CN113361076B - Design method of high-efficiency collector of traveling wave tube - Google Patents
Design method of high-efficiency collector of traveling wave tube Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of high efficiency of traveling wave tubes, and particularly relates to a design method of a high-efficiency collector of a traveling wave tube. Firstly, determining a physical law approximately satisfied by electrons at an inlet of a collector in a macroscopic view; combining an actually measured energy distribution curve of the electrons at the inlet of the collector and the on-axis magnetic induction intensity distribution test data of the drift section of the collector, and constructing the energy distribution data into an interface data file suitable for simulation calculation of the collector by a numerical method, wherein the interface file conforms to the data format required by the collector simulation software; the interface file is imported into simulation software, so that quantitative simulation optimization of the voltage and the structure of the collector can be performed, and the efficiency of the collector is improved. The method is simple and accurate, and can greatly improve the design efficiency of the collector and the design performance of the collector; the method is beneficial to reducing the development period and the cost of the high-efficiency traveling wave tube.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of high efficiency of traveling wave tubes, and particularly relates to a design method of a high-efficiency collector of a traveling wave tube.
Background
The traveling wave tube is a broadband high-power vacuum electronic device, has the characteristics of high efficiency, large bandwidth, high reliability, long service life, radiation resistance and the like, and is widely applied to the fields of radar, satellite communication, navigation and the like.
High efficiency is an advantage of traveling wave tubes, and higher efficiency is one of the targets that have been developed; domestic high-efficiency traveling wave tubes have a large gap compared with foreign countries. The traveling wave tube has high efficiency, and can save system energy, reduce system effective load, increase system capacity, reduce heat loss and raise device reliability.
The basic working principle of the traveling wave tube is as follows: the power supply heats the cathode, electrons on the surface of the cathode overflow, the electrons are accelerated to form an electron beam with certain energy under the action of an electrostatic field of the electron gun, the electron beam interacts with an electromagnetic field signal input in the high-frequency structure, a part of energy is given to the electromagnetic field by the electron beam, and the electromagnetic field is amplified due to the obtained energy and finally output to a load. The rest electrons after the interaction are decelerated by the electrostatic field of the collector, part of energy is fed back to a power supply system, and the energy which is not recovered by the collector is radiated and conducted and dissipated in the collector area in the form of heat.
The recovery of the interacted high-energy electrons is important for the energy utilization of the whole traveling wave tube. The design of the collector is dependent on the state of the electron stream at the collector entrance. Because the interaction process of electron beams and electromagnetic waves is very complex, the current density, the speed dispersion, the energy distribution and the like of electrons at an interaction outlet are complex, the speed distribution and the current density of the electrons at the collector inlet of an actual traveling wave tube are difficult to accurately measure through experiments, and the estimated value of the microscopic state of the interacted electrons is mainly obtained in the industry at present through a simulation mode.
The simulation software can be used for obtaining the calculated interface file of the electron beam at the inlet of the collector, and the collector can be conveniently designed by using the calculated interface file; however, practical collector debugging proves that the actual electron energy distribution of the collector inlet is greatly different from the electron energy distribution of the collector inlet designed by simulation, and the performance of the collector manufactured by the travelling wave tube is poorer than that of the simulation design.
The actual energy distribution curve of the electrons at the entrance of the collector can be accurately measured by a certain measuring method, but the current density and the velocity distribution state of the electrons at the entrance cannot be accurately obtained. In the prior art, an actually measured energy distribution curve is generally calculated to obtain a voltage distribution value of a collector at the actual optimal efficiency, then the voltage value at the optimal efficiency is distributed to the collector, and then the iterative optimization of the collector is performed by using simulation software. The method reduces the selection range of the collector voltage, and is closer to the optimal voltage distribution of the actual collector. However, microscopic data such as the speed and current density of electrons at the entrance of the actual collector are not obtained, and the movement and trajectory of the electrons cannot be calculated quantitatively, so that the collector cannot be analyzed and optimized quantitatively. Only trend judgment can be carried out on simulation parameters, sample tubes are required to be manufactured for multiple times for verification, the development cost is increased, and meanwhile, the improvement of the efficiency of the collector is limited.
