CN106464392B - RF transceiver front-end module with the improved linearity - Google Patents

RF transceiver front-end module with the improved linearity Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106464392B
CN106464392B CN201580030880.XA CN201580030880A CN106464392B CN 106464392 B CN106464392 B CN 106464392B CN 201580030880 A CN201580030880 A CN 201580030880A CN 106464392 B CN106464392 B CN 106464392B
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power amplifier
power
end module
radio frequency
signal
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CN201580030880.XA
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CN106464392A (en
Inventor
Z.阿龙
M.L.托马斯
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Conexant Systems LLC
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Conexant Systems LLC
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Priority claimed from US14/715,307 external-priority patent/US10333474B2/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/38—Transceivers, i.e. devices in which transmitter and receiver form a structural unit and in which at least one part is used for functions of transmitting and receiving
    • H04B1/40—Circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F1/02—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation
    • H03F1/0205—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation in transistor amplifiers
    • H03F1/0288—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation in transistor amplifiers using a main and one or several auxiliary peaking amplifiers whereby the load is connected to the main amplifier using an impedance inverter, e.g. Doherty amplifiers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F1/32—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion
    • H03F1/3241—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion using predistortion circuits
    • H03F1/3247—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion using predistortion circuits using feedback acting on predistortion circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F3/20—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers
    • H03F3/24—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers of transmitter output stages
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/02—Transmitters
    • H04B1/04—Circuits
    • H04B1/0458—Arrangements for matching and coupling between power amplifier and antenna or between amplifying stages
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/02—Transmitters
    • H04B1/04—Circuits
    • H04B1/0475—Circuits with means for limiting noise, interference or distortion
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/38—Transceivers, i.e. devices in which transmitter and receiver form a structural unit and in which at least one part is used for functions of transmitting and receiving
    • H04B1/40—Circuits
    • H04B1/44—Transmit/receive switching
    • H04B1/48—Transmit/receive switching in circuits for connecting transmitter and receiver to a common transmission path, e.g. by energy of transmitter
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/38—Transceivers, i.e. devices in which transmitter and receiver form a structural unit and in which at least one part is used for functions of transmitting and receiving
    • H04B1/40—Circuits
    • H04B1/50—Circuits using different frequencies for the two directions of communication
    • H04B1/52—Hybrid arrangements, i.e. arrangements for transition from single-path two-direction transmission to single-direction transmission on each of two paths or vice versa
    • H04B1/525—Hybrid arrangements, i.e. arrangements for transition from single-path two-direction transmission to single-direction transmission on each of two paths or vice versa with means for reducing leakage of transmitter signal into the receiver
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/62—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission for providing a predistortion of the signal in the transmitter and corresponding correction in the receiver, e.g. for improving the signal/noise ratio
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
    • H03F2200/321—Use of a microprocessor in an amplifier circuit or its control circuit
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements covered by H03F1/00
    • H03F2201/32—Indexing scheme relating to modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion
    • H03F2201/3224—Predistortion being done for compensating memory effects
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/02—Transmitters
    • H04B1/04—Circuits
    • H04B2001/0408—Circuits with power amplifiers
    • H04B2001/0425—Circuits with power amplifiers with linearisation using predistortion

Abstract

Power amplifier system front end, both measurement forward power associated with RF transmitting signal and backward power.Processor is configured so that from measured forward power and backward power and exports and derived measured value, to adjust RF transmitting signal, to compensate one or more memory effects of power amplifier system.

Description

RF transceiver front-end module with the improved linearity
Associated cross reference
According to 37 CFR 1.57, any of foreign or domestic priority statement is identified in the application data form of the application It is incorporated herein by reference (if any) with all applications.
Technical field
The embodiment of the present invention is related to electronic system, and special, is related to comprising the function for radio frequency (RF) electronic device The system of rate amplifier.
Background technique
Power amplifier may include in a mobile device, to amplify the RF signal emitted via antenna.For example, In mobile device with time division multiple acess (TDMA) framework, such as it is found in global system for mobile communications (GSM), CDMA (CDMA) mobile device and those of in wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) system, power amplifier, which can be used for amplifying, to be had The RF signal of relative low-power.Power amplifier may be embodied in mobile device front-end module, and mobile device front-end module is also Include duplexer, antenna switch module and coupler.Current front-end module may undergo significant performance in some cases Damage, the linearity comprising deterioration.
Summary of the invention
Embodiment as described herein is for solving the problems, such as these and other.For example, the linearity of deterioration is for across multiple Frequency band and the front-end module operated in multiple modes be it is particularly interesting, multiple modes be, for example, mean power tracking (APT) mode, envelope track (ET) mode, in digital pre-distortion (DPD) mode (such as fixed supply or ET DPD mode) etc. One of or more persons.When mismatch is presented at antenna, a problem is the linearity of deterioration (for example, adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR)).This may be especially following situation: under ET DPD mode, when power amplifier is drilled for a long time by such as 50 resource blocks When the broadband signal driving of inlet signal (50RB LTE).In this case, such as when the presentation 5:1 voltage standing wave ratio at antenna (VSWR) when, it is understood that there may be the deterioration of 10 decibels (dB).When modulation bandwidth increases, this deterioration may become form smoke into smother. Therefore, in the case where ET and high modulation bandwidth, compensating this deterioration may be to be particularly helpful.
Duplexer may aggravate performance deterioration, such as when system is in ET mode.For example, the intrinsic group in duplexer Delay combines the matching of difference to may cause memory effect, for example, in this case, system gain shape is (for example, AM-AM/ AM-PM) change in transmission RB bandwidth (i.e. channel).Further, since PA compression point when mismatch changes, AM-AM (amplitude to width Degree) and/or AM/PM (amplitude to phase) response change be usually subjected to various mismatch conditions (even for narrow band signal).It is typical Open loop, memoryless DPD be typically not enough to solve transmission bandwidth in gain shape variation.To disclosed herein certain Embodiment adjusts DPD to remember (the gain shape variation i.e. across channel) and antenna for remembering or explaining in other ways The special mismatch state at place.In addition, applied appropriate (for example, most between modulator and RF signal (being operated for ET) Good) delay is also the function of VSWR state, and changes in TX (transmission) channel.To certain realities described herein It applies example and also adapts to this delay in transmission bandwidth.
According to the disclosure in some terms, system and method are provided, to improve mobile device front-end module in mismatch Performance (such as linearity).It is real in the case that this can not will lead to significant additional or performance loss under nominal condition It is existing.Depending on specific implementation, embodiment provided in this article can be in ET mode, APT mode, DPD mode or its group Such benefit is provided in conjunction, such as in combined DPD/ET mode.
According at least one aspect of the disclosure, a kind of power amplifier system is provided.The system includes to be configured to produce The modulator and front-end module of raw radio frequency (RF) transmitting signal.Front-end module may include power amplifier, be configured to amplify RF emits signal, emits signal to generate the RF of amplification.Front-end module can also be comprising between antenna and power amplifier Coupler.Coupler is configurable to the measurement of both output forward power associated with RF transmitting signal and backward power Value.In some embodiments, coupler is bidirectional coupler.The system can be additionally comprising the non-easy of storage balanced device table The property lost memory.Balanced device table can have the multiple entries generated during the pre-characterised of front-end module.The system may be used also Comprising processor, to be configured that (a) receives the forward power exported from coupler and backward power and derived voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) measured value is based at least partially on VSWR measured value (b) to access the entry in balanced device table, and (c) is based on institute The entry of access emits signal to adjust RF, to compensate the one or more memory effects being present in power amplifier system. For example, the system may include digital pre-distortion table (DPD), in this case, processor is configured to by based on equilibrium The entry accessed in device table is come the value that is adapted in DPD table, to adjust RF transmitting signal.The system can be mobile device Form, can further include be configured to from front-end module receive amplification RF signal antenna.
