CN106400003B - Titanium nitride/copper titanium intermetallic compound enhanced coating for red copper surface - Google Patents
Titanium nitride/copper titanium intermetallic compound enhanced coating for red copper surface Download PDFInfo
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- CN106400003B CN106400003B CN201610880641.XA CN201610880641A CN106400003B CN 106400003 B CN106400003 B CN 106400003B CN 201610880641 A CN201610880641 A CN 201610880641A CN 106400003 B CN106400003 B CN 106400003B
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- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 137
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 113
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 96
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 66
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- IUYOGGFTLHZHEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper titanium Chemical compound [Ti].[Cu] IUYOGGFTLHZHEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium nitride Chemical compound [Ti]#N NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 88
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 78
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 77
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical group [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 30
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910000519 Ferrosilicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910009601 Ti2Cu Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- LAUCTMALVHLLAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Mn].[C].[Fe] Chemical compound [Mn].[C].[Fe] LAUCTMALVHLLAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000001293 FEMA 3089 Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 244000137852 Petrea volubilis Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910010165 TiCu Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910009820 Ti3Cu4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010314 arc-melting process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008246 gaseous mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 abstract description 17
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- PWKWDCOTNGQLID-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].[Ar] Chemical compound [N].[Ar] PWKWDCOTNGQLID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 60
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 45
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 18
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 6
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- GEBVYLHOCNKBAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;propan-2-one Chemical compound [Cu].CC(C)=O GEBVYLHOCNKBAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010892 electric spark Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000832 Cutin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000208340 Araliaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100037060 Forkhead box protein D3 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101001029308 Homo sapiens Forkhead box protein D3 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000005035 Panax pseudoginseng ssp. pseudoginseng Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000003140 Panax quinquefolius Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QFGIVKNKFPCKAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Mn].[C] Chemical compound [Mn].[C] QFGIVKNKFPCKAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000008434 ginseng Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004372 laser cladding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- -1 titanium nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
- C23C24/10—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer
- C23C24/103—Coating with metallic material, i.e. metals or metal alloys, optionally comprising hard particles, e.g. oxides, carbides or nitrides
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Cutting Tools, Boring Holders, And Turrets (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
- Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a wear-resistant coating material which is formed by cladding a layer of titanium nitride and a copper-titanium intermetallic compound serving as an enhanced phase on the surface of red copper through nitrogen arc cladding, so that the reduction of heat conduction and electric conductivity caused by adopting an integral composite material to replace the red copper is avoided, the hardness and the frictional wear performance of the surface are enhanced, the surface performance and the integral electric conduction and heat conductivity of the material reach the use requirements, and the wear-resistant coating material can be used for repairing and remanufacturing red copper components. A tungsten electrode nitrogen arc welding machine is adopted, titanium powder, copper powder and deoxidizing agent powder in a certain proportion are pre-coated on the surface of red copper, and the copper-based composite material coating enhanced by the titanium nitride/copper-titanium intermetallic compound is generated on the surface of the red copper through reaction under the action of a nitrogen arc heat source. By adjusting the proportion of the copper-titanium powder and the proportion of the argon-nitrogen gas, the existence form and the quantity of titanium nitride in the cladding layer and the type and the quantity of copper-titanium reactants can be effectively controlled, so that the purposes of changing the hardness of the cladding layer and adjusting the friction coefficient are achieved, and various working condition requirements are met.
Description
Technical field
Present invention relates particularly to chemical combination between a kind of nitrogen arc cladding in-situ preparation titanium nitride/copper titanium for red copper surface
The Cu-base composites coating of object enhancing.
Background technology
Copper is lived metal in close relations with human being's production, is only second in the consumption of China's nonferrous materials
Aluminium.Copper and copper alloy satisfactory mechanical property, and processing performance is excellent, is easy to casting, plastic processing etc., it is often more important that copper and copper
Alloy has good corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity, electric conductivity, mechanical property and moderate price, so they can be widely used in
The industrial circles such as electric, machine-building.But copper is in all various aspects such as room temperature intensity, high-temperature behavior and polishing machine
Deficiency limit wider application.And with the fast development of modern space flight and aviation, electronic technology, the use of copper is proposed
Higher requirement, i.e., on the basis of ensureing good conductive, the heat conduction physical property of copper, it is desirable that copper has high intensity, especially
It is good mechanical behavior under high temperature, and material is required to have low coefficient of thermal expansion and good friction and wear behavior.