It is seen that there is a need in the art to find a corresponding method for converting the actually tested energy distribution data into an electronic interface suitable for simulation design, so as to better utilize the energy distribution data of the actually measured collector inlet to the quantitative design of the collector.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems or the defects, the invention provides a design method of a traveling wave tube high-efficiency collector, aiming at solving the problem that the actual measurement energy distribution data of the collector inlet cannot be efficiently utilized when the existing traveling wave tube high-efficiency collector is designed, so that the actual measurement energy distribution data of the collector inlet can be efficiently utilized, and the collector of the traveling wave tube can be designed more accurately and efficiently.
A method for designing a high-efficiency collector of a traveling wave tube specifically comprises the following steps:
And 2, constructing a macro electronic interface data file of the collector inlet according to the data measured in the step 1.
The transverse section of the macro-electron with the structure interface is positioned at the center of the output opening magnetic steel of the practical traveling wave tube; the macro electronic interface data includes: number n of macro-electrons, maximum radius r of transverse cross section where macro-electrons are located max Coordinate position (x, y, z) of macro-electron on transverse section, transverse velocity (v) of macro-electron x ,v y ) Axial velocity v of macro electron z And a current value I of macro electrons.
The interface construction method comprises the following steps:
2-1, giving the number n of macro electrons, 2048 not more than n, and calculating the maximum radius of the transverse section where the macro electrons are positioned as r max ＝(0.7～0.8)r h 。
Furthermore, the number n of the macro-electrons is 2100 or more and 8000 or less, and the large number of the macro-electrons increases the calculation time, reduces the calculation efficiency and is not favorable for design. The number of macro electrons is too small, the calculation precision is reduced, the design accuracy is reduced, and the design is not favorable. The number of macro-electrons is limited to about 32 × 8 — 2048, or less, but this is not necessarily accurate.
2-2, constructing a macro electron transverse position coordinate.
Is provided withThe coordinate component z of all macro-electrons is 0, and the macro-electrons are distributed at the radius r max The distribution of the density of macro-electrons in the radial direction conforms to the Gaussian distribution (mu, sigma) 2 ) Where the desired μ is 0 and the standard deviation σ is r for a gaussian distribution max And 6, the density of the macro electrons accords with uniform distribution in an angular distribution, and finally the coordinate position (x, y, z) of each macro electron is obtained through probability calculation. The coordinates of the last n macro-electrons in the transverse section where the macro-electrons are located are (x) j ,y j ,z j 0 { j ═ 1, 2.., n }, j being the macroelectron number.
And 2-3, constructing the energy distribution and the current of the macro electrons according to the measured energy distribution curve.
On the actually measured energy distribution curve, determining a corresponding current value I when the total current is 0 on the energy distribution curve 0 Corresponding to a macroelectron number of n 0 Calculating the current value of each macro electron as I 0 /n 0 . And determining the energy scanning step length d on the energy distribution curve, wherein the d is 5-10 eV.
The energy values of all the macro-electrons are assigned: on the energy distribution curve, starting from the position with energy of 0, increasing according to the step length d, calculating the number of the macro electrons once every time the step length d is increased, and calculating the energy value corresponding to the current macro electron. After the ith step increase, the number of macro-electrons is
Wherein I i For the corresponding current, I, on the energy distribution curve after the ith increase of the step size i-1 For the corresponding current, n, on the energy distribution curve after increasing the step length i-1 i-1 The number of macro-electrons after increasing the step size for the i-1 th time. For I ═ 1, I i-1 The current value is the total current I 0 ，n i-1 Is the total number n of macroelectrons 0 . Giving the corresponding energy value of the macro electron after the ith step length increase as E id I x d in units of (eV). And sequentially increasing the step size to scan the energy distribution curve, and calculating the energy of the macro-electrons until the scanning of the energy distribution curve is finished and the energy distribution of all the macro-electrons is finished. Then n macros have an energy value of E j (j1, 2.. n) in units (eV), corresponding to a current I j ＝I 0 /n 0 (j ═ 1, 2.., n), j being the macroelectron number.