The front-end module of power amplifier system can configure in a variety of ways.In some cases, it uses Programmable antenna tuner generates balanced device table, by front-end module be tuned to needed for VSWR point.In some configurations, Front-end module does not include integrated antenna tuner.In some implementations, programmable antenna tuner may be embodied in front end mould In block, and between antenna and coupler.Programmable antenna tuner can be it is adjustable, with tune by power amplifier Seen impedance, to provide nonlinear rough correction in power amplifier system.RF is sent out based on the entry accessed The adjusting for penetrating signal provides nonlinear fine correction in power amplifier system.Front-end module, which may include, is located in power One or more duplexers between amplifier and bidirectional coupler.In some cases, duplexer facilitates in memory effect It is at least some.
Power amplifier system can additionally include envelope tracing system, be configured to provide power to power amplifier Supply control signal, to control the voltage level of power amplifier based on shaping envelope signal.In some cases, processor It is additionally configured to adjust RF transmitting signal and supply control letter based on including the length of delay in accessed balanced device table clause Delay between number.
According to the additional aspect of the disclosure, a kind of method of front-end module for characterizing wireless device is provided.The method It may include the impedance load at the output for carrying out the power amplifier of tuned front-end module using programmable antenna tuner, thus Realize voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) value associated with the first characterization state in multiple front-end module characterization states.The method Also comprising driving front-end module using RF transmitting signal.According to the additional ginseng of one or more associated with the first characterization state Numerical value come drive RF emit signal.The method can also be comprising working as using RF transmitting signal driving front-end module and being adjusted When the humorous value to VSWR, one or more variables associated with the behavior of front-end module are measured.The variable of one or more record It may include power amplifier compression, largest enveloping power, and/or power control signal and RF transmitting for power amplifier Delay between signal.The method is further included in record and the first characterization state phase in the table in nonvolatile memory The variable that associated one or more measures.It, can for multiple additional characterization states in multiple front-end module characterization states The step of with reuse, driving, measurement and record.In some cases, programmable antenna tuner is separated with front-end module, In this case, front-end module does not include antenna tuner.In some other realizations, programmable antenna tuner is integrated in In front-end module.
It include front-end module according to the power amplifier system of other aspect, front-end module includes power amplifier, It is configured to amplification RF transmitting signal and signal is emitted with the RF for generating amplification.Front-end module can also be comprising being coupled to compiling for antenna Journey tuner.The coupler of front-end module can be between power amplifier and antenna tuner, and coupler configuration is output The measured value of both forward power associated with RF signal and backward power.Antenna tuner can be it is adjustable, with adjust The humorous impedance as seen in power amplifier, to provide nonlinear rough correction in power amplifier system.The system Can also have comprising the nonvolatile memory of storage balanced device table, balanced device table and be generated during the pre-characterised of front-end module Multiple entries.The system can also include processor, be configured that and receive the forward power exported from coupler and reversed function Rate and derived voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) measured value, are based at least partially on VSWR (b) to access the entry in balanced device table, And RF transmitting signal (c) is adjusted based on the entry accessed.In some configurations, front-end module can be additionally comprising double Work device.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram for amplifying the power amplifier module of radio frequency (RF) signal.
Fig. 2 is the schematic block diagram of exemplary wireless device.
Fig. 3 is that one of the power amplifier system according to some embodiments comprising transceiver and front-end module is exemplary Schematic block diagram.
Fig. 4 A is the schematic diagram of one embodiment of the front-end module without integrated antenna tuner.
Fig. 4 B is the schematic diagram of one embodiment of the front-end module with integrated programmable antenna tuner.
Fig. 5 is the flow chart for depicting the process for pre-characterised front-end module.
Fig. 6 A-6B shows the example of the balanced device look-up table for the part of exemplary front-end module, it illustrates For selecting the prefiguration value indicative of variable under different characterization states.
Fig. 7 A, which is shown, depicts using balanced device look-up table the flow chart for the process for compensating front-end module operation.
Fig. 7 B, which is shown, to be depicted by being applied in combination using the coarse adjustment of integrated antenna tuner and being looked into using balanced device The fine tuning of table is looked for compensate the flow chart of another process of front-end module operation.
Fig. 8 A-8C is respectively illustrated in fixed supply voltage mode, mean power tracking mode and envelope tracking mode The PA signal and supply waveform of the power amplifier of operation.
Fig. 9 shows one embodiment for determining the process of complex impedance.
Specific embodiment
Title (if any) provided herein is merely for convenience, might not influence the model of claimed invention It encloses or meaning.
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram for amplifying the power amplifier module (PAM) 10 of radio frequency (RF) signal.The power of diagram is put Big device module 10 is configurable to amplification RF signal RF_IN to generate the RF signal RF_OUT of amplification.As described herein, power is put Big device module 10 may include one or more power amplifiers.
Fig. 2 is the schematic block diagram of exemplary wireless device 11, may include one or more power amplifier modules of Fig. 1 10.Wireless device 11 may include power amplifier 17 and the front end RF 12 for the one or more features for realizing the disclosure.For example, Power amplifier 17 in accordance with some embodiments and the front end RF 12 are configured to compensating non-linear, comprising by 17 institute of power amplifier Memory effect caused by the impedance mismatching seen those of causes non-linear.Particularly, it is coupled to the duplexer of power amplifier 17 It may include or operate and generate memory to the corresponding frequency response component of system increase on other distortions for filter Effect.For example, duplexer can be presented on the mismatch of uneven (flat) on launch channel/frequency band, so as to cause non-linear Power amplifier behavior.
This compensation can be related to using look-up table or other data structures, in this case, look-up table item appropriate Mesh is the access based on the measurement carried out during operation, such as voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) measured value or and power amplifier The relevant other measured values of complex impedance seen in 17.It is obtained during the characterization stage according to the value in the look-up table of certain realizations, In this case, programmable antenna tuner is used to record certain variables of the behavior of characterization system.For example, for example, being used for AM-AM the and/or AM-PM response curve of power amplifier 17 can be captured under multiple operational states.Such technology and Relevant component composition will be described in further detail herein.
It is some or all of although power amplifier 17 and the front end RF 12 are described as isolated component in some cases Power amplifier 17 can also form the part of the front end RF 12, such as in the front end RF 12 be the height comprising power amplifier 17 In the embodiment of the integrated component of degree.The combination of power amplifier 17 and the front end RF 12 can be collectively known as front-end module.
The exemplary wireless device 11 that Fig. 2 is painted can represent multiband and/or multi-modal device, such as multiband/multimode Formula mobile phone.For example, global system for mobile communications (GSM) communication standard is the digital bee used in many areas in the world The mode of nest communication.GSM mode mobile phone can operate on one or more frequency bands in following four frequency band: 850MHz (being about 824-849MHz for Tx (transmission), be 869-894MHz for Rx (reception)), 900MHz (are about for Tx 880-915MHz (is about 1710-1785MHz for Tx, is for Rx for Rx for 925-960MHz), 1800MHz 1805-1880MHz) (it is about 1850-1910MHz for Tx, is 1930-1990MHz) for Rx with 1900MHz.GSM frequency The variation of band and/or region/country realize and also use in the different regions in the world.
CDMA (CDMA) is another standard that can be realized in mobile telephone equipment.In some implementations, CDMA equipment can operate in one or more frequency bands in 800MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz frequency band, and Certain W-CDMA and long term evolution (LTE) equipment can operate on for example, about 22 radio-frequency spectrum bands.
The one or more features of the disclosure can be in aforementioned exemplary mode and/or frequency band and other communication standards Middle realization.For example, 3G and 4G are the non-limiting examples of such standard.
The wireless device 11 of diagram includes the front end RF 12, transceiver 13, antenna 14, power amplifier 17, control unit 18, computer-readable medium 19, processor 20, battery 21 and supply control block 22.
Transceiver 13 can produce the RF signal for sending via antenna 14.In addition, transceiver 13 can be from antenna 14 Receive the RF signal entered.