The raising of Cu-base composites intensity is usually associated with conductive and thermal conductivity decline, how to solve this contradiction,
It is crucial in being studied as Cu-base composites.Under the premise of not reducing copper and copper alloy electrical and thermal conductivity performance, with improve copper and
For the purpose of the intensity and wearability of copper alloy, it is proposed that following mentality of designing：Pass through N2-GTAC(Gas Tungsten Arc
Cladding) mode of electric arc cladding on copper and copper alloy surface one layer of in-situ preparation with TiN and CuxTiyParticle is reinforced phase
Cu-base composites coating, both avoid substituting under copper and when copper alloy caused thermal conductivity using integral composite
Drop, and enhance the hardness and friction and wear behavior on surface, so that the surface property of material and monolithic conductive thermal conductivity is reached use and wants
It asks.Ti2Cu, CuTi and Cu4Ti3As the inevitable outcome of copper-titanium alloy reaction, belongs to hard crisp phase, reinforcing Copper substrate can be played
Effect.TiN is as common enhancing granular materials, due to high-melting-point, high rigidity, good toughness, high-wearing feature, electric conductivity
It attracts wide attention well.Various deposition technologies are utilized there are many scholar, being prepared for TiN in steel, aluminum alloy surface increases
Strong metal base composite cladding layer has such as synthesized TiN/Ti using Laser Cladding in-situ3Al base composite cladding layers；Utilize Argon arc cladding
Technology, with Ti, BN and Ni powder is raw material, and being prepared for TiN in Q345D steel surfaces enhances Ni base composite cladding layers；Utilize powder smelting
Golden method is prepared for TiN Reinforced Cu base composite cladding layers on Copper substrate.However, using electric arc deposited method system in red copper surface
The research for the composite cladding that standby titanium nitride, copper titanium intermetallic compound enhance has not been reported.
Invention content
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of one layer of nitrogen arc claddings on red copper surface with TiN and CuxTiyFor the wear-resisting of reinforced phase
It is especially wear-resisting to solve copper member surface mechanical properties on the basis of ensureing component monolithic conductive heat conductivility for coating material
Property difference problem, can be used for the reparation of copper member and remanufacture.
The technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows：
Titanium nitride/copper titanium intermetallic compound enhancing that the first purpose of the invention is to provide a kind of for red copper surface
Cu-base composites coating preparation method, include the following steps：
According to setting ratio by copper powder and titanium valve mixing, mixed-powder is obtained；
The mixed-powder is modulated into paste and is coated to red copper test specimen after surface preparation, is formed in red copper surface of test piece
Precoated shet；Then deoxidizing powder is coated to the precoating layer surface to be constantly compacted, is dried after compacting；
Red copper test specimen after drying process is carried out nitrogen arc cladding has titanium nitride/copper titanium to get to red copper surface of test piece
The Cu-base composites coating of intermetallic compound enhancing.
In the preparation method of red copper product, in order to make the mechanical property of coating more excellent, the copper powder
Purity is not less than 99.9%, and grain size is 100~400 mesh；The purity of the titanium valve is not less than 99.99%, and grain size is 100~400
Mesh.
For the mechanical property of obtained coating, the content of the titanium valve in the mixed-powder is 5~80wt%, remaining
For copper powder.
In order to enable copper powder and titanium valve mixing are more uniform, the mixed-powder is ground 20 under protective atmosphere~
45min.Preferably, the protective atmosphere is argon gas；Preferably, planetary ball mill is used when grinding.
In the preparation method of red copper product, there is no particular determination, main function is the type of the deoxidizing powder
Prevent coating from being aoxidized as deoxidier.From the point of view of being prevented from the effect of oxidation, the preferred low Carbon Manganese of deoxidizing powder of the invention
Iron powder and ferrosilicon powder are obtained by mixing, and preferred mass ratio is 1：1.Wherein, the low Carbon Manganese iron powder is contained by following quality percentage
The element of amount forms：Including carbon 0.2%, manganese 85%-92%, iron 5%-13%, remaining as impurity.The grain of the low Carbon Manganese iron powder
Diameter is 40~200 mesh.
The ferrosilicon powder is made of the element of following mass percentage：Silicon 74%-80%, iron 14%-20%, it is remaining
For impurity.The grain size of the ferrosilicon powder is 40~200 mesh.
The deoxidizing powder includes carbon 0.1%, manganese 42.5%-46%, iron 9.5%-16.5%, silicon 37%-40%, is remained
Remaining is impurity, is mainly used to deoxidation, prevents coating from being aoxidized.
In order to enable low Carbon Manganese iron powder and ferrosilicon powder mixing are more uniform, the deoxidizing powder carries out under protective atmosphere
Grind 5~10min.The protective atmosphere is argon gas, and planetary ball mill is used when grinding.
Those skilled in the art can choose the dosage of copper titanium mixed-powder and deoxidation powder according to actual conditions.
In the preparation method of red copper product, the mixed-powder is modulated by paste using turpentine oil.With other bondings
Precoated shet prepared by agent is compared, and precoated shet prepared by turpentine oil is more stablized in electric arc cladding process, is not easy to be blown by electric arc
Deformation, the experiment proved that should not be replaced with other binders under this experimental technique.
The pretreated process of red copper surface of test piece includes：Red copper surface of test piece oxide skin is removed with sand paper, and ensures that copper tries
Part surface has Effective Roughness (being not less than Ra6.3), utilizes the copper surface of test piece after the cleaning polishing of acetone alcoholic solution.