2-4, lateral velocity distribution of macro-electrons.
Using B obtained in step 1 k 、B d And r k Calculating the angular velocity of the macro-electrons on the transverse section of the macro-electrons
Wherein eta is the electron-to-charge-mass ratio,
the radius of the position of the macro electron is shown, and x and y are coordinate values of the macro electron distributed in the step 2-2; calculating the angular velocity v of the macro-electrons θ ＝ωr e And converting the x-direction velocity component into a rectangular coordinate system to obtain a velocity component v in the x direction x ＝-v θ Sin θ, y-direction velocity component v y ＝v θ Cos θ, where the parameter θ is arctan (y/x).
The n macros then have a transverse velocity in the rectangular coordinate system v xj ＝-v θj ·sinθ j ，v yj ＝v θj ·cosθ j (ii) a Wherein theta is j ＝arctan(y j /x j ) And j is a macro-electron number (1, 2.. n).
2-5, axial velocity distribution of macro electrons.
Total energy value E of macroelectrons obtained in step 2-3 j (j ═ 1,2,. n) and the lateral velocity (v) of the macro-electrons obtained in step 2-4 xj ,v yj ) (j ═ 1, 2.. n), the axial velocity of each macro-electron is calculated
j is the macroelectron number.
2-6, forming interface file data. The file is a bin file, and the data format of the interface file is as follows:
wherein "%" is a position separator, and in an actual file "%" is a space.
And 3, establishing a collector drift section and a collector entity model in the traveling wave tube simulation design software MTSS, introducing the magnetic induction intensity value on the shaft from the collector drift section of the traveling wave tube to the collector region, introducing the collector inlet interface bin file constructed in the step 2-6, and performing simulation optimization on the collector. And processing and manufacturing the collector of the target traveling wave tube according to the simulation optimized collector structure.
After the electronic data of the collector inlet calculated by the interaction of the traveling wave tube is analyzed in a large quantity, the invention finds that the motion of the electrons at the maximum value of the axisymmetric magnetic field after the complex interaction approximately accords with the virtual distribution theorem, and the current density approximately accords with the Gaussian distribution, thereby determining the physical law approximately met by the electrons at the collector inlet. The energy distribution curve of the electrons at the entrance of the collector can be accurately measured by a certain measuring method. Based on the rules and conditions, combining an actually measured energy distribution curve of the electrons at the inlet of the collector and the distribution test data of the magnetic induction intensity on the shaft of the collector drift section and the collector region, constructing the energy distribution data into an interface data file suitable for the simulation calculation of the collector by a numerical method, wherein the interface data file conforms to the data format required by the collector simulation software; the interface file is imported into simulation software, so that quantitative simulation optimization of the voltage and the structure of the collector can be performed, and the efficiency of the collector is improved.
The invention converts the actually measured collector inlet energy distribution curve into the electronic interface data which can be used for collector simulation design, the electronic interface data obtained by the method accords with the actual test energy distribution and approximately accords with the actual physical law, the measured simple data is converted into the electronic interface data which can be used for simulation, and the quantitative optimization of the collector becomes possible. Compared with the prior art, the method has high accuracy, and can realize quantitative analysis of the collector structure and voltage in simulation software. The problem that the collector cannot be accurately designed by effectively utilizing actually-measured energy distribution data in the prior art is solved; the method is simple and accurate, and can greatly improve the design efficiency of the collector and the design performance of the collector. The method is beneficial to reducing the development period and the cost of the high-efficiency traveling wave tube, and has important reference value for developing the high-efficiency traveling wave tube.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a comparison of measured energy profiles (interaction calculations) and build interface energy profiles.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a collector drift section and a collector model of a traveling wave tube.
Fig. 3 is a macro electron position comparison of Ku waveband traveling wave tube interaction calculation interface (left) and construction interface (right).
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of electron energy distribution.
