CN106298404B - A kind of choosing method of collecting pole structure parameter - Google Patents
A kind of choosing method of collecting pole structure parameter Download PDFInfo
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- CN106298404B CN106298404B CN201610704884.8A CN201610704884A CN106298404B CN 106298404 B CN106298404 B CN 106298404B CN 201610704884 A CN201610704884 A CN 201610704884A CN 106298404 B CN106298404 B CN 106298404B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
- H01J23/02—Electrodes; Magnetic control means; Screens
- H01J23/027—Collectors
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
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Abstract
A kind of choosing method of collecting pole structure parameter of the disclosure of the invention, belong to the design field of traveling-wave tube collector, be related to the choosing method of collecting pole structure parameter.When entry condition is to timing, the energy of entrance electronics is just fixed, by MTSS (Microwave Tube Simulator Suite, microwave tube simulator is set with) electrode institutes at different levels alive size during efficiency of MDC highest can be calculated, then it is just fixed to get to collector caused heats at different levels for electronics.Present invention assumes that electronics is uniformly beaten in the side wall of collector, the size of caused heat on collector is got to according to electronics to calculate collector size at different levels.So ensure that collector will not dissipate because of heat not going out and make temperature too high and damage performance and the life-span of collector.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of design of traveling wave tube collectors, and relates to a method for selecting structural parameters of a collector.
Background
As a final power amplifier in microwave equipment, the space traveling wave tube has the functions of amplifying communication signals, enhancing communication quality and the like, and is widely applied to satellite communication systems. As an important factor for measuring the quality of the traveling wave tube, the improvement of the efficiency of the traveling wave tube is a goal pursued by people. Generally, there are two methods for improving the efficiency of traveling wave tubes: firstly, the efficiency of the traveling wave tube is improved by improving an interaction system; and secondly, the depressed collector is utilized to recover the energy of the waste electron beam coming out of the interaction section. While it is relatively difficult to improve the efficiency of the collector by the first method, the use of the collector to improve the tube-straightening efficiency is one of the most effective and easily implemented ways to improve the tube-straightening efficiency so far.
The traveling wave tube is generally composed of five parts: the electron gun, the slow wave system, the focusing system, the input-output system and the collector. The collector acts on the 'worked' electrons to recover the energy of the acted electrons, so that the purpose of improving the efficiency of the traveling wave tube is achieved. The collector can be divided into a single-stage depressed collector and a multi-stage depressed collector, and in order to improve the efficiency of the collector, the multi-stage depressed collector is generally adopted. The multistage depressed collector forms properly distributed electrostatic fields in the collector by adding different voltages to electrodes at different levels, the formed electrostatic fields classify and collect electrons subjected to high-frequency interaction according to speed, electrons with large kinetic energy hit the surface of a lower potential electrode, and electrons with small kinetic energy hit the surface of a higher potential electrode, so that the electrons are collected at a lower landing speed. In the process, the residual energy of the electron beam is fed back to the power supply, so that the aim of improving the total efficiency of the traveling wave tube is fulfilled.
Because the multistage depressed collector is used for classifying and collecting electrons with different energies, electrons with each energy level are collected by a corresponding electrode, and the potential value of the electrode is required to enable the electrode to recover the electrons with the energy level to the maximum extent. And because the potential and the length of each stage of collector are important factors for restricting the efficiency and the reflux rate of the collector, the magnitude of the voltage and the length of each stage of collector becomes an important parameter in the design process of the collector. Here the thermal power generated by the electrons striking the collector is calculated by analyzing the inlet conditions. And calculating the lengths of all stages of the collector according to the thermal power generated on the surface of the collector by the electrons.
Disclosure of Invention
When electrons hit the collector, electrons with the speed not equal to zero can convert own kinetic energy into heat energy to be transferred to the collector, if the heat obtained by the collector cannot be dissipated in time, the heat in the collector is accumulated more and more, the temperature is increased gradually, and the performance of the collector in all aspects can be influenced by overhigh temperature, and the service life of the traveling wave tube can be greatly reduced.
