEG C of oil bath heating;
Step 6, will obtained TiO as stated above2 Carrier is immersed in the mixed liquor, the 100 DEG C of leachings of magnetic agitation oil bath heating Compression molding under pressure after stain 6h;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and 140 DEG C are dried 15h, and roasting 6h is obtained V in 500 DEG C of Muffle furnace abundance air2O5/ TiO2Catalyst;
Step 8,5g lanthanum chlorides are dissolved in into the removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation in 150ml deionized waters;
Step 9, by obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst is immersed in 100 DEG C of oil bath heatings 8h of magnetic agitation in lanthanum chloride solution, so Be centrifuged under centrifugal separator afterwards, under rotary evaporator 180 DEG C moisture evaporation, then 120 DEG C are dried 10h La- are obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst;
Step 10, by prepared La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst makes 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
Embodiment 3
Produce lanthanum chloride and ammonium metavanadate mass ratio 1:3 sample.Lanthanum chloride 5g, meta-aluminic acid ammonium 15g, metatitanic acid slurry 10ml, oxalic acid 10ml, deionized water 150ml.
Step 1, first by 10ml metatitanic acids starch 90 DEG C of oil bath ultrasound 4h removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid starch 140 DEG C be air-dried 15h;
Lower 800 DEG C of sufficient air calcines 12h in step 3 and then Muffle furnace, and anatase titanium dioxide TiO is obtained2Carrier;
Step 4,15g ammonium metavanadates and 10ml oxalic acid are weighed, the lower 90 DEG C of oil bath removal of impurities of ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid 20 drop speed per minute is then added dropwise the magnetic agitation when being added dropwise is added dropwise 80 DEG C of oil bath heating;
Step 6, will obtained TiO as stated above2 Carrier is immersed in the mixed liquor, the 100 DEG C of leachings of magnetic agitation oil bath heating Compression molding under pressure after stain 6h;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and 140 DEG C are dried 15h, and roasting 6h is obtained V in 500 DEG C of Muffle furnace abundance air2O5/ TiO2Catalyst;
Step 8,5g lanthanum chlorides are dissolved in into the removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation in 150ml deionized waters;
Step 9, by obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst is immersed in 100 DEG C of oil bath heatings 8h of magnetic agitation in lanthanum chloride solution, so Be centrifuged under centrifugal separator afterwards, under rotary evaporator 180 DEG C moisture evaporation, then 120 DEG C are dried 10h La- are obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst;
Step 10, by prepared La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst makes 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
Embodiment 4
Produce lanthanum chloride and ammonium metavanadate mass ratio 1:4 sample.Lanthanum chloride 5g, meta-aluminic acid ammonium 20g, metatitanic acid slurry 10ml, oxalic acid 10ml, deionized water 150ml.
Step 1, first by 10ml metatitanic acids starch 90 DEG C of oil bath ultrasound 4h removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid starch 140 DEG C be air-dried 15h;
Lower 800 DEG C of sufficient air calcines 12h in step 3 and then Muffle furnace, and anatase titanium dioxide TiO is obtained2Carrier;
Step 4,20g ammonium metavanadates and 10ml oxalic acid are weighed, the lower 90 DEG C of oil bath removal of impurities of ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid 20 drop speed per minute is then added dropwise the magnetic agitation when being added dropwise is added dropwise 80 DEG C of oil bath heating;
Step 6, will obtained TiO as stated above2 Carrier is immersed in the mixed liquor, the 100 DEG C of leachings of magnetic agitation oil bath heating Compression molding under pressure after stain 6h;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and 140 DEG C are dried 15h, and roasting 6h is obtained V in 500 DEG C of Muffle furnace abundance air2O5/ TiO2Catalyst;
Step 8,5g lanthanum chlorides are dissolved in into the removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation in 150ml deionized waters;
Step 9, by obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst is immersed in 100 DEG C of oil bath heatings 8h of magnetic agitation in lanthanum chloride solution, so Be centrifuged under centrifugal separator afterwards, under rotary evaporator 180 DEG C moisture evaporation, then 120 DEG C are dried 10h La- are obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst;
Step 10, by prepared La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst makes 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
Embodiment 5
Produce lanthanum chloride and ammonium metavanadate mass ratio 1:5 sample.Lanthanum chloride 5g, meta-aluminic acid ammonium 25g, metatitanic acid slurry 10ml, oxalic acid 10ml, deionized water 150ml.