In order to preferably implement nitrogen arc cladding process, the process of the drying process includes：By the red copper test specimen after compacting
Naturally place it at 100 DEG C~150 DEG C and be dried in vacuo 3~4 hours again after drying in the shade 20~24 hours, the drying equipment used for
Vacuum drying oven.
The thickness control of the coating of excellent in mechanical performance in order to obtain, the precoated shet after compacting is 0.5~2mm.
In the preparation method of red copper product, consider from the mechanical property of cladding layer, nitrogen arc melting and coating process parameter is preferably：
100~250A of electric current, 20~25V of voltage, nitrogen content changes from 20% to 100% in nitrogen/argon gas gaseous mixture, further wraps
It includes：8~15L/min of gas flow, nitrogen gas purity 99.9%, purity of argon 99.99%, cladding 1~5mm/s of speed, lag
Stop the supple of gas or steam 5~10s.
Under nitrogen arc Source, using direct current tungsten electrode nitrogen arc welding machine, tungsten electrode is as cathode, the mixing of red copper surface precoating
Metal powder is as anode, during deposition, nitrogen by partial ionization, Nitrogen ion after ionization and the nitrogen that is not ionized with it is molten
Reaction in-situ occurs for the titanium valve after change：2Ti+N2→2TiN；Ti+[N]→TiN.With the ratio of titanium valve in alloy powder and copper powder
Example is different, can occur to react as follows successively：βTi+L→Ti2Cu；L→Ti2Cu+TiCu；TiCu+L→Ti3Cu4.Pass through heat first
Known to Mechanics Calculation [seeing attached drawing 1], forms the free energy needed for TiN and be less than copper titanium intermetallic compound, TiN is prior to copper titanium
Compound generates between category.Secondly, with the increase of titanium powder content, copper titanium intermetallic compound is according to Ti2Cu、TiCu、Ti3Cu4According to
Secondary generation, so reaction in-situ object genesis sequence is followed successively by TiN, TiNTi during deposition2Cu、Ti2Cu、TiCu、
Ti3Cu4, the type (referring to instance section) of coat inside compound can be controlled by controlling titanium powder content.Due to the knot of reaction product
Structure and mechanical property are different, by adjusting alloy powder with when deposition thickness, deposition parameter etc. can generate stable quality,
Flawless, the hardness Cu-base composites coating different with surface abrasion resistance, to meet different applying working conditions.
Second object of the present invention is to provide a kind of nitridation for red copper surface being prepared using the above method
The Cu-base composites coating of titanium/copper titanium intermetallic compound enhancing.
As 5%≤Ti≤10% in the mixed-powder, TiN/Cu composite claddings are obtained, i.e., are finally prepared into
To coating contain following object phase：TiN and matrix Cu.
When 10% in the mixed-powder<When Ti≤20%, { TiN+ (TiNTi are obtained2Cu) }/Cu composite material claddings
Layer, i.e., the coating being finally prepared contain following object phase：TiN、(TiN·Ti2) and matrix Cu Cu.
When 20 in the mixed-powder<When Ti≤80%, { TiN+ (TiNTi are obtained2Cu)+TiCu+Ti3Cu4}/Cu is multiple
Condensation material coating, i.e., the coating being finally prepared contain following object phase：TiN、(TiN·Ti2Cu)、TiCu、Ti3Cu4And matrix
Cu。
Wherein, (TiNTi2Cu) it is Ti2The transgranular type complex intensifying tissue that Cu is formed with TiN two-phases.
Third object of the present invention is to provide a kind of red copper product that the above method is prepared, which includes
Red copper test specimen and the coating for being coated on the red copper surface of test piece.
A technical solution in above-mentioned technical proposal has the advantages that：
(1) the preparation side of nitrogen arc cladding titanium nitride and copper titanium intermetallic compound enhancing copper-based coating provided by the invention
Method can be obtained titanium nitride using conventional nitrogen arc melting and coating process and the enhancing of copper titanium intermetallic compound be copper-based under nitrogen protection
It is poor can effectively to solve the surface mechanical properties such as copper component wearability, hardness on the basis of electric conductivity is not greatly lowered for coating
The shortcomings that.
(2) in nitrogen arc cladding process, the Nitrogen ion after nitrogen ionization and the titanium after the nitrogen not being ionized and fusing are in situ
Titanium nitride hard phase is prepared, while the titanium melted reacts with copper and generates copper titanium intermetallic compound, is formed with titanium nitride and copper titanium
Intermetallic compound is the wear-resistant coating of reinforced phase.Hard phase is in-situ preparation, is in metallurgical binding with matrix, can significantly improve
The surface abrasion resistance and hardness of Copper substrate.
(3) by adjusting copper titanium powder ratio, argon nitrogen ratio, deposition electric current, powdering thickness can effectively adjust molten
The existence form and quantity of titanium nitride, the type and quantity of copper titanium reactant in coating, so reach change overlay hardness and
Adjust the purpose of friction coefficient.