It should be appreciated that the associated various functions that send and receive with RF signal can be by the unified representation in Fig. 2 It is realized for one or more components of transceiver 13.For example, single component, which is configurable to provide, sends and receives function.? In another example, sending and receiving function can be provided by individually multiple components.
Similarly, it should be understood that with RF signal send and receive associated various antenna functions can be by Fig. 2 In be collectively expressed as one or more components of antenna 14 to realize.It sends and connects for example, individual antenna is configurable to provide Receive function.In another example, sending and receiving function can be provided by individual antenna.In another example, can to The associated different frequency bands of wireless device 11 provide different antennas.
In Fig. 2, one or more output signals from transceiver 13 are shown to send road via one or more Diameter 15 is supplied to antenna 14.In the example shown, different transmitting pathes 15 can indicate and different frequency bands and/or difference The associated outgoing route of power output.Two example power amplifiers 17 shown in for example, can indicate and different function The associated amplification of rate output configuration (such as low-power output and high-power output), and/or associated from different frequency bands Amplification.Although it includes two transmitting pathes 15 that Fig. 2, which shows wireless device 11, wireless device 11 may be adapted to include more Or less transmitting path 15.
In Fig. 2, the signal that the one or more from antenna 14 detects is shown to receive via one or more Path 16 is supplied to transceiver 13.In the example shown, different RX paths 16 can indicate related to different frequency bands The path of connection.Four example paths 16 shown in for example, can indicate four band capabilities for being supplied to some wireless devices.Although It include four RX paths 16 Fig. 2 shows wireless device 11, but wireless device 11 may be adapted to connect comprising more or fewer Receive path 16.
For the ease of switching between RX path and transmitting path, one or more switches in the front end RF 12 can match It is set to and antenna 14 is electrically connected to selected transmitting path or RX path.To which switch can provide and wireless device 11 The associated multiple handoff functionalities of operation.In certain embodiments, switch may include multiple switch, be configured to provide for Following associated functions of item: for example, the switching between different frequency bands, the switching between different power modes, transmission Switching or their certain combination between mode and reception pattern.Switch is also configured as providing additional function, includes The filtering and/or duplex of signal.
Fig. 2 shows in some embodiments it is possible to provide control unit 18 to control and the front end RF, power amplifier 17, the associated various control functions of operation of supply control 22 and/or other operating members.In some cases, control unit Part 18 can be contained in another component shown in Fig. 2, such as transceiver 13.
In some embodiments, processor 20 is configurable to be convenient for the realization of various processes described herein.In certain realities In existing, computer program instructions are can be used to operate in processor 20.In some embodiments, these computer program instructions may be used also To be stored in computer-readable memory 19, computer or other programmable data processing units can be indicated with certain party Formula operation.For example, for purposes of description, the flow chart of method, apparatus (system) and computer program product can also be referred to And/or block diagram describes implementation of the disclosure example.It should be appreciated that each box and flow chart of flowchart and or block diagram And/or the combination of the box in block diagram can be realized by computer program instructions.These computer program instructions can be by The processor of general purpose computer, special purpose computer or other programmable data processing units is supplied to generate machine, so that referring to Enable (it is executed via computer or the processor of other programmable data processing units) creation for realizing in flow chart and/or The equipment for the movement specified in one or more boxes of (multiple) block diagram.
In some embodiments, these computer program instructions can also be stored in computer-readable memory 19, can To indicate that computer or other programmable data processing units operate in a specific way, so that being stored in computer-readable memory In instruction generate include command device product, described instruction device realizes one in flow chart and/or (multiple) block diagram Or the movement specified in multiple boxes.Computer program instructions can also be loaded into computer or other programmable datas processing dress It sets, so that executing sequence of operations on a computer or other programmable device, to generate computer implemented process, makes The instruction that run on a computer or other programmable device provides step, the step for realizing in flow chart and/or The movement specified in one or more boxes of (multiple) block diagram.
Supply control block 22 can be electrically connected to battery 21, and supplies control block 22 and be configurable to for example based on amplifying RF signal envelope, to change the voltage for being supplied to power amplifier 17.Battery 21 can be appointing for wireless device 11 What suitable battery, including, for example, lithium ion battery.As will be described in detail below, power amplifier is supplied to by control Power amplifier service voltage voltage level, it is possible to reduce the power consumption of battery 21, so as to improve the performance of wireless device 11. As shown in Fig. 2, envelope signal can be provided to supply control block 22 from transceiver 13.However, it is possible to determine in other ways Envelope.For example, can determine packet by processing RF signal (for example, using any suitable envelope detector come detected envelope) Network or other types of supply control signal.
A kind of technology of the power consumption for reducing power amplifier is envelope tracking (ET), wherein the function of power amplifier Rate supply voltage level relative to RF signal envelope and change.For example, for example, when the envelope of RF signal increases, it can be with Increase the voltage level of the power supply of power amplifier.Similarly, when the envelope of RF signal reduces, it can reduce power and put The voltage level of the power supply of big device is to reduce power consumption.Another form of powerinjected method is mean power tracking (APT), In, it is similar to envelope and tracks, the voltage level of the power supply of power amplifier 17 changes relative to envelope.However, in APT In the operation of mode, the average level based on envelope and between two or more discrete values change power supply.For example, can To change power level on the basis of time slot one by one (slot-by-slot), in this case, each time slot corresponds to not Same power control level.The efficiency under low-power can be improved in this, while to track under higher level than ET less Power save.Another mode of power supply control is fixed supply or the connection of direct battery, in this case, to function The power supply of rate amplifier 17 is maintained at the fixed amount of the maximum horizontal of the envelope equal to or higher than RF signal.In 8A, 8B The example function generated during operating is tracked in the supply of example constant power, mean power tracking and envelope with respectively illustrating in 8C Rate and signal waveform.
Fig. 3 is an exemplary schematic block diagram of power amplifier system 26.For example, power amplifier system 26 can be simultaneously Enter in wireless device 11.The power amplifier system 26 of diagram includes the front end RF 12, antenna 14, battery 21, supply control driving Device 30, power amplifier 17 and transceiver 13.The transceiver 13 of diagram includes baseband processor 34, supply dressing stick or circuit 35, delay unit 33, digital analog converter (DAC) 36, orthogonal (I/Q) modulator 37, frequency mixer 38 and analog-digital converter (ADC)39.Supply dressing stick 35, delay unit 33, DAC 36 and supply control driver 30 are formed together supply shaping branch 48。
Baseband processor 34 can be used for generating I signal and Q signal, corresponds to the signal component of sine wave or has institute Need the signal of amplitude, frequency and phase.For example, I signal can be used to indicate that the in-phase component of sine wave, Q signal can be used for The quadrature component for indicating sine wave, can be the equivalently represented of sine wave.In some implementations, I signal and Q signal can be with Number format is supplied to I/Q modulator 37.Baseband processor 34 can be arranged to any suitable place of processing baseband signal Manage device.For example, baseband processor 34 may include digital signal processor, microprocessor, programmable core or its any group It closes.In addition, in some implementations, two or more baseband processor 34 can be contained in power amplifier system 26.
I/Q modulator 37 is configurable to receive I signal and Q signal from baseband processor 34, and handles I signal and Q Signal is to generate RF signal.For example, I/Q modulator 37 may include: being configured to I signal and Q signal being converted to analog format DAC, for by frequency mixer that I signal and Q signal raising frequency are radio frequency and being used to for the I signal of raising frequency and Q signal being combined into It is suitble to the signal combiner of the RF signal amplified by power amplifier 17.In some implementations, I/Q modulator 37 may include one A or multiple filters are configured to be filtered the frequency content of signal processed in it.
