CN106422987A - 具有固体颗粒排放及分类装置的流化床反应器 - Google Patents

具有固体颗粒排放及分类装置的流化床反应器 Download PDF

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CN106422987A
CN106422987A CN201610767277.6A CN201610767277A CN106422987A CN 106422987 A CN106422987 A CN 106422987A CN 201610767277 A CN201610767277 A CN 201610767277A CN 106422987 A CN106422987 A CN 106422987A
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宗耀·罗伯特·盛
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COMPREHENSIVE ENERGY Co Ltd
Synthesis Energy Systems Inc
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Abstract

本发明提供一种从流化床反应器回收固体颗粒的装置，包括一与漏斗形分布板的窄口端连接的文丘里管，以及一被文丘里管包围的中心射流管。较佳地，分布板上设有数个水平或朝向下方的栅板孔，其使原料气体流入流化床中，栅板孔被金属盖板所覆盖以防止固体颗粒泄漏进入栅板孔并掉入位于分布板下方的风室(plenum)。较佳地，该文丘里管可容易地与气化反应器的其他部分可拆卸以便维修或替换。本发明提供一种包括上述装置的流化床反应器。

Description

具有固体颗粒排放及分类装置的流化床反应器
本申请是申请号为200980121529.6的中国专利申请(申请日：2009年6月5日，发明名称：具有固体颗粒排放及分类装置的流化床反应器)的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种将原料气体扩散至流化床反应器并将固体颗粒残渣排放出该流化床反应器的装置。
背景技术
在高温及高压下工作的流化床反应器所产生的固体颗粒残渣需要以可控及稳定的方式排放出气化器以保持气化反应所需的足够的床层高度及固体颗粒停留时间。传统的流化床气化器底流式排放系统在高温及高压下工作并采用控制阀及机械给料器，时常会造成不规则的固体颗粒流率并对排放装置的机械部分造成严重的高冲蚀磨损。控制阀和机械给料器的机械设计、构造及运行都十分复杂并且需要经常维修及替换。传统的排放系统会时常导致计划外的停车并会影响气化系统的性能及可靠性。
在高温及高压下采用文丘里管将固体颗粒残渣排放出流化床气化器在现有技术中是已知的，参见授予Vorres的第4,435,364号美国专利及授予Schora等人的第4,023,280号美国专利。具体来说，流化床的下方位于反应罐向下延伸的通道底部设有一具有通道的窄部，其定义了用于引导向上流动的原料气体进入流化床以及引导向下流动的固体颗粒残渣排放出流化床的文丘里管。排放出流化床的固体颗粒的流量由向上流动的气体的速度控制并无需采用控制阀及机械给料器。
文丘里管的喉道部不仅在高温及高压下工作，而且还在高速气体及固体颗粒流的持续轰击下工作。因此，文丘里管会受到严重冲蚀磨损并需要经常的昂贵维修或替换，这就导致经常性的或持久的停车。
因此有必要提供一种系统及方法以在高温及高压下以及在无需采用控制阀及机械给料器的条件下将受控数量的未反应或不完全反应的固体颗粒残渣排放出流化床。
通常采用穿孔板来扩散流化气化器中原料固体颗粒所需的原料气体。流化床中固体颗粒的适当流化可促进高转化率及高产量所需的气体及固体颗粒的接触。然而，流化床中固体颗粒通常会流动通过分布板的开孔并掉入分布板下方的风室(plenum)，导致风室燃烧等不利问题。
因此，需要一种新的系统及方法从而更均匀地将原料气体扩散至流化床并使流动至分布板下方风室的流化床固体颗粒的数量降低到最小，以提高气化器的性能并防止不期望的风室燃烧。
发明内容
本发明关于一种从流化床气化器回收固体颗粒的改进装置。该装置包括一文丘里管，具有狭窄圆柱形通道或称为喉道部，其与位于文丘里管喉道部上方向上延伸的第一圆锥部以及位于文丘里管喉道部下方向下延伸的第二圆锥部连接。该文丘里管与圆锥形分布板的底部连接，一部分原料气体在进入流化床气化器前先扩散至该分布板。