Step 1, first by 10ml metatitanic acids starch 90 DEG C of oil bath ultrasound 4h removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid starch 140 DEG C be air-dried 15h;
Lower 800 DEG C of sufficient air calcines 12h in step 3 and then Muffle furnace, and anatase titanium dioxide TiO is obtained2Carrier;
Step 4,25g ammonium metavanadates and 10ml oxalic acid are weighed, the lower 90 DEG C of oil bath removal of impurities of ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid 20 drop speed per minute is then added dropwise the magnetic agitation when being added dropwise is added dropwise 80 DEG C of oil bath heating;
Step 6, will obtained TiO as stated above2 Carrier is immersed in the mixed liquor, the 100 DEG C of leachings of magnetic agitation oil bath heating Compression molding under pressure after stain 6h;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and 140 DEG C are dried 15h, and roasting 6h is obtained V in 500 DEG C of Muffle furnace abundance air2O5/ TiO2Catalyst;
Step 8,5g lanthanum chlorides are dissolved in into the removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation in 150ml deionized waters;
Step 9, by obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst is immersed in 100 DEG C of oil bath heatings 8h of magnetic agitation in lanthanum chloride solution, so Be centrifuged under centrifugal separator afterwards, under rotary evaporator 180 DEG C moisture evaporation, then 120 DEG C are dried 10h La- are obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst;
Step 10, by prepared La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst makes 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
Embodiment 6
Produce lanthanum chloride and ammonium metavanadate mass ratio 1:6 sample.Lanthanum chloride 5g, meta-aluminic acid ammonium 30g, metatitanic acid slurry 10ml, oxalic acid 10ml, deionized water 150ml.
Step 1, first by 10ml metatitanic acids starch 90 DEG C of oil bath ultrasound 4h removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid starch 140 DEG C be air-dried 15h;
Lower 800 DEG C of sufficient air calcines 12h in step 3 and then Muffle furnace, and anatase titanium dioxide TiO is obtained2Carrier;
Step 4,30g ammonium metavanadates and 10ml oxalic acid are weighed, the lower 90 DEG C of oil bath removal of impurities of ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid 20 drop speed per minute is then added dropwise the magnetic agitation when being added dropwise is added dropwise 80 DEG C of oil bath heating;
Step 6, will obtained TiO as stated above2 Carrier is immersed in the mixed liquor, the 100 DEG C of leachings of magnetic agitation oil bath heating Compression molding under pressure after stain 6h;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and 140 DEG C are dried 15h, and roasting 6h is obtained V in 500 DEG C of Muffle furnace abundance air2O5/ TiO2Catalyst;
Step 8,5g lanthanum chlorides are dissolved in into the removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation in 150ml deionized waters;
Step 9, by obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst is immersed in 100 DEG C of oil bath heatings 8h of magnetic agitation in lanthanum chloride solution, so Be centrifuged under centrifugal separator afterwards, under rotary evaporator 180 DEG C moisture evaporation, then 120 DEG C are dried 10h La- are obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst;
Step 10, by prepared La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst makes 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
Embodiment 7
Produce lanthanum chloride and ammonium metavanadate mass ratio 1:7 sample.Lanthanum chloride 5g, meta-aluminic acid ammonium 35g, metatitanic acid slurry 10ml, oxalic acid 10ml, deionized water 150ml.