Supply dressing stick 35 can be used for envelope associated with I signal and Q signal or range signal being converted to shaping function Rate supply control signal, such as mean power tracking (APT) signal or envelope track (ET) signal, this depends on embodiment.It is right Envelope signal from baseband processor 34, which carries out shaping, can contribute to the performance of enhancing power amplifier system 26.Certain In realization, such as in the case where supply dressing stick is arranged for carrying out envelope tracking function, supply dressing stick 35 is arranged to produce The digital circuit of raw number shaping envelope signal, and DAC 36 be used to be converted to digital shaping envelope signal suitable for supply The simulation shaping envelope signal that control driver 30 uses.However, in other implementations, it is convenient to omit DAC 36, to be conducive to Digital envelope is provided to supply control driver 30, so that helping to supply control driver 30 is further processed envelope letter Number.
Supply control driver 30 can receive supply control signal (for example, simulation shaping envelope signal from transceiver 13 Or APT signal) and receive cell voltage V from battery 21BATT, and supply control signal can be used and put to generate for power Big 17 power amplifier of device supplies voltage VCC_PA, change relative to transmitting signal.Power amplifier 17 can be from transceiver 13 I/Q modulator 37 receives RF and emits signal, and can provide the RF signal of amplification to antenna 14 by the front end RF 12.? In other situations, fixed power amplifier service voltage V can be provided to power amplifier 17CC_PA.In some such realities It applies in example, one or more of supply dressing stick 35, DAC 36 and supply control driver 30 can not included.Scheming The power amplifier supply electricity for fixed supply, the supply control operation of APT and ET power is respectively illustrated in 8A, 8B and 8C Press VCC_PAWith the example waveforms of corresponding RF transmitting signal.In some embodiments, power amplifier system 26 can be held Two or more supply control technologies of row.For example, power amplifier system 26 allow select (such as by firmware programs or its Its mechanism appropriate) ET, APT and fixation power supply control model in it is two or more.In this case, base Provided with processor or other controllers appropriate or processor can indicate that supply dressing stick 35 enters the mould of selection appropriate Formula.
Delay unit 33 realizes selectable delay in supply control path.As will be further described, this It can be used for other potential sources of compensating non-linear and/or Signal Degrade under some cases.The delay unit of diagram is illustrated as in number The part of transceiver 13 in word domain, and may include delay element of the FIFO or other types of based on memory.However, Delay unit 33 can be realized in any suitable manner, and in other embodiments, can integrate as supply dressing stick 35 part, such as can be realized in the analog domain after DAC 36.
The front end RF 12 receives the output of power amplifier 17, and may include various parts, and the various parts include One or more duplexers, switch (such as being formed in antenna switch module), directional coupler etc..Below with reference to Fig. 4 A and 4B The detailed example of the compatible front end RF has shown and described.
Directional coupler (not shown) in the front end RF 12 can be bidirectional coupler or other couplers appropriate or Other equipment of the output signal of sensing can be provided to frequency mixer 38.According to some embodiments, the embodiment comprising diagram is fixed To coupler incoming signal and reflection signal (such as forward power and backward power) can be provided to frequency mixer 38.For example, fixed It can have at least four ports to coupler, may include and be configured to receive the defeated of the signal generated by power amplifier 17 Inbound port, the output port for being coupled to antenna 14, be configured to frequency mixer 38 provide forward power the first measurement port and It is configured to provide the second measurement port of backward power to frequency mixer 38.
Frequency mixer 38 can by the output signal of sensing multiplied by the reference signal (not shown in Fig. 3) of controlled frequency, with Just make the frequency spectrum downshift (downshift) of the output signal of sensing.The signal of downshift can be provided to ADC 39, and ADC 39 can The signal of downshift to be converted to the feedback signal 47 for being suitable for the number format handled by baseband processor 34.It such as will be further It is discussed in detail, by including feedback path, base band between the output of power amplifier 17 and the input of baseband processor 34 Processor 34 is configurable to dynamically adjustment signal I signal and Q signal, and/or power associated with I signal and Q signal Signal is controlled, to optimize the operation of power amplifier system 26.For example, configuration power amplifier system 26 can be in this way Facilitate the power added efficiency (PAE) and/or the linearity of control power amplifier 32.In some embodiments, frequency mixer 38, ADC 39 and/or other component compositions appropriate can usually execute orthogonal (I/Q) demodulation function.
Although power amplifier system 26 is shown as comprising single power amplifier, teaching herein is suitable for packet Power amplifier system containing multiple power amplifiers, including, for example, multifrequency and/or multimode power amplifier system.
In addition, other configurations are also possible although Fig. 3 shows the specific configuration of transceiver, including for example, its Middle transceiver 13 includes the configuration of the different arrangements of more or fewer components, and/or component.
As shown, baseband processor 34 may include digital pre-distortion (DPD) table 40, balanced device table 41 and complex impedance inspection Survey device 44.DPT table 40 can store nonvolatile memory (such as the flash memory in the addressable transceiver 34 of baseband processor 34 Memory, read-only memory (ROM) etc.) in.According to some embodiments, baseband processor 34 access the entry in DPD table 40 with Help linear power amplifier 17.For example, baseband processor 34 is selected in DPD table 40 based on the feedback signal 47 of sensing Entry appropriate, and transmitting signal is adjusted accordingly before it will emit signal and be output to I/Q modulator 37.For example, DPD can With certain nonlinear effects for compensating power amplifier 17, including for example, signal constellation (in digital modulation) (constellation) is distorted And/or signal spectrum diffusion.According to some embodiments comprising illustrated embodiment, DPD table 40 realizes memoryless DPD, for example, In this case, the electric current output of the transmitting signal of DPD correction is only dependent upon electric current input.
Use the general introduction with the look-up table progress equilibrium by the front end pre-characterised RF value obtained
Certain factors, which may facilitate, is difficult with the memory effect that pure memoryless DPD is handled via DPD table 40, such as ties The intrinsic group delay in the duplexer of the front end RF 12 of impedance matching poor seen in power amplifier 17 is closed.In order to compensate for This memory effect, and/or the other factors for facilitating the deterioration of non-linear or other signals, power amplifier system 26 can use Balanced device table 41.Balanced device table 41 can store in nonvolatile memory (such as flash memories, read-only memory (ROM) Deng) in, it can be identical as the storage memory of DPD table 40, or it is different memory, this depends on embodiment.Although For illustrative purposes, DPD table 40 and balanced device table 41 are illustrated as residing in baseband processor 34, but the storage containing table Device equipment may reside within any appropriate location on transceiver 13, or the other positions in wireless device 11.
(populate) is filled to balanced device table 41 during the characterization stage, can be carried out in manufacture point, for example, at this In the case of kind, power amplifier system 26 is characterized in the case where selecting input condition.It, can be at selection complex impedance point during characterization Characterization power amplifier system 26 records certain variables at each complex impedance point in this case.For example, programmable day Line tuner can be connected to power amplifier system 26 during characterization, to set required complex impedance point.The system can be with Additionally characterized between other parameters appropriate.For example, in some embodiments, on different channels and frequency band Additionally record variable, this, which can permit, is adapted to (for example, adaptation of DPT table 40) for emitting to power amplifier system 26 Duplexer ripple (ripple) on channel, it is contemplated that some memory effects and other benefits.Bidirectional coupler is other suitable When component can be used at each set point capture power amplifier system 26 behavior (for example, phase, VSWR, channel The combination being characterized with each of frequency band).The variable of each record can be collectively stored in corresponding characterization set-point value In table.
The variable for forming the record of the characterization information of each set point may include some or all in following item: (1) Be transmitted to the RF signal of power amplifier 17 and pass through between the supply reshaping signal of supply control branch 48 it is required (such as It is optimal) relative delay；(2) compression level of power amplifier 17 can correspond to power amplifier 17 in peak envelope The compression degree operated during power；And (3) largest enveloping power.Fig. 6 A-6B is provided including characterizing power amplifier system The example of the part 600,650 of the table of the variable of the record of the embodiment of system.For example, such table can form or for generating A part of balanced device table 41.It will be in characterization process further detailed herein, such as about Fig. 4 A, 4B, 5 and 6A-6B.