在一实施例中，本发明的装置包括一圆柱管，称为分类器，其与文丘里管的底部连接，以及一较小的垂直管或中心射流器，其位于分类器及文丘里管的中心。排放出流化床气化器的固体颗粒残渣掉入文丘里管并向下流动通过文丘里喉道部与中心射流器之间的环状空间，然后通过分类器与中心射流器之间的环状空间。一部分原料气体向上流动通过分类器与文丘里管之间的环状空间并进入流化床气化器。
本发明的装置利用分类器使较重及较大的固体颗粒残渣从较轻及较小的固体颗粒残渣中分离。分类器中较大或较重的固体颗粒残渣具有克服向上流动的原料气体的向下动量，从分类器中掉下并排放出分离器。相反，较小或较轻的固体颗粒残渣被向上流动的气体携带并返回至流化床中。
通过将较重及较大的固体颗粒残渣从较轻及较小的固体颗粒残渣中分离，气体及固体间的化学反应可以更彻底地进行，并获得原料更高的总体转化率。众所周知，随着碳质原料气化反应的进行越充分反应的固体颗粒根据原料的类型会变得更大或更重。本发明具有分类器，可以有选择地将较充分反应的较大或较重固体颗粒残渣排放出流化床气化器，并将较未充分反应的较小或较轻固体颗粒残渣回收至流化床气化器，且使较未充分反应的固体颗粒残渣能有充分气化反应所需的较长停留时间。
本发明进一步通过在分类器的下方供给原料气体提高总体转化率。排放出文丘里管喉道部的固体颗粒立即进入文丘里管下方的分类器并进一步与向上流动的原料气体反应。
本发明还提供可拆卸的文丘里管设计，使遭冲蚀磨损的文丘里管能够容易地被闲置的文丘里管装置替换以缩短停车时间并提高气化器的总体利用率。如上所述，文丘里管喉道部处于高温及高压下并且于高速气体及固体颗粒流的持续轰击下工作，会受到严重的冲蚀磨损并需要经常的昂贵维修或替换，这就导致经常性的或持久的停车。
本发明进一步提供了一种用于流化床气化器的扩散原料气体的装置。更具体地，一具有圆锥形穿孔的分布板或栅板安装有数个使原料气体流动并进入流化床的水平或朝向下方的开口或栅板孔。分布板具有一锥角并且栅板孔尺寸均匀且等间距从而使原料气体更均匀地扩散，使固体颗粒循环率得到提高，以及使流化床气化器中气体及固体颗粒更好地混合。在一较佳实施例中，于分布板的下方设有栅板孔的进口，并覆盖有某金属附着物以防止固体颗粒流进入栅板孔中并掉入位于分布板下方的风室中导致不期望的燃烧反应。
附图说明
图1为本发明包括固体颗粒残渣排放及分类一体装置的流化床煤气化器的示意图；
图2为根据本发明的一个实施例的固体颗粒残渣排放装置的示意图；
图3为本发明的固体颗粒残渣分类装置的示意图；
图4为根据本发明的一个实施例的改进的原料气体扩散栅板的示意图；
图5为根据本发明的另一个实施例的改进的原料气体扩散栅板的示意图；以及
图6显示了根据本发明的另一个实施例的被金属板覆盖的气体分布板的示意图。
具体实施方式
如图所示，本发明的各方面将在以下更详细地描述。图1提供了本发明流化床气化器的一个实施例的示意图。该流化床气化器包括固体颗粒残渣排放及分类一体装置。固体颗粒原料包括例如煤或生物质的碎碳质燃料，通过给料管1气动地或机械地向气化器3的流化床2给料。含有水蒸气及例如空气或氧气的氧化剂混合气体的气相原料从以下的三个位置进入气化器3中：1)“栅板气体”从位于扩散栅板5下方的风室4进入，2)“分类气体”经连接管6从排灰管线7进入，以及3)“射流气体”从中心射流管8进入。
固体颗粒原料被控制在特定温度、压强及停留时间下在流化床2中与气相原料进行化学反应并转换成易燃的气相产物。粗气体产物通过密相流化床2及稀相的悬浮段(freeboard)9上升并通过排放喷嘴10排放。随后粗气体产物进入气体净化及处理单元。
固体颗粒通过固体颗粒残渣排放装置11排放出流化床2并掉入分类装置12，于该分类装置12中较未充分反应的较小或较轻的固体颗粒从较充分反应的较大或较重的固体颗粒中分离并被再次带入到流化床2进行进一步的气化反应。较重或较大的固体颗粒残渣通过排灰管7排放出气化器3。
图2显示了固体颗粒残渣排放装置11的具体细节。固体颗粒残渣排放装置11的主要作用是将受控数量的固体颗粒排放出气化器3的流化床2。分类器12将较未充分反应的较小或较轻的固体颗粒从形成于流化床2及分类器12中的较充分反应的较大或较重固体颗粒中分离，随后将较未充分反应的固体颗粒回收至流化床2以进行进一步的气化反应并将较大或较重固体颗粒残渣排放出位于气化器3底部的分类器12。