Since the size of the traveling wave tube is being reduced, the volume and weight of the collector are preferably smaller while the efficiency and the backflow rate of the collector are ensured. However, because the heat quantity of the collector per unit time is proportional to the surface area of the collector, the larger the surface area is, the more the collector dissipates heat per unit time, and the smaller the surface area is, the less the collector dissipates heat per unit time. Therefore, when the inlet condition is given, the energy of the inlet electrons is determined, and the magnitude of the voltage applied to each stage electrode when the efficiency of the collector is the highest can be calculated by MTSS (Microwave Tube Simulator Suite), so that the heat generated when the electrons hit each stage of the collector is determined. The invention assumes that electrons are uniformly irradiated on the side wall of the collector, and calculates the size of each stage of the collector according to the heat generated by the electrons irradiated on the collector. Therefore, the collector can be prevented from being overhigh in temperature because heat cannot be dissipated, the performance of the collector is reduced, and the service life of the collector is shortened.
The technical scheme is a method for selecting structural parameters of a collector, which comprises the following steps:
step 1: analyzing the state of electrons at an inlet of a collector stage, and calculating the voltage value corresponding to each stage of the collector when the efficiency of the collector is highest by utilizing MTSS (maximum transmission system);
step 2: calculating the thermal power generated by the electron striking on the collector by using the voltage values corresponding to all the stages of the collector obtained by MTSS (maximum temperature and humidity), so that the generated thermal power P Heat generation Equal to the dissipated power P of the collector itself Consumption unit In which P is Consumption unit The expression of (a) is:
P consumption unit ＝α·S
Wherein alpha is the average dissipated power density of the surface of the collector, and S is the surface area of the side wall of the collector; according to the magnitude P of the thermal power generated by the electrons striking the collector Heat generation Calculating the surface area of the side wall of the collector; determining the outer radius and the thickness of the collector according to actual conditions, and obtaining the electrode length corresponding to each level of the collector;
and step 3: determining a voltage candidate interval of each level according to the voltage values corresponding to each level of the collector obtained in the step 1; taking a voltage interval of +/-10% of the voltage of each level of the collection level as a voltage interval to be selected; determining the step length d according to actual needs, traversing all voltages by the step length d in the voltage candidate interval of each level, calculating the highest efficiency of the collection level by adopting an MTSS (maximum transmission system) method in the traversing process, and setting the voltage value of each level corresponding to the highest efficiency as the voltage value corresponding to each level of the collection level.
The invention utilizes the relation that the thermal power generated when the calculated electrons hit each stage is equal to the self dissipation power of the collector, thereby solving the length of each stage of the collector; and then modeling simulation and optimization are carried out on the collector in the MTSS by utilizing the size of the collector obtained by calculation, so as to obtain a collection level with high efficiency and long service life.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph of collector entrance energy distribution, electron beam current values at different pressure drops.
Fig. 2 is the basic information of the electronic in the entry file, which represents from left to right: the position coordinates of the electrons in the x, y, z directions, and the magnitude components of the velocities in each direction, the last column representing the magnitude of the trajectory current.
Fig. 3 is a two-dimensional simplified view of the collector and the electron trajectory ultimately impinging on the collector sidewalls, assuming that the electrons eventually collected by the collector all impinge uniformly on the collector sidewalls.
Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a simulated collector in MTSS based on the calculation results.
Detailed Description
The structural parameters of the collector are calculated by taking the entry file shown in fig. 2 as an example, and the following is a further detailed description of the technical solution of the present invention.
The design method of the multistage depressed collector comprises the following steps:
(1) Portal file analysis
The inlet energy diagram of the collector is shown in fig. 1, and the voltage magnitude corresponding to each stage of the collector when the collector efficiency is the highest can be calculated in the MTSS from the inlet energy distribution diagram of the collector.
Here we use this inlet condition to design a three-stage depressed collector, and the voltages of the collector stages are: v 1 ＝-3400V，V 2 ＝-4500V，V 2 ＝-6700V。
Taking the first stage as an example, the thermal power generated by the electrons hitting the stages of the collector is calculated:
as shown in fig. 2, the basic information of the entrance electrons includes the initial states of all the electrons at the entrance: the first and second lines show information such as spiral line voltage, electron track number, axial, radial and angular electron numbers. Starting from the third row, the information of each electron is displayed in seven columns: the first to third columns, respectively, represent coordinates of the electron in the three directions x, y, and z at the entrance, and since it is at the entrance, the position coordinates of the electron in the z direction are all 0. The fourth to sixth columns represent the magnitudes of the velocities of the electrons in the three x, y and z directions, respectively. As can be seen from FIG. 2, the velocity of the electrons in the x and y directions is positive or negative, because some electrons move in the radial direction and some electrons move in the reverse direction in the radial direction, and in the z direction, that is, in the axial direction, because all the electrons move in the axial direction, the velocity of the sixth column of electrons in the z direction is all positive. The last column is the magnitude of each track current. Therefore, the energy E of the electron in the ith electron trajectory at the entrance can be obtained from FIG. 2 i The voltage drop is u i The expression of (a) is as follows:
wherein N is the number of electronic tracks in the entry file, where the total number of electronic tracks is 2048, and u i The voltage drop corresponding to the electron in the ith trace.