During operation, complex impedance (such as VSWR and/or phase) is detected using impedance detector 44.Complex impedance.Impedance Detector 44 can be realized in any suitable manner, and may include digital circuit or analog circuit.For example, some or all Impedance detector 44 can be realized in baseband processor 34.In other embodiments, some or all of impedance detector It resides in the feedback path of the outside of baseband processor 34.For detect complex impedance compatible component some examples entitled " Integrated VSWR Detector for Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits is (for single The integrated VSWR detector of piece microwave integrated circuit) " United States Patent (USP) No.8, provide in 723,531, be incorporated by reference into Herein.One embodiment for determining the process of complex impedance is having been illustrated and described herein about Fig. 9.
As shown, balanced device table 41 may include one or both of tx table 42 and supply control table 43.Tx table 42 It can be used for compensating DPD table 40, be related to mismatch, non-linear etc., and supply control table 43 and can be used for controlling supply control branch The delay of 48 delay unit 33, such as signal 49 is emitted based on RF and supplies the required relative delay between reshaping signal.
As represented by the dotted line for extending to tx signal 49 by tx table 42, as the substitution of compensation DPT table 40 or attached Add, tx table 42 can be used for direct compensation tx signal 49.For example, in some cases, power amplifier system 26 can be set to In the pent mode of DPD, and tx table 42 is used to compensate for tx signal 49.For example, DPD and envelope tracking are banned With horizontal (such as 100 milliwatts) until reaching some transmission power, opening envelope tracking and DPD at this moment becomes more energy It is inefficient.In addition, in some cases, one of tx table 42 and supply control table 43 are used only at any given time.For example, In some embodiments, only when power amplifier system 26 is placed in envelope tracking mode using supply control table 43, and work as When (for example, when in APT or fixed supply mode) power amplifier system 26 is not at envelope tracking mode, only with tx table 42.In some embodiments, balanced device table 41 only includes one of tx table 42 and supply control table 43.In addition, being included in equal Information in weighing apparatus table 41 can be organized in a variety of ways.Although for example, be shown as individual table, 42 He of tx table Supply control table 43 can be combined into single table, or in other embodiments, the information provided in balanced device table 41 with DPD table 40 is combined.
For broadband signal (such as 50 resource blocks (RB) LTE signal), due to the load line in RB frequency span and prolong Variation, memory effect are likely to become particularly significant problem late.At 2:1 or bigger VSWR, memoryless DPD table 40 may not It is enough to solve the AM-AM/AM-PM response variation on channel.In these cases, baseband transmission signal (such as i/q signal) Equilibrium may be appropriate, such as using balanced device table 41, can use memory coefficient to enhance DPD table 41.Balanced device table 41 use may be implemented balancer function, the balanced compression level of power amplifier 17 and/or realize power amplifier 17 required (such as optimal) delay on frequency band.To, balanced device table 41 (its may be embodied in extracted on channel it is upper State variable) it can be used for executing equilibrium for big R/B signal (such as 50 or 100RB or 40 megahertzs of uplink CA wide) Device function.According to some embodiments, equilibrium can provide double action: memory effect compensation is added to memoryless DPD, and DPD is set to be adapted under various characterization conditions (for example, VSWR condition of characterization) work.As described, balancer function can With tool there are two path, one emits signal 49 for RF, such as by using TX table 42, one for supplying control path 48 (such as by using supply control table 43), can such as envelope tracker.
According to some realizations, balanced table 41 includes the individual gain and delay for each individually RB, is only applied Emit signal 49 in RF, and not for supplying the individual equilibrium of control path 48.In another embodiment, balanced table 41 Realize the function for approaching Walter and drawing (Volterra) series via the individual path of following two: one emits signal for RF 49, one is used for envelope tracker path 48.This realization can be made of following item: finite impulse response (FIR) (FIR) filtering Device is followed by nonlinear lookup table, is followed by another FIR.One block is applied to RF signal, and another block is applied to Modulator signal.FIR filter and nonlinear lookup table are exported according to balanced table and the memoryless DPD table of nominal condition.
Exemplary front-end module
Fig. 4 A and 4B show exemplary front-end module 45, any one is with system compatible shown in Fig. 1-3 and can be simultaneously Enter in the system.With reference to both Fig. 4 A and 4B, the front-end module 45 of diagram includes 55, one groups of power amplifiers of input switch 17, one group of duplexer, 50, one groups of antenna switch modules 51, bidirectional coupler 52 and measurement switch 53.Front end mould shown in Fig. 4 B Block 45 is also comprising integrated antenna tuner 54.
The RF of the switch modulation between different power amplifiers 17 and corresponding diplexing components 50 of input switch 55 is sent out Penetrate signal.The power amplifier 17 of connection amplifies received signal, and the signal of amplification is transmitted to duplexer 50.Duplexer 50 It is configured to the signal of transmission being forwarded to antenna switch module 51.For simplicity, it is illustrated only in Fig. 4 A-4B and sends road Diameter.It will be appreciated, however, that duplexer 50 is configured to allow the two-way communication between transceiver 13 and antenna 14.For example, duplexing Device 50 can be additionally configured to receive the reception signal from antenna switch module 51, and forward received signal to be transmitted to Transceiver 13.Duplexer 50 can additionally realize filtering or other functions appropriate.For example, duplexer 50 can be provided in and connect Inhibition, the isolation of the transmitter noise under frequency are received to prevent from receiving desensitization etc..
Antenna switch module 51 is configurable to antenna 14 being electrically connected to selected transmitting path or RX path.From And antenna switch module 51 can provide multiple handoff functionalities associated with the operation of front-end module 45.In some embodiments, Antenna switch module 51 may include and the associated function of following items: for example, switching between different frequency bands, different Switching, sending mode between power mode and the switching between reception pattern or their certain combination.Antenna switch module 51 are also configured as providing additional function, such as the filtering and/or duplex of signal.
The embodiment of diagram includes that the bidirectional coupler 52 of the output signal of sensing can be provided to measurement switch 53.Measurement Switch 53 may, for example, be single-pole double throw (SPDT) switch.According to some embodiments comprising illustrated embodiment, directional coupler The measured value (for example, forward power and backward power) of the incoming signal and both reflection signals that are capable of providing in transmitting path. It for example, bidirectional coupler 52 can have at least four ports, may include: being configured to reception and generated by power amplifier 17 Signal input port, be coupled to antenna 14 output port, be configured to measurement switch 53 offer forward power first Measurement port and be configured to measurement switch 53 offer backward power the second measurement port.Although the embodiment packet of diagram Containing bidirectional coupler 53, but in other embodiments, the combination of other types of equipment or equipment can be used.In general, can To use times that can be detected incoming signal in transmission path and reflect both signal (for example, forward power and backward power) What equipment.Bidirectional coupler 52 exports the transmitting signal for being transmitted to antenna, and forward power and backward power signal is defeated Measurement switch 53 is arrived out.Measurement switch 53 switch between two ports (such as detection forward power and backward power letter Between number), and forward the output being switched to be transmitted to impedance detector.
It compares with front-end module 45 shown in Fig. 4 B, front-end module 45 shown in Fig. 4 A does not include programmable antenna tune Humorous device.In such embodiments, balanced device table 41 can be used come caused by adequately compensating for due to mismatch those remember Effect to reduce costs and complexity, and is also avoided due to being incorporated to day without using integrated antenna tuner It is lost caused by line tuner.In these cases, programmable antenna tuner can be temporarily connected to system, such as Between bidirectional coupler 52 and antenna, to characterize system.For example, can be set during manufacture using antenna tuner The assigning complex impedances of each characterization set point.Configuration can be with the balanced device table of pre-characterised in accordance with some embodiments shown in Fig. 4 A 41 are applied in combination, to realize at least linearity improvement of 6dB.