FIG. 5 shows the macro-electron transverse total velocity v of the interaction simulation interface (left) and the construction interface (right) of the Ku-band traveling wave tube T And comparing the relative coordinates y in space.
FIG. 6 shows macro electron angular velocity v of interaction simulation interface (left) and structure interface (right) of Ku-band traveling wave tube θ Phase-space contrast with respect to the macro electron position radius r.
Fig. 7 is a data file of a macro-electronic interface for a collector of a Ku-band traveling wave tube.
FIG. 8 shows simulation results of the collector of the interactive computing interface.
FIG. 9 is a collector simulation result of constructing an electronic interface.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to a Ku-band traveling wave tube. Because the actual real electron state of the collector inlet of the traveling wave tube cannot be accurately obtained, the data constructed by the method cannot be verified by accurately comparing the actual particle data with the actual data. In order to verify the accuracy of the invention, the embodiment takes the data of a simulated interface as a measurement interface, constructs a numerical interface by using the energy distribution curve of the interface only, and then compares the data of the constructed interface with the data of the simulated interface in detail to verify the accuracy of the invention. In practical application of the present invention, it is only necessary to use the energy distribution curve obtained by actual measurement.
and obtaining the measured energy distribution curve of the electrons at the collector inlet of the actual traveling wave tube. In order to compare and verify the effectiveness and the accuracy of the invention, the embodiment takes an energy distribution curve of an electronic interface calculated by interaction of a Ku waveband traveling wave tube as measurement data, the energy distribution curve of the interaction calculation interface is shown as a 'measurement energy distribution' curve in an energy distribution curve graph 1, the other curve is 'construction interface energy distribution', and the two curves have high consistency and are coincided together. Measuring magnetic induction intensity B of travelling wave tube magnetic focusing system at output opening magnetic steel center d And the distribution of the on-axis magnetic induction intensity values of the collector drift section to the collector region, as shown in fig. 2, the position of the structural electronic interface is on the transverse cross section of the center position of the open magnetic steel, the on-axis magnetic induction intensity values of the collector drift section to the collector region at and after the center position of the open magnetic steel output by the traveling wave tube need to be measured, and the on-axis magnetic induction intensity values are used for distributing the virtual theorem to construct the interface and the track simulation of electrons in the drift section d Magnitude 2620Gs, field vector direction-z direction, so B is taken d -2620 Gs. Measuring the on-axis magnetic induction intensity B at the center position of the cathode surface k In this embodiment, B k The radius r of the cathode is measured as 0 k Obtaining the interaction synchronous voltage U of the traveling wave tube as 1.4mm h Is 6400V, output power P out The inner radius r of the spiral line at the output position of the high-frequency signal is obtained at 172W h Is 0.5 mm.
The number of electrons of an actual collector interface is very large, if the number of constructed particles is consistent with the actual number of electrons, the calculated amount is huge, and in order to reduce the calculated amount, a plurality of electrons are aggregated and equivalent to a single macro electron, so that the number of particles is reduced. The transverse section where the macro-electrons for constructing the interface are located is located at the center of an output opening magnetic steel of an actual traveling wave tube, such as the center of the opening magnetic steel shown in fig. 2; the macro electronic interface data includes: number n of macro-electrons, and location of macro-electronsOf transverse cross-section of (2) has a maximum radius r max Coordinate position (x, y, z) of macro-electron on transverse section, transverse velocity (v) of macro-electron x ,v y ) Axial velocity v of macro electron z And a macro electron current value I.
The interface construction method comprises the following steps:
2-1, given a number n of macro-electrons (recommended greater than 2100 and less than 8000), the number of macro-electrons represents the number of the macro-electrons that are constructed, the greater the number, the higher the accuracy of the calculation result, but the greater the calculation amount. The number of macro electrons is constructed in consideration of the trade-off between the calculation efficiency and the calculation accuracy. In order to ensure the calculation accuracy, 2100 or more macro electron numbers are suggested to be constructed, which is less than 8000, and 4096 electron numbers are set in the embodiment. Calculating the maximum radius of the transverse section where the macro electron is positioned at r max ＝(0.7～0.8)r h Values within the range. Macro electrons are distributed in radius r max The position of the electronic interface is arranged at the center of the opening magnetic steel shown in fig. 2, namely the interaction output position. Measuring the inner diameter of the helix at this position as r h Calculated as r 0.5mm max In the range of 0.35-0.4mm, where r is selected max ＝0.375mm。
2-2, constructing a macro electron transverse position coordinate.