(4) with the increase of Ti contents, sample resistivity fall is little, when increasing to 70wt% such as Ti contents, band
There is the sample resistivity of cladding layer to reach the 80% of red copper, various duty requirements can be met.Nitrogen arc cladding provided by the invention
The preparation method of titanium nitride and copper titanium intermetallic compound enhancing copper-based coating has improvement copper surface abrasion resistance and hardness very high
Practical value.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1：Reinforced phase free energy of reaction varies with temperature curve.
Fig. 2：Cladding layer fusion penetration, molten wide and HAZ changing rules when Ti changes of contents.
Fig. 3 a~Fig. 3 d：Different Ti contents and N2The material phase analysis of ratio overlay；Wherein, Fig. 3 a：XRD when 10%Ti
Collection of illustrative plates；Fig. 3 b：XRD spectrum when 20%Ti；Fig. 3 c：XRD spectrum when 70%Ti；Fig. 3 d：80%N2When XRD spectrum.
Fig. 4：The microstructure morphology of overlay when Ti changes of contents.
Fig. 5：N2The microstructure morphology of cladding layer when-Ar ratios change.
Fig. 6：Each phase microhardness.
Fig. 7：The hardness regularity of distribution of overlay when Ti changes of contents.
Fig. 8：N2The hardness regularity of distribution of cladding layer when-Ar proportioning variations.
Fig. 9：The friction coefficient of overlay when Ti changes of contents.
Figure 10：N2The friction coefficient of cladding layer when-Ar proportioning variations.
Figure 11：Resistivity sample.
Figure 12：Resistivity when Ti changes of contents.
Specific implementation mode
Embodiment 1
Precoat titanium valve 10% in powder when, overlay is TiN and α-Cu two-phases：
Red copper surface of test piece of this example in 100mm × 50mm × 10mm is prepared using TiN as the wear-resistant coating of reinforced phase.
(1) by the pure copper powder that purity is 99.9%, 150 mesh and the titanium valve that purity is 99.99%, 200 mesh according to 9:1 ratio
Mixed powder is placed on the planetary ball mill of argon gas atmosphere protection by mixed-powder, powder gross weight 5g, carries out 30 points
The grinding of clock, for use.
(2) by the ferrosilicon powder of the low Carbon Manganese iron powder of 150 mesh and 150 mesh according to 1:1 ratio mixes, and powder gross weight 2g will be mixed
Powder after conjunction is placed on the planetary ball mill of argon gas atmosphere protection, carries out 10 minutes mixed powder, for use.The low Carbon Manganese
Iron powder includes carbon 0.2%, manganese 85%-92%, iron 5%-13%, remaining as impurity.The ferrosilicon powder includes silicon 74%-80%,
Iron 14%-20%, remaining as impurity.
(3) copper removal surface of test piece oxide skin is gone with sand paper, and ensures that copper surface of test piece has big roughness, utilize acetone
Copper surface of test piece after alcoholic solution cleaning polishing.
(4) mixed-powder that grinding is completed in (1) is put into crucible, and turpentine oil is added and is modulated into paste, be coated to
(3) the copper surface of test piece after the completion of polishing and cleaning in obtains precoated shet, by the powder coating of mixing completion in (2) to precoated shet
Surface layer.It is constantly compacted and controls precoating layer thickness be 1.5mm during this.
(5) it is placed it in again after the test specimen after coating drying in the shade 24 hours naturally in vacuum drying oven and dries 4 at 120 DEG C
Hour.
(6) cladding experiment is carried out using Panasonic YC-500W type welding machines, welding gun is fixed on automatic traveling mechanism
On, nitrogen arc cladding experiment, melting and coating process parameter are carried out to copper test specimen：Electric current 175A, voltage 20V, argon nitrogen mixture gas content point
Not Wei 20%, 80%, flow 10L/min, cladding speed 5mm/s, welding machine lag are stopped the supple of gas or steam 5s.
(7) after test specimen being air-cooled to room temperature, after polishing using sander, using electric spark wire cutting machine device and metallographic is carried out
The preparation of sample, observation cladding layer microstructure of metals (attached drawing 4) and phase composition (attached drawing 3a) when Ti contents are 10%, are melted
Coating metal includes TiN and α-Cu two-phases.
(8) it tests cladding layer metal hardness and records (attached drawing 7), cladding layer average hardness is 170HV.
(9) utilize the friction coefficient of multifunction friction wear testing machine (UMT-3, U.S. CE T company) test cladding layer (attached
Fig. 9), cladding layer friction coefficient is 0.61, and as shown in figure 12, it is 340 Ω m or so to measure resistivity, and lower 20 DEG C of room temperature (uses
The resistivity for measuring whole block material tests measured resistivity) it measures, resistivity sample is as shown in figure 11, and resistivity sample is 6mm
× 6mm × 60mm, wherein cladding layer is 1mm × 6mm × 60mm.