Step 1, first by 10ml metatitanic acids starch 90 DEG C of oil bath ultrasound 4h removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid starch 140 DEG C be air-dried 15h;
Lower 800 DEG C of sufficient air calcines 12h in step 3 and then Muffle furnace, and anatase titanium dioxide TiO is obtained2Carrier;
Step 4,35g ammonium metavanadates and 10ml oxalic acid are weighed, the lower 90 DEG C of oil bath removal of impurities of ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid 20 drop speed per minute is then added dropwise the magnetic agitation when being added dropwise is added dropwise 80 DEG C of oil bath heating;
Step 6, will obtained TiO as stated above2 Carrier is immersed in the mixed liquor, the 100 DEG C of leachings of magnetic agitation oil bath heating Compression molding under pressure after stain 6h;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and 140 DEG C are dried 15h, and roasting 6h is obtained V in 500 DEG C of Muffle furnace abundance air2O5/ TiO2Catalyst;
Step 8,5g lanthanum chlorides are dissolved in into the removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation in 150ml deionized waters;
Step 9, by obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst is immersed in 100 DEG C of oil bath heatings 8h of magnetic agitation in lanthanum chloride solution, so Be centrifuged under centrifugal separator afterwards, under rotary evaporator 180 DEG C moisture evaporation, then 120 DEG C are dried 10h La- are obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst;
Step 10, by prepared La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst makes 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
Embodiment 8
Produce lanthanum chloride and ammonium metavanadate mass ratio 1:8 sample.Lanthanum chloride 5g, meta-aluminic acid ammonium 40g, metatitanic acid slurry 10ml, oxalic acid 10ml, deionized water 150ml.
Step 1, first by 10ml metatitanic acids starch 90 DEG C of oil bath ultrasound 4h removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid starch 140 DEG C be air-dried 15h;
Lower 800 DEG C of sufficient air calcines 12h in step 3 and then Muffle furnace, and anatase titanium dioxide TiO is obtained2Carrier;
Step 4,40g ammonium metavanadates and 10ml oxalic acid are weighed, the lower 90 DEG C of oil bath removal of impurities of ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid 20 drop speed per minute is then added dropwise the magnetic agitation when being added dropwise is added dropwise 80 DEG C of oil bath heating;
Step 6, will obtained TiO as stated above2 Carrier is immersed in the mixed liquor, the 100 DEG C of leachings of magnetic agitation oil bath heating Compression molding under pressure after stain 6h;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and 140 DEG C are dried 15h, and roasting 6h is obtained V in 500 DEG C of Muffle furnace abundance air2O5/ TiO2Catalyst;
Step 8,5g lanthanum chlorides are dissolved in into the removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation in 150ml deionized waters;
Step 9, by obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst is immersed in 100 DEG C of oil bath heatings 8h of magnetic agitation in lanthanum chloride solution, so Be centrifuged under centrifugal separator afterwards, under rotary evaporator 180 DEG C moisture evaporation, then 120 DEG C are dried 10h La- are obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst;
Step 10, by prepared La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst makes 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
Embodiment 9
Produce lanthanum chloride and ammonium metavanadate mass ratio 1.2:1 sample.Lanthanum chloride 6g, meta-aluminic acid ammonium 5g, metatitanic acid slurry 10ml, grass Sour 10ml, deionized water 150ml.
Step 1, first by 10ml metatitanic acids starch 90 DEG C of oil bath ultrasound 4h removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid starch 140 DEG C be air-dried 15h;
Lower 800 DEG C of sufficient air calcines 12h in step 3 and then Muffle furnace, and anatase titanium dioxide TiO is obtained2Carrier;
Step 4,5g ammonium metavanadates and 10ml oxalic acid are weighed, the lower 90 DEG C of oil bath removal of impurities of ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid 20 drop speed per minute is then added dropwise the magnetic agitation when being added dropwise is added dropwise 80 DEG C of oil bath heating;
Step 6, will obtained TiO as stated above2 Carrier is immersed in the mixed liquor, the 100 DEG C of leachings of magnetic agitation oil bath heating Compression molding under pressure after stain 6h;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and 140 DEG C are dried 15h, and roasting 6h is obtained V in 500 DEG C of Muffle furnace abundance air2O5/ TiO2Catalyst;
Step 8,6g lanthanum chlorides are dissolved in into the removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation in 150ml deionized waters;
Step 9, by obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst is immersed in 100 DEG C of oil bath heatings 8h of magnetic agitation in lanthanum chloride solution, so Be centrifuged under centrifugal separator afterwards, under rotary evaporator 180 DEG C moisture evaporation, then 120 DEG C are dried 10h La- are obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst;
Step 10, by prepared La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst makes 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
Embodiment 10
Produce lanthanum chloride and ammonium metavanadate mass ratio 1.3:1 sample.Lanthanum chloride 6.5g, meta-aluminic acid ammonium 5g, metatitanic acid slurry 10ml, grass Sour 10ml, deionized water 150ml.