In some other embodiments, such as in embodiment shown in Fig. 4 B, integrated antenna tuner 54 is arranged preceding In end module 45.In some embodiments, antenna tuner 54 includes the circuit of pi network and/or T-network.Antenna tuning Device 54 can be programmable impedance-tumed to provide, and is applied in combination with balanced device table 41 in some embodiments to compensate Memory effect.For example, programmable antenna tuner 54 may be used to provide, certain non-linear (such as AM-AM and/or AM-PM are rung Should change, memory effect etc.) rough correction.Antenna tuner 54 can be adjusted to provide impedance-tumed function, so that function Rate amplifier 17 sees the specified impedance closer to required value (such as 50 ohm), to provide VSWR compensation.On the other hand, Balanced device table 41 can provide the essence for certain non-linear (such as AM-AM and/or AM-PM response variation, memory effects etc.) Thin correction.Additional benefit can be provided comprising integrated antenna tuner 54: providing calibration for bidirectional coupler 52.For example, The directionality of coupler 52 can carry out software or firmware enhancing after through calibrations such as de-embedding, linear transformations.Integrated tune Humorous device 54 can also provide improved performance under conditions of server mismatch.
The characterization of front-end module 45 can be completed with any desired frequency, comprising the mode based on part one by one, or In order to reduce calibration cost, based on each batch of next part or per the mode of several batches of next parts.
The example of method for pre-characterised front-end module
Fig. 5 is the flow chart 500 depicted for the process of pre-characterised front-end module.Process 500 can cause for every The measurement of the AM-AM and/or AM-PM response curve of a independent characterization state.One or more processors and/or wireless device Certain parts of process may be implemented in other components appropriate.Although for example, for illustrative purposes, and by certain portions of process Divide and be described as realizing using certain components of equipment shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 A-4B, but Fig. 1 also can be used in the process Wireless device 11 realize or the wireless device 11 of any other compatibility.
In box 502, process includes to be set as being used for by VSWR using programmable antenna tuner currently characterizing set point The value appropriate of state.For example, the first row 602 shown in the Examples section balanced device look-up table 600 with reference to shown in Fig. 6 A, day Line tuner can be used for for VSWR being set as value (1.2) corresponding with currently characterization setting dotted state.In front-end module 45 In the case where the integrated antenna tuner 54 (Fig. 4 B) of middle setting, integrated tuner 54 can be used for adjusting VSWR.Do not setting In the case where setting integrated tuner (Fig. 4 A), for the purpose of characterization, antenna tuner can be provisionally attached to front end Module 45.Adjustable antenna tuner, while VSWR is monitored using integrated impedance detector 44 or other detectors Point, until reaching set point.
In box 504, the other parameters for corresponding to current characterization set point are set as value appropriate.For example, joining again Example settings point corresponding with the first row 602 in partial-equilibrium device look-up table 600 shown in Fig. 6 A is examined, it can be by complex impedance Phase, channel and band setting be value (0 degree, 20525, B5) appropriate.Some or all of these set points can lead to It crosses using signal generator or other proper implements and adjusts Test input signal to realize.
In box 506, in currently characterization state representation system.For example, recording the behavior phase with front-end module 45 at 506 Associated one group of variable.Variable usually may include the nonlinear any variable appropriate that can be used for compensating front-end module 45 Or measurement.For example, the variable in exemplary embodiment includes referring again to the first row 602 of part table 600 shown in Fig. 6 A: (1) it is transmitted to the RF signal of power amplifier 17 and passes through the measurement of supply control branch 48 supplied between reshaping signal Required (such as optimal) relative delay (1.11 nanoseconds [ns])；(2) compression level (2.0dB) of power amplifier 17, It can correspond to the compression degree that power amplifier 17 operates during peak envelope power；And (3) largest enveloping power (29 decibels-milliwatt [dBm]).With reference to another exemplary Fig. 6 B comprising part lookup table 650, the variable of record can also be wrapped Contain: the AM-AM coefficient (variable B) and AM-PM coefficient (variable C) of characterization AM-AM and AM-PM response curve.
In box 508, variable is recorded in look-up table 41, or is otherwise stored in nonvolatile memory. In some implementations, variable is directly recorded in the nonvolatile memory in transceiver 13 in characterization (such as to be formed Balanced device table 41).In other cases, variable be recorded to some individual storage mediums (such as flash drive, disk drive Dynamic device etc.), and downloaded to other positions appropriate in baseband processor 34 or wireless device 11 in time later.Example Such as, in some cases, front-end module 12 is characterized before assembling wireless device 11, and in assembling wireless device 11 or its portion Timesharing, the value of record is downloaded to can be by nonvolatile memory that baseband processor 34 accesses or in wireless device 11 Some other appropriate location.
Then, which is repeated for next characterization set point.Referring again to Fig. 6 A, next set point can be corresponded to The second row 604 in part table 600, in this case, phase value is set to 45 degree.
Fig. 6 A illustrates only a part of characterization table, and wherein phase is scanned with increased value, while keeping other set points Parameter (VSWR, channel and frequency band) is constant.It should be appreciated that in order to complete characterization and thus to obtain for the record in balanced table 41 The full set of value can scan phase by added value (such as passing through 360 degree), and can also scan each other settings Point parameter, while keeping some or all of other parameters constant.
Although part table 600,650 shown in Fig. 6 A-B is referred to herein as forming a part of balanced device table 41, In some cases, the value in part table 600,650 is not stored directly in balanced device table 41 actually.Alternatively, coming from The record value of table 600,650 is used for the value exported include in balanced device table 41.For example, shown in the part table 650 of Fig. 6 B AM-AM coefficient (variable B) and AM-PM coefficient (variable C) can be exported from the other variables recorded during characterization.
According to some embodiments, when disabling DPD, some or all of characterization process 500 is executed.
Fig. 7 A and 7B are shown using having the balanced device table of value obtained during the characterization of front-end module compensate before The instantiation procedure of end module operation.For example, the process can be related to that Fig. 5 can be used using balanced device table 41 shown in Fig. 3 Shown in process or similar process obtain.Although for illustrative purposes, certain parts of process are described as by Fig. 3 Power amplifier system 26 transceiver 13 in baseband processor 34 realize that but the process can be by any other appropriate Processor realize, such as by another processor in the transceiver 13 of the power amplifier system 26 of Fig. 3, by the nothing of Fig. 2 Any processor in line equipment 11, etc..
With reference to Fig. 7 A, in box 702, the reception of baseband processor 34 is sensed during signal is sent by impedance detector 44 Assigning complex impedances (such as VSWR and/or phase).
In box 704, baseband processor 34 accesses record appropriate from balanced device table 41 using the impedance value of sensing.Example Such as, part table 600,650, VSWR with reference to shown in Fig. 6 A-6B can be with other characterization set point parameters (such as phases, channel And band information) together for indexing balanced device table 41.Baseband processor 34 can be set based on the current operation of wireless device 11 It is fixed to know phase, channel and band information, or in some cases, phase, letter can be exported from the feedback signal of sensing One or more of road and frequency band.
In box 706, baseband processor 34 applies correction based on the record accessed.Depending on embodiment, from equal The record of weighing apparatus table 41 accessed may be embodied in the value of the one or more variables recorded during characterization (for example, RF is to envelope Tracker delay, compression level and power maximum value (Pmax)).In these cases, baseband processor 34 can handle variable To apply correction appropriate.By taking power amplifier compression as an example, needed for the adjustable input signal of baseband processor 34 is to realize Compression level.For example, and current gain is confirmed as if specifying the compression level of 2.0dBm in the record accessed 2.7dBm, then baseband processor 34 can accordingly decrease input signal level.About delay offset, baseband processor 34 can To set the programmable delay of delay unit 33 according to the delay offset specified in the record accessed.
In some cases, the record of index may include the value derived from variable.For example, being used to compensate in record In the case where DPD table, corrected value can be exported from the variable of record, and be stored in balanced device table 41.
Fig. 7 B shows using pre-characterised look-up table another process 750 for compensating front-end module operation.Similar to Fig. 7 A Process 700, baseband processor 34 frame 752 receive sensing assigning complex impedances.