固体颗粒残渣排放装置11包括可拆卸的文丘里管插入件13，位于与栅板5底部及分类器12顶部连接的圆柱形文丘里保护管17的内部。文丘里管插入件13位于分类器12的顶部并由锁紧装置18支撑。文丘里管13具有狭窄圆柱形通道或文丘里管喉道部16，与位于喉道部16上方向上延伸的第一圆锥部以及位于喉道部16下方向下延伸的第二圆锥部连接。收敛角度14及发散角度15为0度至30度。在一实施例中，文丘里管喉道部16的长度或高度为50至250mm，文丘里管与分类器的直径比为0.2至1.0。文丘里管喉道部16的直径或文丘里管喉道部16与中心射流器8间环状空间的宽度取决于气体及固体颗粒的流量、工作温度和压强以及气体及固体颗粒的属性。从流化床2掉入文丘里管13的半焦/灰渣固体颗粒的流量取决于向上流动通过文丘里管喉道部16与中心射流器8间环状空间的水蒸气/氧化剂原料气体的流量。固体颗粒残渣排放装置11利用通过文丘里管喉道部16的向上流动的混合气体的流量来控制半焦及灰渣固体颗粒的排放流量，并无需利用传统向下流动式排放系统通常所需的控制阀或机械给料器。
如图3所示，分类器12包括文丘里管13与中心射流管8进口弯头间的垂直部。从文丘里管13排放出的半焦/灰渣固体颗粒在重力的作用下掉入排灰管7与中心射流管8间的环状空间中。由于固体颗粒掉入到分类器12中，因此未反应的半焦及向上流动的混合原料气体会继续在分类器12中反应，使固体颗粒进一步结块或焦结从而形成更大或更重的灰渣固体颗粒。当灰渣微粒达到一定尺寸和/或质量时，分类器12中向上流动的气体动力不足以将灰渣固体颗粒维持在悬浮或流化状态，灰渣固体颗粒会掉入到排灰管线7的底部。较轻和/或较小的固体颗粒被保留在分类器12中或被带入到流化床2中进行进一步化学反应。分类器12具有特定的长度及直径以完成最终的燃尽反应并获得原料固体颗粒更高的总体转化率，并可由本领域的技术人员所决定。较佳地，分类器12长度与分类器12直径的比值为5至20。
图4示出了本发明的原料气体扩散栅板5的一个较佳实施例。如图4所示，扩散栅板5包括圆锥形金属板，其具有以水平方向或背离流化床区域2中固体颗粒残渣流动方向穿设于栅板上的许多小孔19。在一较佳的实施例中，圆锥形栅板具有特定的约为60至120度的锥角，其能促进流化床区域2固体颗粒的循环以及便于固体颗粒残渣排放出流化床。圆锥栅板5及中心射流器8的结合使流化床2中的固体颗粒向上及向着中心移动，然后向外径向或沿气化器3的垂直侧壁及栅板5的表面向下移动，最后回收至流化床2的中心区域。圆锥形栅板5还促使固体颗粒残渣从栅板5的表面滚下并进入位于气化器3底部的排灰管线7。
栅板孔19的直径及数量设计用于产生约5至30kPa的气体压强的下降，或足以使原料气体在进入流化床2前能均匀地在栅板孔19中扩散。例如，栅板孔19的直径可为3至10mm。原料气体以30至120m/s的速度流动通过栅板孔19，并提供20至80mm的穿透射流进入流化床2以将原料固体颗粒维持在完全的悬浮或流化状态并防止不期望的固体颗粒在扩散栅板5上的结块或焦结。穿过栅板孔19时的高速及其导致的射流穿透能立即在圆锥形栅板5的整个表面上方产生一个活跃的栅板区域，于其上产生快速的固体颗粒与气体的混合、传热传质以及气化反应。滚下栅板5表面的固体颗粒在进入排灰管线7前进一步在栅板区域中反应。这一独有的特性提高了总体利用率或转换效率。
栅板孔19的总数及间隔方式设计用于提供在流化床2的横截面区域上完整及均匀的覆盖率。间隔方式设计用于将离开栅板孔19的气体所产生的小气泡结合成大气泡减至最少。具有较少大气泡的流化床具有更有效的气体-固体颗粒界面传递现象及化学反应。
在另一实施例中，本发明提供一种改进的防泄漏的气体扩散栅板5，其包括如上所述的具有栅板孔19的圆锥形金属板，以及在栅板5下表面或与流化床区域相对的表面上与栅板孔19连接的栅板孔盖板20。参照图5，在一实施例中，栅板孔盖板20包括具有适当形状(如矩形)的金属通道，焊接于每个栅板孔19进口上并位于扩散栅板5下方。在较佳实施例中，金属通道的尺寸大约为10至20mm×40至60mm。
如图6所示，本发明的圆锥扩散栅板5具有大约与水平线呈30至60度的倾斜角21。栅板孔19设置成与水平线平行。原料气体以30至100m/s的速度通过金属通道及栅板孔19注入流化床2中。水平穿设的栅板孔19、通过栅板孔19的高速以及栅板孔盖板20的结合防止了流化床固体颗粒流动或泄漏通过栅板孔19并掉入位于扩散栅板5下方的风室(plenum)4，造成固体颗粒在风室(plenum)4中不期望的燃烧反应。改进的防泄漏装置制造成本不高且易于安装、维修或拆除。