Step 1, first by 10ml metatitanic acids starch 90 DEG C of oil bath ultrasound 4h removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid starch 140 DEG C be air-dried 15h;
Lower 800 DEG C of sufficient air calcines 12h in step 3 and then Muffle furnace, and anatase titanium dioxide TiO is obtained2Carrier;
Step 4,5g ammonium metavanadates and 10ml oxalic acid are weighed, the lower 90 DEG C of oil bath removal of impurities of ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid point 20 drop speed per minute is then added dropwise the magnetic force when being added dropwise is added dropwise and stir Mix 80 DEG C of oil bath heating;
Step 6, will obtained TiO as stated above2 Carrier is immersed in the mixed liquor, the 100 DEG C of leachings of magnetic agitation oil bath heating Compression molding under pressure after stain 6h;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and 140 DEG C are dried 15h, and roasting 6h is obtained V in 500 DEG C of Muffle furnace abundance air2O5/ TiO2Catalyst;
Step 8,6.5g lanthanum chlorides are dissolved in into the removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation in 150ml deionized waters;
Step 9, by obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst is immersed in 100 DEG C of oil bath heatings 8h of magnetic agitation in lanthanum chloride solution, so Be centrifuged under centrifugal separator afterwards, under rotary evaporator 180 DEG C moisture evaporation, then 120 DEG C are dried 10h La- are obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst;
Step 10, by prepared La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst makes 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
Embodiment 11
Produce lanthanum chloride and ammonium metavanadate mass ratio 1.4:1 sample.Lanthanum chloride 7g, meta-aluminic acid ammonium 5g, metatitanic acid slurry 10ml, grass Sour 10ml, deionized water 150ml.
Step 1, first by 10ml metatitanic acids starch 90 DEG C of oil bath ultrasound 4h removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid starch 140 DEG C be air-dried 15h;
Lower 800 DEG C of sufficient air calcines 12h in step 3 and then Muffle furnace, and anatase titanium dioxide TiO is obtained2Carrier;
Step 4,5g ammonium metavanadates and 10ml oxalic acid are weighed, the lower 90 DEG C of oil bath removal of impurities of ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid 20 drop speed per minute is then added dropwise the magnetic agitation when being added dropwise is added dropwise 80 DEG C of oil bath heating;
Step 6, will obtained TiO as stated above2 Carrier is immersed in the mixed liquor, the 100 DEG C of leachings of magnetic agitation oil bath heating Compression molding under pressure after stain 6h;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and 140 DEG C are dried 15h, and roasting 6h is obtained V in 500 DEG C of Muffle furnace abundance air2O5/ TiO2Catalyst;
Step 8,7g lanthanum chlorides are dissolved in into the removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation in 150ml deionized waters;
Step 9, by obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst is immersed in 100 DEG C of oil bath heatings 8h of magnetic agitation in lanthanum chloride solution, so Be centrifuged under centrifugal separator afterwards, under rotary evaporator 180 DEG C moisture evaporation, then 120 DEG C are dried 10h La- are obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst;
Step 10, by prepared La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst makes 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
Embodiment 12
Produce lanthanum chloride and ammonium metavanadate mass ratio 1.5:1 sample.Lanthanum chloride 7.5g, meta-aluminic acid ammonium 5g, metatitanic acid slurry 10ml, Oxalic acid 10ml, deionized water 150ml.