Because the macro electrons of the interface are on the same surface, the coordinate component z of all the macro electrons is set to be 0; setting the macro-electron distribution at radius r max The distribution of the density of macro-electrons in the radial direction conforms to the Gaussian distribution (mu, sigma) 2 ) Where the desired μ is 0 and the standard deviation σ is r for a gaussian distribution max 6, the probability formula of the radial distribution of macro electrons is
The density of the macro-electrons accords with uniform distribution in the angular distribution, and finally the coordinate position (x, y, z) of each macro-electron can be obtained through probability calculation. The coordinates of the last n macro-electrons in the transverse section where the macro-electrons are located are (x) j ,y j ,z j 0 { j ═ 1, 2.., n }, j being the macroelectron number. As shown in FIG. 3, the macro-electron position of the interface (left diagram) and the macro-electron position of the interface being constructed are computed interactively(right panel) for comparison. The radius range of the electron distribution is uniform, and the density distribution of electrons is uniform.
And 2-3, constructing the energy distribution and the current of the macro electrons according to the measured energy distribution curve. The energy of all the macro-electrons is distributed exactly according to the tested energy distribution curve. FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of electron energy distribution according to an energy distribution curve;
On the actually measured energy distribution curve, determining a corresponding current value I when the total current is 0 on the energy distribution curve 0 Corresponding to a macroelectron number of n 0 Calculating the current value of each macro electron as I 0 /n 0 . And determining the energy scanning step length d on the energy distribution curve, wherein the d is 5-10 eV.
The energy values of all the macro-electrons are assigned: on the energy distribution curve, starting from the position with energy of 0, increasing according to the step length d, calculating the number of the macro electrons once every time the step length d is increased, and calculating the energy value corresponding to the current macro electron. After the ith step increase, the number of macro-electrons is
Wherein I i For the corresponding current, I, on the energy distribution curve after the ith increase of the step size i-1 For the corresponding current, n, on the energy distribution curve after increasing the step length i-1 i-1 The number of macro-electrons after increasing the step size for the i-1 th time. For I ═ 1, I i-1 The current value is the total current I 0 ，n i-1 Is the total number n of macroelectrons 0 . The formula shows that the number of the macro-electrons after the step length is increased for the ith time is randomly and uniformly selected from the macro-electrons after the step length is increased for the (i-1) th time, and the energy of the macro-electrons which are not selected is not changed. Giving the corresponding energy value of the macro electron after the ith step length increase as E id I x d in units of (eV). And sequentially increasing the step size to scan the energy distribution curve, and calculating the energy of the macro-electrons until the scanning of the energy distribution curve is finished and the energy distribution of all the macro-electrons is finished. Then n macros have an energy value of E j (j ═ 1,2,. n), in units of (eV), for a current I j ＝I 0 /n 0 (j＝1,2, n), j is a macroelectron number. The energy distribution curves of the configuration interface and the interaction calculation are shown in fig. 1, wherein the energy distribution curve of the configuration interface is "configuration interface energy distribution", and the energy distribution curve of the interaction calculation is "measurement energy distribution". The two curves almost coincide. It can be seen that the energy distribution of the macro-electrons constructing the interface is highly consistent with the energy distribution of the electrons of the interaction computation interface. The accuracy of the macro electron energy distribution of the method is proved.
2-4, lateral velocity distribution of macro-electrons.