Embodiment 2
Precoat titanium valve 20% in powder when, overlay is Ti2CuTiN, TiN and α-Cu three-phases：
Red copper surface of test piece of this example in 100mm × 50mm × 10mm prepares Ti2CuTiN-TiN enhancings are copper-based wear-resisting
Coating.
(1) by the pure copper powder that purity is 99.9%, 150 mesh and the titanium valve that purity is 99.99%, 200 mesh according to 8:2 ratios
Mixed powder is placed on the planetary ball mill of argon gas atmosphere protection by mixed-powder, powder gross weight 5g, carries out 35 points
The grinding of clock, for use.
(2) by the ferrosilicon powder of the low Carbon Manganese iron powder of 150 mesh and 150 mesh according to 1:1 ratio mixes, and powder gross weight 2g will be mixed
Powder after conjunction is placed on the planetary ball mill of argon gas atmosphere protection, carries out 10 minutes mixed powder, for use.The low Carbon Manganese
Iron powder includes carbon 0.2%, manganese 85%-92%, iron 5%-13%, remaining as impurity.The ferrosilicon powder includes silicon 74%-80%,
Iron 14%-20%, remaining as impurity.
(3) copper removal surface of test piece oxide skin is gone with sand paper, and ensures that copper surface of test piece has big roughness, utilize acetone
Copper surface of test piece after alcoholic solution cleaning polishing.
(4) mixed-powder that grinding is completed in (1) is put into crucible, and turpentine oil is added and is modulated into paste, be coated to
(3) the copper surface of test piece after the completion of polishing and cleaning in obtains precoated shet, by the powder coating of mixing completion in (2) to precoated shet
Surface layer.It is constantly compacted and controls precoating layer thickness be 1.5mm during this.
(5) it is placed it in again after the test specimen after coating drying in the shade 24 hours naturally in vacuum drying oven and dries 4 at 120 DEG C
Hour.
(6) cladding experiment is carried out using Panasonic YC-500W type welding machines, welding gun is fixed on automatic traveling mechanism
On, nitrogen arc cladding experiment, melting and coating process parameter are carried out to copper test specimen：Electric current 180A, voltage 20V, argon nitrogen mixture gas content point
Not Wei 20%, 80%, flow 10L/min, cladding speed 5mm/s, welding machine lag are stopped the supple of gas or steam 5s.
(7) after test specimen being air-cooled to room temperature, using electric spark wire cutting machine device and the preparation of metallographic specimen is carried out, observation is molten
Coating metal microstructure (attached drawing 4) and phase composition (attached drawing 3b), Ti contents be 20% when, cladding layer metal include α-Cu,
TiN and Ti2CuTiN three-phases.
(8) it tests cladding layer metal hardness and records (attached drawing 7), cladding layer average hardness is 330HV.
(9) friction coefficient for utilizing multifunction friction wear testing machine (UMT-3, U.S. CE T company) test cladding layer, melts
Coating friction coefficient is 0.72.As shown in figure 12, it is 328 Ω m or so, the lower 20 DEG C of measurement of room temperature to measure resistivity.
Embodiment 3
Precoat titanium valve 70% in powder when, overlay is TiN, Ti2Cu·TiN、CuTi、Cu4Ti3Four phases and matrix α-Cu.
Red copper surface of test piece of this example in 100mm × 50mm × 10mm prepares Ti2Chemical combination between CuTiN, TiN and copper titanium
Object CuTi, Cu4Ti3Enhance copper-based wear-resistant coating.
(1) by the pure copper powder that purity is 99.9%, 150 mesh and the titanium valve that purity is 99.99%, 200 mesh according to 3:7 ratios
Mixed powder is placed on the planetary ball mill of argon gas atmosphere protection by mixed-powder, powder gross weight 5g, carries out 45 points
The grinding of clock, for use.
(2) by the low Carbon Manganese iron powder that purity is 90%, 150 mesh and the ferrosilicon powder that purity is 75%, 150 mesh according to 1:1 ratio
Mixed powder is placed on the planetary ball mill of argon gas atmosphere protection by example mixing, powder gross weight 2g, is carried out 10 minutes
Mixed powder, for use.The low Carbon Manganese iron powder includes carbon 0.2%, manganese 85%-92%, iron 5%-13%, remaining as impurity.It is described
Ferrosilicon powder includes silicon 74%-80%, iron 14%-20%, remaining as impurity.
(3) copper removal surface of test piece oxide skin is gone with sand paper, and ensures that copper surface of test piece has big roughness, utilize acetone
Copper surface of test piece after alcoholic solution cleaning polishing.
(4) mixed-powder that grinding is completed in step (1) is put into crucible, and turpentine oil is added and is modulated into paste, applied
It is applied to the copper surface of test piece after the completion of polishing and cleaning in (3) and obtains precoated shet, by the powder coating that mixing is completed in step (2)
To precoated shet surface layer.It is constantly compacted and controls precoating layer thickness be 1.5mm during this.
(5) it is placed it in again after the test specimen after coating drying in the shade 24 hours naturally in vacuum drying oven and dries 4 at 120 DEG C
Hour.
