CN106491625B - 一种治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的复合制剂 - Google Patents
一种治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的复合制剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的复合苦参碱制剂及其使用方法,其特征在于其组分和质量百分数范围为:苦参碱20~25 wt%、敌百虫20~25 wt%、溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵5~7 wt%、其余为溶解剂二甲基亚砜,上述原料的总和为100%。使用方法为:确诊为三代虫病后,按1.5~2.0 mg/L的剂量全池泼洒上述复合制剂,连续浸浴24小时,能有效治愈罗非鱼三代虫病,并防止细菌继发感染。本发明具有制备方法简单、使用方便,可显著降低罗非鱼三代虫病的死亡率,提高养殖经济效益。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于水产养殖技术领域,具体涉及一种用于治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的复合制剂及其使用方法。
背景技术
三代虫(Gyrodactylus)是一类常见的鱼类体表寄生虫,广泛寄生于各种鱼类,近年来其危害有加剧之势,对鱼类养殖业造成较大威胁。三代虫隶属于扁形动物门、吸虫纲、单殖吸虫亚纲、三代虫目、三代虫科,主要寄生在鱼体表和鳃,三代虫以多胚同体的胎生方式进行繁殖,种群增长速度快, 传播迅速。三代虫病是罗非鱼养殖过程中最常见、又最麻烦的寄生虫性疾病,特别是在罗非鱼苗种培育阶段极易导致大量死亡,危害严重。在养殖生产中,彻底清塘、降低养殖密度、加强饲养管理、保持优良水质、定期消毒和强化营养提高鱼体免疫力等是预防三代虫病的常见措施,但收效甚微。目前国内外对三代虫病的防治主要采用有机磷杀虫药,如晶体敌百虫、美舒添和辛硫磷等,或用菊酯类杀虫药,如溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和氯氰菊酯等,以及高锰酸钾、氨水和福尔马林等;但近年来虫体对这些药物已产生不同程度的抗药性,不少鱼场将以上药物用量增加1~ 3倍、或反复使用2~ 3次,仍达不到满意的治疗效果。相反,由于药物用量增大,造成鱼体肝脏损害严重,并发罗非鱼肝胆综合症及败血病,进一步加剧了罗非鱼的死亡。由于缺乏高效的、安全有效的治疗药物,导致罗非鱼三代虫病得不到有效控制,对罗非鱼苗种培育及其养殖构成巨大威胁,因而急需研发一种对这类寄生虫病有特效驱杀效果的药物制剂。
苦参碱是一种低毒、低残留、环保型的植物源农药,在大自然中能迅速分解,最终产物为二氧化碳和水,而且因其含有多种对有害生物具有活性的植物内源性化学物质共同发挥作用,使其不易导致有害生物产生抗药性,可长期使用。因其安全性高,抗菌杀虫谱宽,绿色环保,近年来在农业上应用广泛。针对罗非鱼三代虫病的治疗难题,本发明通过长期的研发,研制了一种以苦参碱、敌百虫为主,以溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵为辅助功效的复配制剂,不但降低了使用成本,提高了使用效果,也解决了寄生虫抗药性的难题。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于,针对上述现有技术的不足,提供一种制作工艺简单、使用方便、杀虫效果好的用于治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的复合制剂及其制备方法,为临床提供一种有效的治疗方法。
为实现上述发明目的,本发明采取的技术方案是:
一种用于治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的复合制剂,按质量分数计,其组成为:苦参碱20~25%、敌百虫20~25%、溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵5~7%、溶解剂为43~55%,以上原料的总和为100%。
优选的,上述用于治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的复合制剂,按质量分数计,其组成为:苦参碱20%、敌百虫20%、溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵5%、溶解剂55%。
作为优选,所述的苦参碱为有效含量2.0%的醇提取液,敌百虫为90%的晶体敌百虫,溶解剂为二甲基亚砜。
本发明用于治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的复合制剂的配方依据及各原料特点在于:有效组分苦参碱、敌百虫和溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵,杀虫灭菌双效合一,且相对于单一组分作用时的杀灭效果更加快速高效:通过苦参碱与敌百虫的药物配伍增效,达到对三代虫的杀灭作用;在驱杀虫的药物中添加了溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵双链季胺盐消毒剂,在驱杀虫的同时防止细菌继发感染,这也是病害控制的重要环节,在实际病害防治中取得了良好效果。
一种治疗罗非鱼三代虫病复合制剂的制备方法,其步骤如下:
(1)按配比称取各原料组分;
(2)将敌百虫加入溶解剂二甲亚砜中,并搅拌至敌百虫完全溶解;