In box 754, coarse adjustment function is executed using the antenna tuner 54 being integrated in front-end module 45.As previously discussed with respect to Described in Fig. 4 B, programmable antenna tuner 54 can be tuned to compensate the mismatch sensed to a certain extent, such as The impedance load as seen in power amplifier 17 is tuned as closer to required value (such as closer to 50 ohm), to reduce VSWR。
In box 756, baseband processor 34 accesses record appropriate from balanced device table 41 using the impedance value sensed, Similar to the box 704 of the process 700 of Fig. 7 A.In box 758, baseband processor 34 is with the side of the process 700 similar to Fig. 7 B The mode of frame 706 applies accurate adjustment to correct based on the record accessed.For example, accurate adjustment, which can compensate to have, uses antenna than those Tuner 54 realized it is rough correct involved in amplitude comparatively lesser amplitude non-linear (such as memory effect).
The example of power amplifier supply model
Fig. 8 A-8C is respectively illustrated in fixed supply voltage mode, mean power tracking (APT) mode and envelope tracking mould The waveform of the power amplifier operated under formula.
In fig. 8 a, curve shows the voltage and power amplifier service voltage of the RF signal 804 relative to the time 802.RF signal 804 has signal envelope 805.Importantly, what the power amplifier service voltage 802 of power amplifier had Voltage level is greater than the voltage level of RF signal 804.For example, providing the amplitude having less than RF signal 804 to power amplifier Service voltage may be to signal wave elimination (clip), to generate distorted signals and/or other problems.It is important, therefore, that function Rate amplifier service voltage 802 is greater than the voltage of signal envelope 805.However, it may be desirable to reduce power amplifier service voltage Voltage difference between the signal envelope 805 of 802 and RF signal 804, this is because power amplifier service voltage 802 and signal packet Area between network 805 can indicate the energy of loss, this is likely to reduced battery life and increases the heat generated in mobile device Amount.
Fig. 8 B is the signal envelope 807 shown relative to RF signal 810 and variation or the power amplifier changed supply The curve graph of voltage 808.Curve graph shown in Fig. 8 B can correspond to mean power tracking (APT) mould of power amplifier operation Formula.It compares with the power amplifier service voltage 802 of Fig. 8 A, the power amplifier service voltage 808 of Fig. 8 B is retouched by dotted line With the change of discrete voltage increment during the different time slots drawn.Amplifier service voltage 808 during specific time slot can be with Such as it is adjusted based on the mean power of the envelope 807 during the time slot.For example, the time slot on right side can correspond to than left side The low power mode of operation of time slot.By reducing service voltage during certain time slots, with supply fixed shown in Fig. 8 A Operation is compared, and APT operation can improve power efficiency.
In Fig. 8 C, curve shows the voltage and power amplifier service voltage of the RF signal 816 relative to the time 814.Curve graph shown in Fig. 8 C can correspond to the envelope tracking mode of power amplifier operation.With the power amplifier of Fig. 8 A Service voltage 802 compares, and the power amplifier service voltage 814 of Fig. 8 B changes or changes relative to signal envelope 815.Figure Area between power amplifier service voltage 814 in 8C and signal envelope 815 is less than the power amplifier supply in Fig. 8 A Area between voltage 802 and signal envelope 805, so that the curve graph of Fig. 8 C can be put with the power with higher energy efficiency Big device system is associated.Compared with both APT modes shown in fixed supply operation and Fig. 8 B shown in Fig. 8 A, pass through by Service voltage tracks envelope, and envelope tracking operation can improve power efficiency.
Although Fig. 8 A-8C shows three examples of the power amplifier service voltage relative to the time, teaching herein Suitable for the other configurations that power supply generates, put for example, teaching herein is suitable for wherein service voltage module limitation power The configuration of the minimum voltage level of big device service voltage.
Determine the exemplary method of complex impedance
Fig. 9 shows the flow chart of an exemplary method 900 for determining complex impedance.Identified impedance for example can be with For accessing record in balanced device table 41 and/or being used during characterization process.
In box 902, method 900 includes to sample to incident radiation signal path, for example, in this case, surveying Amount switch 53 is switched to receive forward power signal from the corresponding port of bidirectional coupler 52.In box 904, method includes Ideal I/Q data are obtained from baseband processor 34.For example, I/Q data can correspond in data flow by front-end module 45 The data flow of transmission before the influence of interior mismatch and other effects.In box 906, baseband processor 34 or other appropriate Component make ideal I/Q data and it is interrelated from the received I/Q data for incident path of front-end module 45 and Time alignment.For example, sub-sampling displacement technique can be used in baseband processor 34.In box 908, baseband processor 34 or other Component appropriate calculates complex phase amount associated with incoming signal, can the demonstration according to shown in the box 908 of Fig. 9 etc. Formula calculates.
In box 910,26 handover measurement switch 53 of power amplifier system, so that switch is coupled to from bidirectional coupler The backward power signal of 52 corresponding port.In box 912, the transmitting signal path of reflection is sampled.In box 914, method includes to obtain ideal I/Q data from baseband processor 34, be can correspond in data flow by front-end module The data flow of mismatch in 45 and the transmission before the influence of other effects.In box 906, baseband processor 34 or other appropriate Component make ideal I/Q data and interrelated simultaneously from the received I/Q data for reflection path of front-end module 45 And time alignment.For example, sub-sampling displacement technique can be used in baseband processor 34.In box 918, baseband processor 34 or its Its component appropriate calculates complex phase amount associated with reflection signal, can the demonstration according to shown in the box 918 of Fig. 9 Equation calculates.
In box 920, baseband processor 34, impedance detector 44 or other components appropriate calculate original gamma (such as Complex impedance).For example, can be by the way that the reflection complex phase amount of calculating be calculated original gamma divided by incident complex phase.
Using
Example relevant to mobile phone has been provided in above-mentioned some embodiments.However, the principle and advantage of embodiment It can be used for needing any other system or equipment of power amplifier system.
Such power amplifier system can be realized in electronic equipment of various.The example of electronic equipment may include but It is not limited to consumption electronic product, the component of consumption electronic product, electronic test equipment etc..The example of electronic equipment can also include But it is not limited to circuit and the disc driver electricity of memory chip, memory module, optic network or other communication networks Road.Consumption electronic product may include but be not limited to mobile phone, phone, TV, computer monitor, computer, hand-held Computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), micro-wave oven, refrigerator, automobile, stereophonic sound system, cassette recorder or player, DVD Player, VCR, MP3 player, radio, video camera, camera, digital camera, pocket memory chip, is washed CD Player Clothing machine, dryer, washing/drying machine, duplicator, facsimile machine, scanner, multi-function peripheral, wrist-watch, clock and watch etc..Electricity Sub- equipment may include unfinished product.
Conclusion
Unless the context clearly require that otherwise through word " comprising " in the specification and claims, " packet Containing " etc. be interpreted as having the meaning of inclusiveness, rather than exclusive or exhaustive meaning；That is, be " including but not Be limited to " meaning.Word " coupling ", it is such as usually used herein, refer to that two or more elements can be directly connected to, Huo Zhetong Cross one or more intermediary element connections.Similarly, word " connection " refers to that two or more elements can be directly connected to, or Person passes through one or more intermediary element connections.In addition, word " this paper ", " above-mentioned ", " hereafter " and similar word, when When used herein, it should refer to the entirety of the application and be not necessarily referring to any specific part of the application.When context allows, on The word for stating singular or plural used in specific implementation can also respectively include plural number or odd number.Word "or" refers to two The list of a or multiple projects, this word cover all following explanations of word: in any project, list in list Any combination of project in all items and list.
In addition, unless expressly stated otherwise, or understand in other ways in used context, otherwise herein The conditional statement used, for example, " can with ", " possibility ", " can ", "available", " such as ", " such as ", " such as ", etc., usual purport Expression some embodiments include and other embodiments do not include certain features, element and/or state.To these condition languages Speech is generally not intended to imply that feature, element and/or state are in any way required for one or more embodiments, or Person, in the case where inputting or prompting with or without author, one or more embodiments necessarily include logic, to determine this Whether a little features, element and/or state are comprised in any specific embodiment, or will execute in any specific embodiment.