A large amount of analysis is carried out on the electronic interface data after interaction calculation, and the electron motion at the maximum value of the focusing magnetic field on the shaft approximately meets the virtual theorem in the axisymmetric magnetic field, so the macro-electron angular motion speed can be calculated by using the virtual theorem formula. Using B obtained in step 1 k ，B d ，r k Calculating the angular velocity of the macro-electrons on the transverse cross section where the macro-electrons are located as
Wherein η is 1.758 × 10 11 C/Kg is the electron-to-charge-mass ratio,
the radius of the position of the macro electron is shown, and x and y are coordinate values of the macro electron distributed in the step 2-2; calculating the angular velocity v of the macro-electrons θ ＝ω*r e And converting the x-direction velocity component into a rectangular coordinate system to obtain a velocity component v in the x direction x ＝-v θ Sin θ, y-direction velocity component v y ＝v θ Cos θ, where the parameter θ is arctan (y/x). The n macros then have a transverse velocity in the rectangular coordinate system v xj ＝-v θj ·sinθ j ，v yj ＝v θj ·cosθ j (ii) a Wherein theta is j ＝arctan(y j /x j ) And j is a macro-electron number (1, 2.. n). FIG. 5 shows the v of the interaction calculation interface (left diagram) and the construction interface (right diagram) of the Ku-band traveling wave tube T -y phase space contrast with macro electron lateral total velocity v on abscissa T The ordinate is the macroelectron y coordinate; interaction simulation interface (left figure) and r-v for constructing macro electronic interface (right figure) θ Relative spatial ratio as shown in FIG. 6, the abscissa is the radial position r of the macro-electron, and the ordinate is the angular velocity v of the macro-electron θ . Therefore, the consistency of the lateral speed of the macro electronic interface and the angular speed of the macro electronic calculated by interaction is high, and the fact that the lateral speed distribution method of the macro electronic interface is high in accuracy and accords with physical laws is proved.
2-5, axial velocity distribution of macro electrons.
Total energy value E of macroelectrons obtained in step 2-3 j (j ═ 1,2,. n) and the lateral velocity (v) of the macro-electrons obtained in step 2-4 xj ,v yj ) (j ═ 1, 2.. n), the axial velocity of each macro-electron is calculated 
j is the macroelectron number.
2-6, forming interface file data.
And forming an interface data file by using the specific data obtained in the previous step, wherein the file is a bin file, and the data format of the interface file is as follows:
in this case, "%" is used as a position separator, and in the actual file, "%" is a space.
and (3) establishing a collector drift section and a collector entity model in traveling wave tube simulation design software MTSS, introducing the magnetic induction intensity value on the shaft of the collector drift section to the collector region of the traveling wave tube, introducing a collector inlet interface bin file constructed in the step 2-6, performing simulation optimization on the collector, and processing and manufacturing the collector of the target traveling wave tube according to the collector structure after the simulation optimization.
According to the invention, through carrying out a great deal of analysis on electronic interface data after interaction calculation of the traveling wave tube, the fact that the electronic motion at the position of the maximum value of the focusing magnetic field on the shaft approximately meets the virtual distribution theorem (shown in the left side of figure 6) in the axisymmetric magnetic field is found, the straight line in the figure is the angular velocity distribution calculated according to the virtual distribution theorem and along with the change of the positions of the particles, the point in the figure is the angular velocity distribution of the particles along with the change of the positions, and the angular velocity consistency of the two is higher; the current density at the on-axis focused magnetic field maximum after interaction computation approximately satisfies the gaussian distribution, the electron lateral position distribution of the electronic interface (as shown in fig. 3 left).
In order to verify the effectiveness and the accuracy of the constructed interface, a collector model with a drift section is established in an MTSS, and under the condition that a magnetic field and the collector model are completely the same, an interface file for interactive calculation and a macro-electronic interface file for construction are respectively imported for comparison of simulation calculation; the results of the calculations imported into the collector by the interaction calculation interface are shown in FIG. 8; the results of the build interface import collector calculation are shown in fig. 9. And the calculation result shows that: the efficiency of the collector calculated by using the interaction calculation interface is 81.86 percent, and the reflux is 0.39 mA; the efficiency of the collector calculated by using the construction interface is 83.05 percent, and the reflux is 0.42 mA; the difference of the calculation efficiencies of the two interfaces is less than 2%, the consistency is higher, the consistency of the backflow calculation is also higher, and the effectiveness and the accuracy of the method are verified. Therefore, if the macro-electronic interface of the collector inlet is constructed according to the actually tested energy distribution curve, an interface which is highly consistent with the actual electronic state is constructed, and then the constructed interface is brought into the collector simulation software again for re-optimization, so that the parameters of the collector such as structure, voltage and the like can be quantitatively optimized, and the collector which accords with the actual optimal performance is obtained.