(3)将苦参碱和溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵依次加入步骤(2)所得的混合溶液中并搅拌至完全溶解,即得到用于治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的复合苦参碱制剂。
本发明用于治疗罗非鱼三代虫病复合制剂使用时,根据发病池塘的水体容量及虫害程度确定用量,剂量为1.5~2.0 mg/L,开启增氧机增氧,维持水体溶氧量5mg/L以上,苦参碱复合制剂用水稀释1000~1500倍后,全池均匀泼洒,连续浸浴24小时后换水。
本发明的有益效果在于:
1)本发明的复合制剂可有效杀灭罗非鱼体表、鳃上的三代虫,并防止细菌继发感染;
2)本发明的复合制剂制备方法简单,使用方便,驱杀三代虫的效果显著,同时防止了细菌继发感染;并且药效温和,水溶性好,药效稳定,对水产动物刺激性小;
3)本发明的复合制剂主要成份毒性低,安全性高,苦参碱与敌百虫配伍使用具有协同增效作用,提高了药效,且不易产生耐药性,克服其他药物如甲苯咪唑毒性大,安全浓度低的问题;如福尔马林、辛硫磷、溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯等疗效差的问题。
具体实施方式
为了更清楚的理解本发明以及本发明制剂的药效,以下通过发明人给出的依本发明技术方案所完成的具体的实施例对本发明作进一步的详细描述,这些仅是本发明较好的实施例,但不限于这些实施例。
实施例1
一种治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的复合制剂,由下述质量百分比的原料组成:苦参碱25%、敌百虫20%、溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵5%、二甲基亚砜50%;
制备:按配比称取各原料组分;依次将敌百虫、苦参碱和溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵溶于二甲基亚砜,搅拌均匀,得到一种棕褐色液体,即为本发明实施例1 用于治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的复合制剂。
实施例2
一种治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的复合制剂,由下述质量百分比的原料组成:苦参碱20%、敌百虫20%、溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵6%、二甲基亚砜54%;
制备:同实施例1。
实施例3
一种治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的复合制剂,由下述质量百分比的原料组成:苦参碱25%、敌百虫25%、溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵5%、二甲基亚砜45%;
制备:同实施例1。
实施例4
一种罗非鱼三代虫病的复合制剂,由下述质量百分比的原料组成:苦参碱23%、敌百虫22%、溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵5%、二甲基亚砜50%;
制备:同实施例1。
实施例5
一种治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的复合制剂,由下述质量百分比的原料组成:苦参碱22%、敌百虫23%、溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵7%、二甲基亚砜48%;
制备:同实施例1。
上述实施例可以列举很多,在此不一一列举,从申请人所做的大量实验得到的数据证明,只要是按照本发明的技术方案的参数范围选择,即可制备出达到本发明目的的治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的复合制剂,效果良好。
上述实施例中复合制剂的使用方法:对发病池塘开启增氧机进行增氧,维持水体溶氧量5 mg/L以上,将上述复合制剂用水稀释1000~1500倍全池均匀泼洒,使用剂量为1.5~2.0 g/m3均可,维持药物浓度连续浸泡24小时后换水。
以下是本发明复合苦参碱敌百虫制剂用于治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的效果试验:
1 材料和方法
1.1 试验鱼
患三代虫病的罗非鱼苗种由福建省淡水水产研究所榕桥试验基地提供,抽样患三代虫病的罗非鱼苗种体表和鳃部寄生有大量三代虫,试验罗非鱼苗种全长为3~5cm,各批次试验鱼规格不同,同一试验规格一致;试验鱼暂养于基地实验室内直径 1.6 m 的玻璃钢纤维养殖桶中,连续充气,每天换水1次,每次换水量30 %左右;暂养2~3 d后检查,虫体量数量未减少,即可用于试验。
1.2 试验药品
苦参碱为苦参总碱含量2.0%的醇提取液,敌百虫为90%的晶体敌百虫,溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵,溶解剂为二甲基亚砜。苦参碱和敌百虫分别以二甲基亚砜配置成10 g/L 母液,按浓度设计要求加入实验箱;试验用复合制剂由苦参碱、敌百虫、溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵按比例用二甲基亚砜溶解并定容至100%,混合搅拌均匀。
1.3 苦参碱对三代虫的杀灭试验
试验在0.4 m×0.8 m×0.4 m的水簇箱中进行,水簇箱水量为0.1 m3的井水(已暴气24 h以上)。试验设0.32、0.42、0.56、0.75、1.00、2.00 mg/L浓度的2.0%苦参碱试验组,对照不用药组,每组放入受三代虫感染且活力较强的罗非鱼苗种6尾,设3个重复试验组。试验期间不间断充气,水温26 ℃~27 ℃,浸浴72 h,每日记录鱼体死亡情况,分别于12、24、48h和72 h用体视镜逐尾检查罗非鱼苗体表三代虫的数量变化及观察鱼苗的活动情况,统计杀虫率。