Step 1, first by 10ml metatitanic acids starch 90 DEG C of oil bath ultrasound 4h removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid starch 140 DEG C be air-dried 15h;
Lower 800 DEG C of sufficient air calcines 12h in step 3 and then Muffle furnace, and anatase titanium dioxide TiO is obtained2Carrier;
Step 4,5g ammonium metavanadates and 10ml oxalic acid are weighed, the lower 90 DEG C of oil bath removal of impurities of ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid 20 drop speed per minute is then added dropwise the magnetic agitation when being added dropwise is added dropwise 80 DEG C of oil bath heating;
Step 6, will obtained TiO as stated above2 Carrier is immersed in the mixed liquor, the 100 DEG C of leachings of magnetic agitation oil bath heating Compression molding under pressure after stain 6h;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and 140 DEG C are dried 15h, and roasting 6h is obtained V in 500 DEG C of Muffle furnace abundance air2O5/ TiO2Catalyst;
Step 8,7.5g lanthanum chlorides are dissolved in into the removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation in 150ml deionized waters;
Step 9, by obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst is immersed in 100 DEG C of oil bath heatings 8h of magnetic agitation in lanthanum chloride solution, so Be centrifuged under centrifugal separator afterwards, under rotary evaporator 180 DEG C moisture evaporation, then 120 DEG C are dried 10h La- are obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst;
Step 10, by prepared La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst makes 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
Embodiment 13
Produce lanthanum chloride and ammonium metavanadate mass ratio 1.6:1 sample.Lanthanum chloride 8g, meta-aluminic acid ammonium 5g, metatitanic acid slurry 10ml, oxalic acid 10ml, deionized water 150ml.
Step 1, first by 10ml metatitanic acids starch 90 DEG C of oil bath ultrasound 4h removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid starch 140 DEG C be air-dried 15h;
Lower 800 DEG C of sufficient air calcines 12h in step 3 and then Muffle furnace, and anatase titanium dioxide TiO is obtained2Carrier;
Step 4,5g ammonium metavanadates and 10ml oxalic acid are weighed, the lower 90 DEG C of oil bath removal of impurities of ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid point 20 drop speed per minute is then added dropwise the magnetic force when being added dropwise is added dropwise and stir Mix 80 DEG C of oil bath heating;
Step 6, will obtained TiO as stated above2 Carrier is immersed in the mixed liquor, the 100 DEG C of leachings of magnetic agitation oil bath heating Compression molding under pressure after stain 6h;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and 140 DEG C are dried 15h, and roasting 6h is obtained V in 500 DEG C of Muffle furnace abundance air2O5/ TiO2Catalyst;
Step 8,8g lanthanum chlorides are dissolved in into the removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation in 150ml deionized waters;
Step 9, by obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst is immersed in 100 DEG C of oil bath heatings 8h of magnetic agitation in lanthanum chloride solution, so Be centrifuged under centrifugal separator afterwards, under rotary evaporator 180 DEG C moisture evaporation, then 120 DEG C are dried 10h La- are obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst;
Step 10, by prepared La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst makes 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
Embodiment 14
Produce lanthanum chloride and ammonium metavanadate mass ratio 1.7:1 sample.Lanthanum chloride 8.5g, meta-aluminic acid ammonium 5g, metatitanic acid slurry 10ml, grass Sour 10ml, deionized water 150ml.
Step 1, first by 10ml metatitanic acids starch 90 DEG C of oil bath ultrasound 4h removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid starch 140 DEG C be air-dried 15h;
Lower 800 DEG C of sufficient air calcines 12h in step 3 and then Muffle furnace, and anatase titanium dioxide TiO is obtained2Carrier;
Step 4,5g ammonium metavanadates and 10ml oxalic acid are weighed, the lower 90 DEG C of oil bath removal of impurities of ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid point 20 drop speed per minute is then added dropwise the magnetic force when being added dropwise is added dropwise and stir Mix 80 DEG C of oil bath heating;
Step 6, will obtained TiO as stated above2 Carrier is immersed in the mixed liquor, the 100 DEG C of leachings of magnetic agitation oil bath heating Compression molding under pressure after stain 6h;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and 140 DEG C are dried 15h, and roasting 6h is obtained V in 500 DEG C of Muffle furnace abundance air2O5/ TiO2Catalyst;
Step 8,8.5g lanthanum chlorides are dissolved in into the removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation in 150ml deionized waters;
Step 9, by obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst is immersed in 100 DEG C of oil bath heatings 8h of magnetic agitation in lanthanum chloride solution, so Be centrifuged under centrifugal separator afterwards, under rotary evaporator 180 DEG C moisture evaporation, then 120 DEG C are dried 10h La- are obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst;
Step 10, by prepared La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst makes 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
Embodiment 15
Produce lanthanum chloride and ammonium metavanadate mass ratio 1.8:1 sample.Lanthanum chloride 9g, meta-aluminic acid ammonium 5g, metatitanic acid slurry 10ml, oxalic acid 10ml, deionized water 150ml.