(6) cladding experiment is carried out using Panasonic YC-500W type welding machines, welding gun is fixed on automatic traveling mechanism
On, nitrogen arc cladding experiment, melting and coating process parameter are carried out to copper test specimen：Electric current 200A, voltage 21V, argon nitrogen mixture gas content point
Not Wei 20%, 80%, flow 10L/min, cladding speed 4mm/s, welding machine lag are stopped the supple of gas or steam 10s.
(7) after test specimen being air-cooled to room temperature, using electric spark wire cutting machine device and the preparation of metallographic specimen is carried out, observation is molten
Coating metal microstructure (attached drawing 4) and phase composition (attached drawing 3c), Ti contents be 70% when, cladding layer metal include TiN,
Ti2Cu·TiN、CuTi、Cu4Ti3With α-Cu, separately there is the TiO of part Ti oxidations and formation2。
(8) it tests cladding layer metal hardness and records (attached drawing 7), cladding layer average hardness is 400HV.
(9) utilize the friction coefficient of multifunction friction wear testing machine (UMT-3, U.S. CE T company) test cladding layer (attached
Fig. 9), cladding layer friction coefficient is 0.47.As shown in figure 12, it is 298 Ω m or so, the lower 20 DEG C of measurement of room temperature to measure resistivity.
Embodiment 4
When argon nitrogen mixture gas content is respectively 80%, 20%, titanium valve 80wt% in powder of precoating generates a small amount of titanium nitride
And copper titanium intermetallic compound, as shown in Figure 5：
Red copper surface of test piece of this example in 100mm × 50mm × 10mm prepares Ti2Change between CuTiN, TiN and copper titanium
Close object CuTi, Cu4Ti3Enhance copper-based wear-resistant coating.
(1) by the pure copper powder that purity is 99.9%, 150 mesh and the titanium valve that purity is 99.99%, 200 mesh according to 2:8 ratios
Mixed powder is placed on the planetary ball mill of argon gas atmosphere protection by mixed-powder, powder gross weight 5g, carries out 45 points
The grinding of clock, for use.
(2) by the ferrosilicon powder of the low Carbon Manganese iron powder of 150 mesh (identical as the ingredient in embodiment 1) and 150 mesh according to 1:1
(identical as the ingredient in embodiment 1) ratio mixes, and mixed powder has been placed on argon gas atmosphere protection by powder gross weight 2g
Planetary ball mill, carry out 10 minutes mixed powder, for use.
(3) copper removal surface of test piece oxide skin is gone with sand paper, and ensures that copper surface of test piece has big roughness, utilize acetone
Copper surface of test piece after alcoholic solution cleaning polishing.
(4) mixed-powder in step (1) is poured into crucible, and turpentine oil is added and is modulated into paste, be coated in (3)
Copper surface of test piece after the completion of polishing and cleaning obtains precoated shet, by the powder coating of mixing completion in (2) to precoated shet surface layer.
It is constantly compacted and controls precoating layer thickness be 1.5mm during this.
(5) it is placed it in again after the test specimen after coating drying in the shade 24 hours naturally in vacuum drying oven and dries 4 at 120 DEG C
Hour.
(6) cladding experiment is carried out using Panasonic YC-500W type welding machines, welding gun is fixed on automatic traveling mechanism
On, nitrogen arc cladding experiment, melting and coating process parameter are carried out to copper test specimen：Electric current 230A, voltage 22V, nitrogen/argon gas are respectively
80%, 20%, cladding speed 4mm/s, welding machine lag the 10s that stops the supple of gas or steam.
(7) after test specimen being air-cooled to room temperature, using electric spark wire cutting machine device and the preparation of metallographic specimen is carried out, observation is molten
Coating metal microstructure (attached drawing 5), 20%N2When ratio, reinforced phase is less in cladding layer, cladding layer metal include TiN,
Ti2Cu·TiN、CuTi、Cu4Ti3With α-Cu.
(8) it tests cladding layer metal hardness and records (attached drawing 8), cladding layer average hardness is 310HV.
(9) utilize the friction coefficient of multifunction friction wear testing machine (UMT-3, U.S. CE T company) test cladding layer (attached
Figure 10), cladding layer friction coefficient is 0.56.
Embodiment 5
When argon nitrogen mixture gas content is respectively 20%, 80%, titanium valve 80wt% in powder of precoating generates a large amount of titanium nitrides
And copper titanium intermetallic compound is as shown in Figure 5：
Red copper surface of test piece of this example in 100mm × 50mm × 10mm prepares Ti2Change between CuTiN, TiN and copper titanium
Close object CuTi, Cu4Ti3Enhance copper-based wear-resistant coating.
(1) by the pure copper powder that purity is 99.9%, 150 mesh and the titanium valve that purity is 99.99%, 200 mesh according to 2:8 ratios
Mixed powder is placed on the planetary ball mill of argon gas atmosphere protection by mixed-powder, powder gross weight 5g, carries out 45 points
The grinding of clock, for use.