The invention solves the problems that the electron energy distribution curve of the inlet of the actual collector is difficult to be efficiently utilized and an electron interface consistent with the actual collector can not be obtained, so that the simulation design of the collector is closely associated with the electron state of the inlet of the actual collector, the accurate design of the collector can be realized, and the efficiency of the collector is improved. The method utilizes actually measured magnetic field data of a drift section of a collector and an electron energy distribution curve of a collector inlet to construct an interface. Constructing the total energy distribution of the macro electrons of the interface to accord with the measured energy distribution curve of the electrons at the inlet of the collector; the macro electron density of the interface is distributed according to Gaussian distribution in the radial direction and distributed according to uniform distribution in the angular direction; the lateral velocity of the macro-electrons is distributed according to the cloth virtual theorem in the axisymmetric electron optical system; the current of the macro-electrons meets the principle of the average distribution of the total current. And finally, generating a macro electronic interface data file. And importing the construction interface file and the tested magnetic field data into the MTSS, and performing simulation optimization on the collector. And then processing and manufacturing according to the optimized collector structure. Because the constructed interface is based on measured data, the referential performance of the collector optimized by utilizing the simulation of the constructed interface is higher.
The invention realizes the efficient utilization of the actually measured energy distribution data of the collector inlet and the accurate and efficient design of the collector for actually manufacturing the traveling wave tube. The method is favorable for improving the goodness of fit of design and manufacture, provides a solution for realizing the accurate design of the high-efficiency collector, is favorable for designing the high-efficiency collector in a fast iterative manner, and has an important reference value for the development of the high-efficiency traveling wave tube.
Claims (2)
1. A method for designing a high-efficiency collector of a traveling wave tube is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, obtaining an actually measured energy distribution curve of an electron beam at a collector inlet of a traveling wave tube for a target traveling wave tube; and measuring the magnetic induction intensity B of the travelling wave tube magnetic focusing system at the center of the output opening magnetic steel d And measuring the on-axis magnetic induction intensity B at the central position of the cathode surface k Measuring the cathode radius r k Obtaining the interaction synchronous voltage U of the traveling wave tube h And the output power P out Obtaining the inner radius r of the spiral line of the output position of the high-frequency signal h ；
Step 2, constructing a macro electronic interface data file of the collector inlet according to the data measured in the step 1;
the transverse section of the macro-electron with the structure interface is positioned at the center of the output opening magnetic steel of the practical traveling wave tube; the macro electronic interface data includes: number n of macro-electrons, lateral direction of macro-electrons Maximum radius r of cross section max Coordinate position (x, y, z) of macro-electron on transverse section, transverse velocity (v) of macro-electron x ,v y ) Axial velocity v of macro electron z And a current value I of macro electrons;
the interface construction method specifically comprises the following steps:
2-1, given the number n of macro-electrons, 2048 is less than or equal to n, and calculating the maximum radius r of the transverse section where the macro-electrons are positioned max ＝(0.7～0.8)r h ；
2-2, constructing a macro electron transverse position coordinate;
setting the coordinate component z of all macro electrons to be 0, wherein the macro electrons are distributed at the radius r max The distribution of the density of macro-electrons in the radial direction conforms to the Gaussian distribution (mu, sigma) 2 ) Where the desired μ is 0 and the standard deviation σ is r for a gaussian distribution max The density of the macro electrons accords with uniform distribution in the angular distribution, and finally the coordinate position (x, y, z) of each macro electron is obtained through probability calculation; the coordinates of the last n macro-electrons in the transverse section where the macro-electrons are located are (x) j ,y j ,z j 0) { j ═ 1, 2.., n }, j being the macroelectron number;