The foregoing detailed description of the embodiment of the present invention is not intended to exhaustion or limits the invention to accurate shape disclosed above Formula.Although for illustrative purposes, specific embodiments of the present invention and example are described above, within the scope of the invention Various equivalent modifications modes be it is possible, these will be recognized in those skilled in the relevant art.For example, although process or area Block is presented in a given order, but alternative embodiment can be executed in different order the program with step or use System with block, and some processes or block can be deleted, move, increase, segment, combine, and/or modify.This A little each of processes or block can execute in a variety of ways.Equally, although process or block are in the time On be shown as continuously performing, but these processes perhaps block can be replaced by execution arranged side by side or different time execute.
The introduction of present invention provided herein can be applied to other systems, without being above system.Above-mentioned each reality The element and movement for applying example can be combined to provide other embodiment.
Although some embodiments of the present invention have been described, these embodiments are only proposed with example, and are not intended to be limited to The scope of the present invention.In fact, novel method and system as described herein may be embodied in the form of various other；In addition, Without departing from the spirit of the invention, various omissions, substitution can be carried out to the form of method described herein and system And change, appended claims and its it is intended to cover these forms or modification equally to be considered within the scope and spirit of the invention.

Claims (19)

1. a kind of power amplifier system, comprising:
Modulator is configured to generate radio frequency transmissions；
Front-end module, includes power amplifier and coupler, and the power amplifier is configured to amplify the radio frequency transmissions To generate the radio frequency transmissions of amplification, the coupler between antenna and the power amplifier, match by the coupler It is set to the measured value for exporting both forward power associated with the radio frequency transmissions of the amplification and backward power；
It stores balanced device table and stores one or more non-volatile memory devices of digital pre-distortion table, the balanced device Table has the multiple entries generated during the pre-characterised of the front-end module, and the digital pre-distortion table is configured to penetrate to described It takes place frequently and penetrates the memoryless digital pre-distortion of signal realization；And
Processor is configured that (a) receives the forward power that exports from the coupler and the backward power and derived Voltage standing wave ratio measured value is based at least partially on the voltage standing wave ratio measured value (b) to access in the balanced device table Entry, and (c) before the radio frequency transmissions are by power amplifier amplification, based on the digital pre-distortion table and The entry that is accessed from the balanced device table adjusts the radio frequency transmissions, is present in the power amplifier system with compensation One or more memory effects in system.
2. power amplifier system as described in claim 1, wherein using programmable antenna tuner with by the front end mould Block be tuned to needed for voltage standing wave ratio point generate the balanced device table.
3. power amplifier system as described in claim 1, wherein the front-end module does not include antenna integrated tuner.
4. power amplifier system as described in claim 1, wherein the front-end module also includes positioned at the antenna and institute State the programmable antenna tuner between coupler.
5. power amplifier system as described in claim 1, wherein the front-end module also includes positioned at the power amplification One or more duplexers between device and bidirectional coupler, and the duplexer facilitates at least one in the memory effect A bit.
6. power amplifier system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the programmable antenna tuner be it is adjustable, to adjust The humorous impedance as seen in the power amplifier, to provide nonlinear rough correction in the power amplifier system, And the adjusting of the radio frequency transmissions is provided in the power amplifier system based on the entry accessed nonlinear Fine correction.
7. power amplifier system as described in claim 1, wherein the coupler is bidirectional coupler.
8. power amplifier system as described in claim 1, wherein the processor is additionally configured to by based on the equilibrium The entry accessed in device table is come the value that is adapted in the digital pre-distortion table, to adjust the radio frequency transmissions.
9. power amplifier system as described in claim 1 further includes envelope tracing system, the envelope tracing system configuration To provide power supply control signal to the power amplifier, to control the power amplifier based on shaping envelope signal Voltage level, the processor is additionally configured to based on including length of delay in accessed balanced device table clause to adjust State the delay between radio frequency transmissions and the supply control signal.
10. a kind of method for the front-end module for characterizing wireless device, comprising:
The impedance load at the output of the power amplifier of the front-end module is tuned using programmable antenna tuner, thus Realize voltage standing wave(VSW) ratio associated with the first characterization state in multiple front-end module characterization states；
The front-end module is driven using radio frequency transmissions, the radio frequency transmissions characterize state phase according to described first The associated additional parameter value of one or more drives；
When driving the front-end module using the radio frequency transmissions and being tuned to the voltage standing wave(VSW) ratio, measurement One or more variable associated with the behavior of the front-end module；And
Record one or more of measurements associated with the first characterization state in table in the nonvolatile memory Variable, the variables of one or more of records includes power amplifier compression.
11. method as claimed in claim 10, further includes: for multiple additional in the multiple front-end module characterization state Characterization state, repeat it is described use, driving, measurement and record the step of.
12. method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the programmable antenna tuner is separated with the front-end module, and institute Front-end module is stated not comprising antenna tuner.
13. method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the programmable antenna tuner is integrated in the front-end module.
14. method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the variable of one or more of records also includes largest enveloping power.
15. method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the variable of one or more of records also includes for the power Delay between the power control signal of amplifier and the radio frequency transmissions.
16. a kind of mobile device, comprising:
Modulator is configured to generate radio frequency transmissions；
Front-end module, includes power amplifier and coupler, and the power amplifier is configured to amplify the radio frequency transmissions To generate the radio frequency transmissions of amplification, the coupler configuration is the radio frequency transmissions for receiving the amplification, the power Amplifier is configured to receive the power amplifier service voltage for powering to the power amplifier, and the coupler configuration is Export the measured value of both forward power associated with the radio frequency transmissions of the amplification and backward power；
Antenna is configured to send the radio frequency transmissions of the amplification；
It stores balanced device table and stores one or more non-volatile memory devices of digital pre-distortion table, the balanced device Table has the multiple entries generated during the pre-characterised of the front-end module, and the digital pre-distortion table is configured to penetrate to described It takes place frequently and penetrates the memoryless digital pre-distortion of signal realization；And
Processor is configured that (a) receives the forward power that exports from the coupler and the backward power and derived Voltage standing wave ratio measured value is based at least partially on the voltage standing wave ratio measured value (b) to access in the balanced device table Entry, and (c) before the radio frequency transmissions are by power amplifier amplification, based on the digital pre-distortion table and The entry accessed adjusts the radio frequency transmissions, to compensate the one or more notes being present in the power amplifier Recall effect.
17. mobile device as claimed in claim 16, wherein the front-end module also includes one or more duplexers, it is described Duplexer facilitates at least some of one or more of memory effects.
18. a kind of power amplifier system, comprising:
Front-end module includes: be configured to amplification radio frequency transmissions with generate the radio frequency transmissions of amplification power amplifier, It is coupled to the programmable antenna tuner of antenna and the coupling between the power amplifier and the antenna tuner Device, the coupler configuration are both output forward power associated with the radio frequency transmissions of the amplification and backward power Measured value, the antenna tuner be it is adjustable, to tune the impedance as seen in the power amplifier, so as to described Nonlinear rough correction is provided in power amplifier system；
It stores balanced device table and stores one or more non-volatile memory devices of digital pre-distortion table, the balanced device Table has the multiple entries generated during the pre-characterised of the front-end module, and the digital pre-distortion table is configured to penetrate to described It takes place frequently and penetrates the memoryless digital pre-distortion of signal realization；And
Processor is configured that (a) receives the forward power that exports from the coupler and the backward power and derived Voltage standing wave ratio measured value, is based at least partially on the voltage standing wave ratio (b) to access the entry in the balanced device table, with And it (c) based on the digital pre-distortion table and is accessed before the radio frequency transmissions are by power amplifier amplification Entry adjust the radio frequency transmissions.
19. power amplifier system as claimed in claim 18, wherein the front-end module also includes duplexer.
CN201580030880.XA 2014-05-30 2015-05-28 RF transceiver front-end module with the improved linearity Active CN106464392B (en)

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