(2) by the ferrosilicon powder of the low Carbon Manganese iron powder of 150 mesh (identical as the ingredient in embodiment 1) and 150 mesh (with embodiment
Ingredient in 1 is identical) according to 1:1 ratio mixes, powder gross weight 2g, and mixed powder is placed on argon gas atmosphere protection
Planetary ball mill carries out 10 minutes mixed powder, for use.
(3) copper removal surface of test piece oxide skin is gone with sand paper, and ensures that copper surface of test piece has big roughness, utilize acetone
Copper surface of test piece after alcoholic solution cleaning polishing.
(4) mixed-powder in step (1) is poured into crucible, and turpentine oil is added and is modulated into paste, be coated in (3)
Copper surface of test piece after the completion of polishing and cleaning obtains precoated shet, by the powder coating of mixing completion in step (2) to precoated shet
Surface layer.It is constantly compacted and controls precoating layer thickness be 1.5mm during this.
(5) it is placed it in again after the test specimen after coating drying in the shade 24 hours naturally in vacuum drying oven and dries 4 at 120 DEG C
Hour.
(6) cladding experiment is carried out using Panasonic YC-500W type welding machines, welding gun is fixed on automatic traveling mechanism
On, nitrogen arc cladding experiment, melting and coating process parameter are carried out to copper test specimen：Electric current 230A, voltage 22V, nitrogen/argon gas are respectively
80%, 20%, cladding speed 4mm/s, welding machine lag the 10s that stops the supple of gas or steam.
(7) after test specimen being air-cooled to room temperature, using electric spark wire cutting machine device and the preparation of metallographic specimen is carried out, observation is molten
Coating metal microstructure (attached drawing 5) and phase composition (attached drawing 3d), 20%N2When ratio, reinforced phase is more in cladding layer, melts
Coating metal includes TiN, Ti2Cu·TiN、CuTi、Cu4Ti3With α-Cu, separately there is the TiO of part Ti oxidations and formation2。
(8) it tests cladding layer metal hardness and records (attached drawing 8), cladding layer average hardness is 510HV.
(9) utilize the friction coefficient of multifunction friction wear testing machine (UMT-3, U.S. CE T company) test cladding layer (attached
Figure 10), cladding layer friction coefficient is 0.53.
Embodiment 6
With embodiment 1 difference lies in：The content of titanium valve is adjusted to 5% in step (1), remaining as copper powder, cladding layer packet
α-Cu and TiN two-phases are included, the hardness of cladding layer is 180HV, and the friction coefficient of cladding layer is 0.68.Other operations and technological parameter
It is same as Example 1.
Embodiment 7
With embodiment 1 difference lies in：The content of titanium valve is adjusted to 15% in step (1), remaining as copper powder, cladding layer packet
Include α-Cu, TiN and (TiNTi2Cu) three-phase, the hardness of cladding layer are 250HV, the friction coefficient of cladding layer is 0.65~
0.66.Other operations and technological parameter are same as Example 1.
Embodiment 8
With embodiment 1 difference lies in：The content of titanium valve is adjusted to 50% in step (1), remaining as copper powder, cladding layer packet
Include TiN, Ti2Cu·TiN、CuTi、Cu4Ti3Hardness with α-Cu, cladding layer is 380HV, and the friction coefficient of cladding layer is 0.47.
Other operations and technological parameter are same as Example 1.
Embodiment 9
With embodiment 1 difference lies in：The content of titanium valve is adjusted to 60% in step (1), remaining as copper powder, cladding layer packet
Include TiN, Ti2Cu·TiN、CuTi、Cu4Ti3Hardness with α-Cu, cladding layer is 390HV, and the friction coefficient of cladding layer is 0.47.
Other operations and technological parameter are same as Example 1.
Embodiment 10
With embodiment 4 difference lies in：The volume ratio of nitrogen is 40% in step (7), and the volume ratio of argon gas is
60%.Cladding layer average hardness is as shown in figure 8, be 350HV.If the friction coefficient of attached drawing 10, cladding layer is 0.52.Other operations
It is same as Example 4 with technological parameter.
Embodiment 11
With embodiment 4 difference lies in：The volume ratio of nitrogen is 60% in step (7), and the volume ratio of argon gas is
40%.Its hardness is as shown in figure 8, be 445HV.If the friction coefficient of attached drawing 10, cladding layer is 0.5.Other operations and technique ginseng
Number is same as Example 4.
When attached drawing 2 shows different Ti contents proportioning, coating fusion penetration, molten wide and HAZ changing rule, this is mainly by difference
Ti contents match when, the difference of institute's cladding powder thermal coefficient and cause.
Attached drawing 4 shows the increase with Ti contents, reinforced phase TiN, Ti that coat inside generates2CuTiN occurs successively,
And quantity increases, volume increases.