The electrons within the portal file are analyzed as follows: let the kinetic energy of electrons in the ith electron trajectory in the entry file be E i Then when
e|V j |≤E i <e|V j+1 |
(wherein j =1,2,3,v j Representing the magnitude of the voltage applied to the j-th collector), electrons will be collected by the j-th collector, and the power of the electrons in the trajectory is(I = 3.9063X 10 according to the entrance conditions) -5 A, the current magnitude of each electron track, N j The number of electron trajectories collected by the j-th collector), the power recovered by the collector is P Go back to j ＝N j ·V j I. The heat power P generated by the collector is struck Heat j ＝P j -P Go back to j 。
Taking the first stage as an example, the heat P generated by the electrons impinging on the first stage collector is calculated Heat 1 ：
From the above analysis, it can be seen that 1 ＝-3400V，V 2 ＝-4500V，V 2 = 6700V, the electron trajectory collected by the first stage has N 1 =464, total power P of electrons collected by first stage collector at inlet 1 Total power recovered by the first stage is P Hui 1 And the thermal power P generated by the electrons impinging on the first stage Heat 1 Can be expressed as:
P hui 1 ＝N 1 ·|V 1 |I
The above formula and the entry file can be used to obtain: the entrance power of the electrons in the electron trajectory collected by the first-stage collector is P 1 =75.99W, electron power recovered by the first stage collector is P Hui 1 =61.63W, and thermal power P generated by electron hitting on first stage collector Heat 1 ＝14.36W。
Similarly, the thermal power P generated on the second stage collector can be obtained Heat 2 ＝27.76W。
(2) Calculating the length of each stage of the collector
Because the heat dissipation of the collector of the medium-and-small-sized traveling wave tube generally adopts a free heat dissipation method, the average dissipation power density of the collector is alpha =12.0614W/cm 2 . Therefore, the length of each stage of the collector can be calculated according to the heat dissipation capacity of the collector and the heat generated by the electrons striking the collector.
As can be seen from the above discussion, the thermal power P generated by the electrons impinging on the first stage collector Heat 1 =14.36W. Length of h 1 The heat dissipation power of the collector is 2 pi (R-d) · h 1 α, the surface area of the first stage collector is at least 2 π (R-d) h 1 Just can in time disperse away heat energy, the surface area of collector satisfies this moment:
P heat 1 ＝2π(R-d)·h 1 ·α
Where R is the outer radius of the collector and is typically 10mm, and d is the thickness of the collector sidewall and is typically 0.5mm. The substitution results are substituted into the calculation result of the entrance condition to obtain the length h of the first stage collector 1 =2mm, the length h of the secondary collector can be obtained by the same method 2 ＝3.9mm。
For the third stage, since the collector is tested in a DC environment (the interaction part is not applied with high frequency, the energy of the electrons is not given to high frequency, the total power of the electron beam is not changed, and the velocity of the electrons can be considered as the velocity coming out of the electron gun), the heat generated by the electrons hitting the third stage is generatedComprises the following steps: p Heat 3 ＝N·e(U-|V 3 U is the value of the spiral line voltage (U is 7500V here), and the heat power which can be dissipated in the third stage per unit time is 2 pi (R-d) · h 3 α, then:
N·e(U-|V 3 |)＝2π(R-d)·h 3 ·α
substituting entry conditions can be calculated as: h is 3 ＝8.4mm。
(3) Modeling and simulating the collector according to the calculated size of the collector
The calculated values for the collector structure parameters are shown in table 1, and the collector was modeled using MTSS and simulated calculations were performed. (4) Optimized collector
The collector is optimized according to the electron trajectory, so that the efficiency of the collector is as high as possible, and the reflux rate is reduced as low as possible.