2-3, constructing the energy distribution and current of the macro electrons according to the measured energy distribution curve;
on the actually measured energy distribution curve, determining a corresponding current value I when the total current is 0 on the energy distribution curve 0 Corresponding to a macroelectron number of n 0 Calculating the current value of each macro electron as I 0 /n 0 (ii) a Determining an energy scanning step length d on an energy distribution curve, wherein d is 5-10 eV;
the energy values of all the macro-electrons are assigned: on the energy distribution curve, starting from the position with energy of 0 and increasing according to the step length d, calculating the number of the macro electrons once every time the step length d is increased, and calculating the energy value corresponding to the current macro electron; after the ith step increase, the number of macro-electrons is
Wherein I i For the corresponding current, I, on the energy distribution curve after the ith increase of the step size i-1 For the corresponding current, n, on the energy distribution curve after increasing the step length i-1 i-1 The number of macro-electrons after increasing the step length for the (i-1) th time; for I ═ 1, I i-1 The current value is the total current I 0 ，n i-1 Is the total number n of macroelectrons 0 (ii) a Giving the corresponding energy value of the macro electron after the ith step length increase as E id D, unit (eV); sequentially increasing step length scanning energy distribution curves, and calculating the energy of the macro-electrons until the scanning of the energy distribution curves is finished and the energy distribution of all the macro-electrons is finished; then n macros have an energy value of E j (j ═ 1,2,. n), in units of (eV), for a current I j ＝I 0 /n 0 (j ═ 1,2,. and n), j being the macroelectron number;
2-4, distributing lateral speed of macro electrons;
using B obtained in step 1 k 、B d And r k Calculating the angular velocity of the macro-electrons on the transverse section of the macro-electrons
Wherein eta is the electron-to-charge-mass ratio,
the radius of the position of the macro electron is shown, and x and y are coordinate values of the macro electron distributed in the step 2-2; calculating the angular velocity v of the macro-electrons θ ＝ωr e And converting the x-direction velocity component into a rectangular coordinate system to obtain a velocity component v in the x direction x ＝-v θ Sin θ, y-direction velocity component v y ＝v θ Cos θ, where the parameter θ is arctan (y/x);
the n macros then have a transverse velocity in the rectangular coordinate system v xj ＝-v θj ·sinθ j ，v yj ＝v θj ·cosθ j (ii) a Wherein theta is j ＝arctan(y j /x j ) (j ═ 1,2,. n), j being the macroelectron number;
2-5, distributing the axial speed of macro electrons;
from the macroelectrons obtained in step 2-3Total energy value of j (j ═ 1,2,. n) and the lateral velocity (v) of the macro-electrons obtained in step 2-4 xj ,v yj ) (j ═ 1, 2.. n), the axial velocity of each macro-electron is calculated
j is a macro electron number;
2-6, forming interface file data; the file is a bin file, and the data format of the interface file is as follows:
% synchronous voltage value U h (V)% output Power P out (W)% arbitrary constant% number of electrons n% 0
% macroelectrons n% 1% 1% 0
％x 1 ％y 1 ％z 1 ％v x1 ％v y1 ％v z1 ％I 1
％……
％x j ％y j ％z j ％v xj ％v yj ％v zj ％I j
％……
％x n ％y n ％z n ％v xn ％v yn ％v zn ％I n
Wherein, the% is the position separator, and the% is the blank in the actual file;
and 3, establishing a collector drift section and a collector entity model in the traveling wave tube simulation design software MTSS, introducing the on-axis magnetic induction intensity value of the collector drift section of the traveling wave tube to the collector region, introducing the collector inlet interface bin file constructed in the step 2-6, performing simulation optimization on the collector, and processing and manufacturing the collector of the target traveling wave tube according to the collector structure after the simulation optimization.
2. The design method of the high efficiency collector of the traveling wave tube according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step 2-1, the number n of macro electrons is equal to or more than 2100 and equal to or less than 8000.
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