Step 1, first by 10ml metatitanic acids starch 90 DEG C of oil bath ultrasound 4h removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid starch 140 DEG C be air-dried 15h;
Lower 800 DEG C of sufficient air calcines 12h in step 3 and then Muffle furnace, and anatase titanium dioxide TiO is obtained2Carrier;
Step 4,5g ammonium metavanadates and 10ml oxalic acid are weighed, the lower 90 DEG C of oil bath removal of impurities of ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid 20 drop speed per minute is then added dropwise the magnetic agitation when being added dropwise is added dropwise 80 DEG C of oil bath heating;
Step 6, will obtained TiO as stated above2 Carrier is immersed in the mixed liquor, the 100 DEG C of leachings of magnetic agitation oil bath heating Compression molding under pressure after stain 6h;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and 140 DEG C are dried 15h, and roasting 6h is obtained V in 500 DEG C of Muffle furnace abundance air2O5/ TiO2Catalyst;
Step 8,9g lanthanum chlorides are dissolved in into the removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation in 150ml deionized waters;
Step 9, by obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst is immersed in 100 DEG C of oil bath heatings 8h of magnetic agitation in lanthanum chloride solution, so Be centrifuged under centrifugal separator afterwards, under rotary evaporator 180 DEG C moisture evaporation, then 120 DEG C are dried 10h La- are obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst;
Step 10, by prepared La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst makes 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
Reference examples 1
Produce lanthanum chloride and ammonium metavanadate mass ratio 1:6 sample.Lanthanum chloride 5g, meta-aluminic acid ammonium 30g, metatitanic acid slurry 10ml, oxalic acid 10ml, deionized water 150ml.
Step 1, first by 10ml metatitanic acids starch 90 DEG C of oil bath ultrasound 4h removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid starch 140 DEG C be air-dried 15h;
Lower 800 DEG C of sufficient air calcines 12h in step 3 and then Muffle furnace, and anatase titanium dioxide TiO is obtained2Carrier;
Step 4,30g ammonium metavanadates and 10ml oxalic acid are weighed, the lower 90 DEG C of oil bath removal of impurities of ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid 20 drop speed per minute is then added dropwise is added dropwise and stir oil bath when being added dropwise 80 DEG C of heating;
Step 6, will obtained TiO as stated above2 Carrier is immersed in the mixed liquor, 100 DEG C of dipping 6h of stirring oil bath heating Compression molding under pressure afterwards;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and 140 DEG C are dried 15h, and roasting 6h is obtained V in 500 DEG C of Muffle furnace abundance air2O5/ TiO2Catalyst;
Step 8,5g lanthanum chlorides are dissolved in into the removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation in 150ml deionized waters;
Step 9, by obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst is immersed in 100 DEG C of oil bath heatings 8h of stirring, Ran Hou in lanthanum chloride solution Be centrifuged under centrifugal separator, under rotary evaporator 180 DEG C moisture evaporation, then 120 DEG C are dried 10h La-V are obtained2O5/ TiO2Catalyst;
Step 10, by prepared La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst makes 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
Reference examples 2
Produce lanthanum chloride and ammonium metavanadate mass ratio 1:6 sample.Lanthanum chloride 5g, meta-aluminic acid ammonium 30g, metatitanic acid slurry 10ml, oxalic acid 10ml, deionized water 150ml.