And after the collector is modeled by using MTSS, performing simulation calculation on the collector, and then optimizing the collector according to the electron trajectory. Generally, the distribution of the voltages of each stage of the collector has a great influence on the efficiency and the backflow rate of the collector, so the voltage of the collector is scanned and calculated, and V is used for each stage 1 ,V 2 ,V 3 The value of (a) is scanned to take the electrode voltage combination at which the efficiency is highest. And selecting the voltage values of all levels when the efficiency of the collector is highest, and scanning and calculating parameters such as the radius and the length of each level of the inlet of the collector according to the electron trajectory, so that electrons are uniformly emitted on the surfaces of all levels of the collector as much as possible.
The final optimization results in the efficiency of the collector being as close as possible to the maximum efficiency calculated by MTSS, with the reflux rate being as low as possible.
Table 1 shows the calculation results of the dimensions of the collector structure
Table 2 shows the simulation results of the collector
Claims (1)
1. A method for selecting structural parameters of a collector comprises the following steps:
step 1: analyzing the state of electrons at the inlet of the collector, and calculating the voltage value corresponding to each level of the collector when the efficiency of the collector is highest by utilizing MTSS (maximum transmission system);
step 2: calculating the thermal power generated by the electron striking the collector by using the voltage values corresponding to all stages of the collector obtained by MTSS (maximum temperature and humidity), so that the generated thermal power P Heat generation Equal to the dissipated power P of the collector itself Consumption unit In which P is Consumption unit The expression of (c) is:
P consumption unit ＝α·S
Wherein alpha is the average dissipated power density of the surface of the collector, and S is the surface area of the side wall of the collector; according to the thermal power P generated by the electrons striking the collector Heat generation Calculating the surface area of the side wall of the collector; determining the outer radius and the thickness of the collector according to actual conditions, and obtaining the electrode length corresponding to each level of the collector;
the first-stage collector size calculation method comprises the following steps:
P hui 1 ＝N 1 ·|V 1 |I
Wherein, P Heat 1 Representing the thermal power generated by the first stage, the energy of the electron in the ith electron trajectory at the inlet is E i The corresponding voltage drop is u i ，N 1 Representing electrons collected by the 1 st collectorNumber of tracks, V 1 The magnitude of the voltage applied to the 1 st-stage collector is shown, and I represents the current magnitude of each electron track;
the first-stage size calculation formula is as follows:
P heat 1 ＝2π(R-d)·h 1 ·α
Wherein R is the outer radius of the collector, d is the thickness of the side wall of the collector, and h 1 Is the length of the first stage collector;
the size calculation method of the second-stage collector is the same as that of the first stage collector;
in the third stage collector: p is Heat 3 ＝N·e(U-|V 3 |)；
Wherein, P Heat 3 For the thermal power generated by the third stage, N represents the number of electron traces at the inlet, U is the value of the spiral voltage, V 3 The magnitude of the voltage applied to the 3 rd stage collector; the third-stage size calculation formula is the same as the first-stage size calculation formula;
and 3, step 3: determining a voltage candidate interval of each level according to the voltage values corresponding to each level of the collector obtained in the step 1; taking a voltage interval of +/-10% of each level of voltage of the collector as a voltage interval to be selected; determining the step length d according to actual needs, traversing all voltages by the step length d in the voltage candidate interval of each level, calculating the highest efficiency of the collection level by adopting an MTSS (maximum transmission system) method in the traversing process, and setting the voltage value of each level corresponding to the highest efficiency as the voltage value corresponding to each level of the collection level.
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| CN107367655B (en) * | 2017-08-07 | 2020-01-10 | 北京工业大学 | Method and device for detecting heat dissipation characteristic of collector of traveling wave tube |
| CN107578123A (en) * | 2017-08-28 | 2018-01-12 | 电子科技大学 | A kind of Electronic Optics System of Traveling Wave Tube optimization method based on NSGA II |
| CN109216134B (en) * | 2018-09-06 | 2020-05-12 | 电子科技大学 | High-performance multistage depressed collector structure optimization method |
| CN113361076B (en) * | 2021-05-17 | 2022-07-29 | 电子科技大学 | Design method of high-efficiency collector of traveling wave tube |
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