Claims (18)

1.一种从流化床反应器回收固体颗粒的装置，其特征在于，该流化床反应器包括由反应罐包围形成的流化床区域，以及具有穿孔的使部分原料气体扩散至流化床区域的分布板，该分布板形成漏斗，其具有宽口端及指向下方的窄口端，该装置包括：
1)一文丘里管，其包括狭窄圆柱形文丘里管喉道部，位于喉道部上方向上延伸的第一圆锥部，以及位于喉道部下方向下延伸的第二圆锥部，其中该第一圆锥部与圆锥分布板的窄口端连接，以及
2)一中心射流管，由文丘里管所包围，其中原料气体在文丘里管喉道部上方以射流方式喷出，
所述具有穿孔的分布板设有数个水平或朝向下方的使原料气体流入流化床的栅板孔。
2.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，所述分布板的锥角为60至120度。
3.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，所述栅板孔的尺寸均匀且等间距，使原料气体均匀扩散、使固体颗粒循环率提高并且使流化床气化器中气体及固体颗粒完全混合。
4.如权利要求3所述的装置，其特征在于，所述尺寸均匀且等间距的栅板孔在整个分布板上产生5至30kPa的气体压强下降。
5.如权利要求3所述的装置，其特征在于，所述尺寸均匀且等间距的栅板孔使原料气体以30至120m/s的速度流动通过栅板孔。
6.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，栅板孔的进口设于所述分布板下方，并覆盖有防止固体颗粒流进栅板孔并落入位于分布板下方风室的盖板。
7.如权利要求6所述的装置，其特征在于，所述盖板以引导原料气体在流入栅板孔前沿分布板向下流动的方式设置。
8.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，进一步包括与所述文丘里管第二圆锥部连接的分类器。
9.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，一原料气体进口设于分类器的较低端，其中从文丘里管喉道部释放的固体颗粒进入位于文丘里管下方的分类器并进一步与向上流动的原料气体进行化学反应。
10.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，所述文丘里管与气化器反应器的其他部分可拆卸。
11.一种流化床反应器，包括由反应罐包围形成的流化床区域，以及具有穿孔的使部分原料气体扩散至流化床区域的分布板，该分布板形成漏斗，其具有宽口端及指向下方的窄口端，其特征在于，该流化床反应器还包括一装置，该装置包括：
1)一文丘里管，其包括狭窄圆柱形文丘里管喉道部，位于喉道部上方向上延伸的第一圆锥部，以及位于喉道部下方向下延伸的第二圆锥部，其中该第一圆锥部与圆锥分布板的窄口端连接，以及
2)一中心射流管，由文丘里管所包围，其中原料气体在文丘里管喉道部上方以射流方式喷出，
所述具有穿孔的分布板设有数个水平或朝向下方的使原料气体流入流化床的栅板孔。
12.如权利要求11的流化床反应器，其特征在于，所述分布板的锥角为60至120度。
13.如权利要求11的流化床反应器，其特征在于，所述栅板孔的尺寸均匀且等间距，在整个分布板上产生5至30kPa的气体压强下降。
14.如权利要求13的流化床反应器，其特征在于，所述尺寸均匀且等间距的栅板孔使原料气体以30至120m/s的速度流动通过栅板孔。
15.如权利要求11的流化床反应器，其特征在于，栅板孔的进口设于所述分布板下方，并覆盖有防止固体颗粒流进栅板孔并落入位于分布板下方风室的盖板。
16.如权利要求15的流化床反应器，其特征在于，所述盖板以引导原料气体在流入栅板孔前沿分布板向下流动的方式设置。
17.如权利要求11的流化床反应器，其特征在于，一原料气体进口设于分类器的较低端，其中从文丘里管喉道部释放的固体颗粒进入位于文丘里管下方的分类器并进一步与向上流动的原料气体进行化学反应。
18.如权利要求11的流化床反应器，其特征在于，所述文丘里管与气化器反应器的其他部分可拆卸。
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