杀虫率(%)=(对照组三代虫平均存活数量-试验组三代虫平均存活数量)/对照组三代虫平均存活数量×100%。
1.4苦参碱复配敌百虫对三代虫的杀灭试验
试验设置苦参碱浓度(0、0.32、0.42、0.56、0.75、1.00 mg/L)、复配敌百虫(0.3mg/L),设置了7个试验组(表1),每个浓度设置3个平行试验组,试验水温26 ℃~27 ℃,浸浴48 h,每日记录鱼体死亡情况,分别于12、24和48 h体视镜逐尾检查罗非鱼苗体表三代虫的数量变化及观察鱼苗的活动情况,统计杀虫率。
表1苦参碱复配敌百虫对三代虫的杀灭试验浓度组合
1.5 复合制剂对罗非鱼三代虫病的治疗试验
根据前期试验结果,分别将苦参碱、敌百虫和溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵以5:4:0,5:5:0,5:4:1,5:5:1比例配制复合制剂试验组和空白对照组,每组放20尾病鱼进行试验,药物使用浓度为1.5 mg/L、2.0 mg/L。试验过程不间断充气,试验水温26 ℃~27 ℃,浸浴观察72 h,分别于浸浴24 h、48 h和72 h取3尾鱼检查鱼体三代虫寄生状况,并统计患病罗非鱼的存活率。
罗非鱼鱼平均存活率(%)=镜检时鱼的存活数量/投放鱼的数量×100%
2结果
2.1 苦参碱对三代虫的杀灭效果
不同浓度苦参碱对三代虫的杀灭效果见表2。试验结果显示:1.00 mg/L浓度组浸浴72 h后抽样检查未发现有三代虫寄生,2.00 mg/L浓度组浸浴48 h后抽样检查未发现有三代虫寄生,这说明了苦参碱能有效杀灭罗非鱼三代虫,杀虫效果与作用时间、药物浓度成正比。
表2 不同浓度苦参碱对三代虫的杀虫率(%)
2.2 苦参碱复配敌百虫对三代虫的杀灭效果
试验结果见表3,由表3可以看出,浸浴24h后,苦参碱0.32mg/L+敌百虫0.3mg/L的试验组抽样检查未发现有三代虫寄生,杀虫率达到100%,而0.3 mg/L敌百虫试验组杀虫率达到33.3%。说明了苦参碱与敌百虫配伍可明显提高其对三代虫的驱除效果,显叠加效应。
表3 不同浓度苦参碱复配敌百虫对三代虫的杀虫率(%)
2.3 复合制剂对罗非鱼三代虫病的治疗效果
试验结果见表4,试验组浸浴24h检查未发现有三代虫寄生;以苦参碱∶敌百虫∶溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵为5:4:1和5:5:1的试验组,病鱼存活率达到100%,鱼体表无炎症出现,试验鱼恢复摄食,说明试验鱼已痊愈;未添加溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵的试验组病鱼存活率明显低于添加溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵的试验组;试验浓度1.5 mg/L的试验组与2.0 mg/L的试验组无明显差异。
表4不同配比的复合制剂对罗非鱼三代虫病的治疗效果
3小结
苦参碱浸浴能有效驱杀罗非鱼体表和鳃上寄生的三代虫,尤其与敌百虫配伍可有效提高药物对三代虫的驱除效果,添加适当浓度的溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵可有效提高患三代虫病罗非鱼的存活率。建议生产上使用的复合制剂组方苦参碱∶敌百虫∶溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵∶二甲基亚砜为(2.2~2.5)∶(2.0~2.5)∶(0.5~0.7)∶(4.3~5.5);治疗的使用剂量为1.5~2.0 mg/L。
Claims (4)
1.一种用于治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的复合制剂,其特征在于:按质量分数计,其原料组成为:苦参碱20~25%、敌百虫20~25%、溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵5~7%、溶解剂为43~55%,以上原料的总和为100%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的复合制剂,其特征在于:按质量分数计,其组成为:苦参碱20%、敌百虫20%、溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵5%、溶解剂为55%。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的用于治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的复合制剂,其特征在于:所述的苦参碱为苦参总碱含量2 .0%的醇提取液,敌百虫为90%的晶体敌百虫,溶解剂为二甲基亚砜。
4.一种制备如权利要求1所述的用于治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的复合制剂的方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
(1)按比例称取苦参碱、敌百虫、溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵、溶解剂,备用;
(2)将敌百虫加入溶解剂中,并搅拌至敌百虫完全溶解;
(3)将苦参碱和溴化二甲基二癸基烃铵依次加入步骤(2)所得的混合溶液中,并搅拌至完全溶解,即得到用于治疗罗非鱼三代虫病的复合制剂。
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