Attached drawing 5 show to precoat titanium valve 80wt% in powder when, N in argon nitrogen hybrid protection gas2When ratio changes, cause to enhance
The quantity and form of phase change.Such as 20%N2Reinforced phase negligible amounts when ratio, dendrite is tiny, 80%N2Increase when ratio
Strong phase large area generates, and dendrite is coarse.
When attached drawing 6 shows same Ti contents, hardness differs greatly between different phases, and (400HV is left for TiN phase hardness highest
It is right), Ti2CuTiN phases hardness (270HV or so), α-Cu phase hardness are minimum (170HV).Same phase is in different Ti contents, firmly
Degree difference is simultaneously little.
The above embodiment is a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but embodiments of the present invention are not by above-described embodiment
Limitation, it is other it is any without departing from the spirit and principles of the present invention made by changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, simplifications,
Equivalent substitute mode is should be, is included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (17)
1. a kind of preparation side of the Cu-base composites coating of titanium nitride/copper titanium intermetallic compound enhancing for red copper surface
Method, characterized in that include the following steps：
According to setting ratio by copper powder and titanium valve mixing, mixed-powder is obtained, wherein the content of the titanium valve in the mixed-powder
For 5 ~ 80wt%；
The mixed-powder is modulated into paste and is coated to red copper test specimen after surface preparation, is formed and is precoated in red copper surface of test piece
Layer；Then deoxidizing powder is coated to the precoating layer surface to be constantly compacted, is dried after compacting；
Red copper test specimen after drying process is carried out nitrogen arc cladding has titanium nitride/copper titanium to get to red copper surface of test piece
Between compound enhance Cu-base composites coating.
2. preparation method as described in claim 1, it is characterized in that：It is final to make as 5%≤Ti≤10% in the mixed-powder
Standby obtained coating contains following object phase：TiN and matrix Cu；
When 10% in the mixed-powder<When Ti≤20%, the coating being finally prepared contains following object phase：TiN、（TiN·
Ti2Cu）With matrix Cu；
When 20% in the mixed-powder<When Ti≤80%, the coating being finally prepared contains following object phase：TiN、（TiN·
Ti2Cu）、TiCu、Ti3Cu4With matrix Cu.
3. preparation method as described in claim 1, it is characterized in that：The mixed-powder is ground 20 under protective atmosphere ~
45min。
4. preparation method as claimed in claim 3, it is characterized in that：The protective atmosphere is argon gas.
5. preparation method as claimed in claim 3, it is characterized in that：Planetary ball mill is used when grinding.
6. preparation method as described in claim 1, it is characterized in that：The deoxidizing powder is that low Carbon Manganese iron powder and ferrosilicon powder are mixed
Conjunction obtains.
7. preparation method as claimed in claim 6, it is characterized in that：The low Carbon Manganese iron powder is by following mass percentage
Element composition：Including carbon 0.2%, manganese 85%-92%, iron 5%-13%, remaining as impurity.
8. preparation method as claimed in claim 6, it is characterized in that：The ferrosilicon powder is by the element of following mass percentage
Composition：Silicon 74%-80%, iron 14%-20%, remaining as impurity.
9. preparation method as claimed in claim 6, it is characterized in that：The deoxidizing powder is ground 5 under protective atmosphere ~
10min。
10. preparation method as described in claim 1, it is characterized in that：The mixed-powder is modulated by paste using turpentine oil.
11. preparation method as described in claim 1, it is characterized in that：The pretreated process of red copper surface of test piece includes：Use sand paper
Red copper surface of test piece oxide skin is removed, and ensures that copper surface of test piece has Effective Roughness, is beaten using the cleaning of acetone alcoholic solution
Copper surface of test piece after mill.
12. preparation method as described in claim 1, it is characterized in that：The process of the drying process includes：By the purple after compacting
Copper test specimen is placed it at 100 DEG C ~ 150 DEG C after drying in the shade naturally 20 ~ 24 hours and is dried in vacuo 3 ~ 4 hours again.
13. preparation method as described in claim 1, it is characterized in that：The thickness control of precoated shet after compacting is 0.5 ~ 2mm.
14. preparation method as described in claim 1, it is characterized in that：Nitrogen arc melting and coating process parameter is：100 ~ 250A of electric current, electricity
20 ~ 25V is pressed, nitrogen content changes from 20% to 100% in nitrogen/argon gas gaseous mixture.
15. preparation method as claimed in claim 14, it is characterized in that：Nitrogen arc melting and coating process parameter further includes：Gas flow 8 ~
15L/min, nitrogen gas purity 99.9%, purity of argon 99.99%, cladding 1 ~ 5mm/s of speed lag the 5 ~ 10s that stops the supple of gas or steam.
16. the titanium nitride for the red copper surface/copper titanium being prepared using the method described in any one of claim 1 ~ 15
The Cu-base composites coating of intermetallic compound enhancing.
17. red copper product is prepared using the method described in any one of claim 1 ~ 15, it is characterized in that：The red copper product
Including red copper test specimen and it is coated on the coating described in the claim 16 of the red copper surface of test piece.
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