Step 1, first by 10ml metatitanic acids starch 90 DEG C of oil bath ultrasound 4h removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid starch 140 DEG C be air-dried 15h;
The lower 800 DEG C of calcinings 12h of air, is obtained anatase titanium dioxide TiO in step 3 and then Muffle furnace2Carrier;
Step 4,5g ammonium metavanadates and 10ml oxalic acid are weighed, the lower 90 DEG C of oil bath removal of impurities of ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid 20 drop speed per minute is then added dropwise the magnetic agitation when being added dropwise is added dropwise 80 DEG C of oil bath heating;
Step 6, will obtained TiO as stated above2 Carrier is immersed in the mixed liquor, the 100 DEG C of leachings of magnetic agitation oil bath heating Compression molding under pressure after stain 6h;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and 140 DEG C are dried 15h, and roasting 6h is obtained V in 500 DEG C of Muffle furnace air2O5/TiO2Urge Agent;
Step 8,5g lanthanum chlorides are dissolved in into the removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation in 150ml deionized waters;
Step 9, by obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst is immersed in 100 DEG C of oil bath heatings 8h of magnetic agitation in lanthanum chloride solution, so Be centrifuged under centrifugal separator afterwards, under rotary evaporator 180 DEG C moisture evaporation, then 120 DEG C are dried 10h La- are obtained V2O5/TiO2Catalyst;
Step 10, by prepared La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst makes 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
Reference examples 3 are added without the modified samples of La.Meta-aluminic acid ammonium 30g, metatitanic acid slurry 10ml, oxalic acid 10ml, deionized water 150ml。
Step 1, first by 10ml metatitanic acids starch 90 DEG C of oil bath ultrasound 4h removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid starch 140 DEG C be air-dried 15h;
Lower 800 DEG C of sufficient air calcines 12h in step 3 and then Muffle furnace, and anatase titanium dioxide TiO is obtained2Carrier;
Step 4,30g ammonium metavanadates and 10ml oxalic acid are weighed, the lower 90 DEG C of oil bath removal of impurities of ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid 20 drop speed per minute is then added dropwise the magnetic agitation when being added dropwise is added dropwise 80 DEG C of oil bath heating;
Step 6, will obtained TiO as stated above2 Carrier is immersed in the mixed liquor, the 100 DEG C of leachings of magnetic agitation oil bath heating Compression molding under pressure after stain 6h;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and 140 DEG C are dried 15h, and roasting 6h is obtained V in 500 DEG C of Muffle furnace abundance air2O5/ TiO2Catalyst;
Step 8, by prepared La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst makes 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
The activity rating of catalyst
The evaluation of simultaneous SO_2 and NO removal catalyst activity is carried out in the fixed bed reactors that internal diameter is 19 mm.Temperature is fixed on 200 DEG C, reaction gas volume consists of 0. 137%SO2、0. 039% NO、0. 043% N H3、2. 5% H2O、3. 9%O2 , Ar is Balance Air.Total gas flow rate is 430 mL/min.At 200 °C, apparent air speed is 1 850 h for reaction temperature control- 1.Before reaction Gas afterwards produces Dra ger gas alloying apparatus on-line analyses using Germany, while continuously detecting the concentration of SO2, NO and O2.Inhale Sulphur reaches the catalyst of saturation in N H3(air speed is 850 h to (h=0. 05)/Ar- 1 ) 330 DEG C of 70 min of regeneration in atmosphere.
As a result the desulphurization denitration of embodiment 6 is shown preferably, because now La metallic elements and V2O5And carrier TiO2Synergy reaches To best.Basic what change of the modified catalyst of La desulfurization off sulfide effect after regeneration is added, does not add La to be modified Catalyst regeneration after desulfurization off sulfide effect can reduce much.It can be found that comparative example 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 is when each When kind operation is identical, lanthanum chloride is 1 with ammonium metavanadate mass ratio:When 6, obtained La-V2O5/TiO2Catalyst is imitated Fruit is preferably that desulfurization off sulfide effect is good, obtained La-V under other ratios2O5/TiO2Catalyst La elements and V2O5And carrier TiO2Between synergistic action effect be not fine.Contrast implements row 1,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 it is found that lanthanum chloride It is 1.2 with ammonium metavanadate mass ratio:Obtained La-V when 12O5/TiO2Catalyst effect is best, with the increasing of La elements Plus or reduction La elements and V2O5And carrier TiO2Synergy can all decline catalytic effect all can be reduced.Implement row 6, with The control contrast of row 1 is it can be found that in La-V obtained in magnetic agitation2O5/TiO2Catalyst desulfurizing denitration effect will be significantly better than not It is obtained under magnetic stirring.Embodiment 6, with the contrast of reference examples 2 it can be found that the La-V calcined under sufficient air2O5/TiO2 Catalyst desulfurizing denitration effect will be significantly better than in the or not obtained catalyst of calcining under sufficient air.Embodiment 6, and compares The contrast of example 3 is it can be found that poor without the element modified catalyst denitration effects of La.

Claims (3)

1. the La-V2O5/TiO2 desulphurization catalysts that a kind of La is modified, it is characterised in that starched with metatitanic acid, ammonium metavanadate, oxalic acid, Lanthanum chloride is main synthesis material, and by the new modified desulphurization denitration catalyst of magnetization synthesis.
2. the La-V2O5/TiO2 desulphurization catalysts that a kind of La according to claim 1 is modified, it is characterised in that concrete system Preparation Method is as follows:
Step 1, first metatitanic acid is starched into removal of impurities;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid slurry drying;
Calcine in step 3 and then Muffle furnace and anatase titanium dioxide TiO2 carriers are obtained;
Step 4, weigh a certain amount of ammonium metavanadate and oxalic acid, removal of impurities;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid heating is then added dropwise;
Step 6, obtained TiO2 carriers will immerse in the mixed liquor as stated above, under pressure compression molding;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and are dried, and roasting in Muffle furnace abundance air is obtained V2O5/TiO2 catalyst;
Step 8, lanthanum chloride is dissolved in in deionized water the removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 9, obtained V2O5/TiO2 catalyst is immersed in into oil bath heating in lanthanum chloride solution, then in centrifugal separator Lower centrifugation, moisture evaporation under rotary evaporator, is then dried prepared La-V2O5/TiO2 catalyst;
Step 10, prepared La-V2O5/TiO2 catalyst is made into 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
3. the La-V2O5/TiO2 desulphurization catalysts that a kind of La according to claim 1 is modified, it is characterised in that more have The step of body, includes as follows:
Step 1, first by metatitanic acid starch 90 DEG C of oil bath ultrasound 4h removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 2 then by after removal of impurities metatitanic acid starch 140 DEG C be air-dried 15h;
Lower 800 DEG C of sufficient air calcines 12h in step 3 and then Muffle furnace, and anatase titanium dioxide TiO2 carriers are obtained;
Step 4, a certain amount of ammonium metavanadate and oxalic acid are weighed, the lower 90 DEG C of oil bath removal of impurities of ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 5, ammonium metavanadate is poured in beaker, oxalic acid 20 drop speed per minute is then added dropwise the magnetic agitation when being added dropwise is added dropwise 80 DEG C of oil bath heating;
Step 6, obtained TiO2 carriers will immerse in the mixed liquor as stated above, the 100 DEG C of leachings of magnetic agitation oil bath heating Compression molding under pressure after stain 6h;
Step 7, again Jing vavuum pumps are filtered, and 140 DEG C are dried 15h, and roasting 6h is obtained V2O5/ in 500 DEG C of Muffle furnace abundance air TiO2 catalyst;
Step 8, lanthanum chloride is dissolved in in deionized water the removal of impurities under ultrasonic oscillation;
Step 9, obtained V2O5/TiO2 catalyst is immersed in into 100 DEG C of oil bath heatings 8h of magnetic agitation in lanthanum chloride solution, so Be centrifuged under centrifugal separator afterwards, under rotary evaporator 180 DEG C moisture evaporation, then 120 DEG C are dried 10h La- are obtained V2O5/TiO2 catalyst;
Step 10, prepared La-V2O5/TiO2 catalyst is made into 20-30 mesh under sampling machine.
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Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105964284A (en) * 2016-05-03 2016-09-28 展宗城 Honeycomb low temperature flue gas denitration catalyst and preparation method thereof

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105964284A (en) * 2016-05-03 2016-09-28 展宗城 Honeycomb low temperature flue gas denitration catalyst and preparation method thereof

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
任飞等: "《普通化学》", 31 August 2014 *
刘世越: "《常用分析试剂与标准溶液配制标定实用手册 第1卷》", 30 November 2004 *

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