CN1062561A - Yarn feed device - Google Patents

Yarn feed device Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1062561A
CN1062561A CN 91110684 CN91110684A CN1062561A CN 1062561 A CN1062561 A CN 1062561A CN 91110684 CN91110684 CN 91110684 CN 91110684 A CN91110684 A CN 91110684A CN 1062561 A CN1062561 A CN 1062561A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
yarn
line feeding
feed device
feeding wheel
line
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Pending
Application number
CN 91110684
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
德里克·威廉姆·普拉克内特
戴维得·约翰·卢卡
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Triplite Ltd
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Triplite Ltd
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Publication of CN1062561A publication Critical patent/CN1062561A/en
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    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04BKNITTING
    • D04B15/00Details of, or auxiliary devices incorporated in, weft knitting machines, restricted to machines of this kind
    • D04B15/38Devices for supplying, feeding, or guiding threads to needles
    • D04B15/48Thread-feeding devices

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Knitting Machines (AREA)

Abstract

The Yarn feed device that is used for textile machine, comprise a boosting line feeding wheel (2), half covers rubber and constitutes and have higher frictional property respectively and than two axial region (3) and (4) of low frictional properties on its outer surface, this line feeding wheel is under the driving of motor (1), rotate with the speed that is higher than the desired maximum predetermined speed of corresponding textile machine, in this inlet wire side of taking turns a thread tension device (8) is housed, one thread tension device (13) then is housed in this outlet side.

Description

Yarn feed device
The present invention relates to yarn is transported to the thread delivery device of using on the textile machine (particularly double cylinder or single-needle round pin footwear machine) with constant required tension force and feeding speed, this device can be by the intermittent mode that situation determined of machinery requirement yarn or with big variable quantity delivered yarn.
Double cylinder or the needed amount of thread of single-needle hosiery machine often have great variation, because in its braiding process, can be along length direction conversion knit stitches in any knitted structure of socks, also can come yarn changing color (being line transfer), or form heel and toe by the reciprocating motion of syringe by the motion that enters and withdraw from of work thread-carrier.Have that many kinds of Yarn feed devices are recommended to be used for this needs that change significantly, yet the variation that does not also have a kind of Yarn feed device can enough satisfy the yarn-using amount of all machines neatly requires and all yarn types.
Requirement to the Yarn feed device on this machine, be to produce with the tension force uneven phenomenon during unwinding on the storage spool for yarn by yarn, and the tension force inequality of this tension force uneven phenomenon can be wound up on the spool at first by yarn the time causes that also the difference of the yarn unwinding speed that can be increased by the raising of random device speed causes.If these tension force inequalities have influence on the knitting technology weave structure, even then under best situation, also will be to produce the socks that make us being not satisfied at all, have nothing in common with each other along the loop length on the different parts on the socks length direction, thereby will make product quality be significantly less than desired at that time quality control standard by the manufacturer of shrewdness; And under the poorest situation, it is unnecessary with regular Yarn break or shut down action then to be that the inequality of yarn tension can cause, thereby makes machine that arranged downtime.
Though the tension force that the active yarn-feed device can be constant is sent to the yarn of accurate measured length on the knitting needle of machine completely, but what can not adapt to the intermittent and wide variation of this knitting machine when braiding socks line uses the yarn requirement, for this reason, people have proposed various yarn servicing units, and wherein some can easily convert the yarn feeding form of active type or passive type to.
As well-known,, enter knitting machine on the yarn path, to help yarn such as by making yarn and the mode that the outer circumference surface of the rotation line feeding wheel with high frictional surface contacts.When the machinery requirement yarn, yarn is just drawn to lean against on this line feeding wheel, by the line feeding wheel it is pulled to the place ahead from spool.And when not needing to use yarn, the frictional force between this rotation line feeding wheel and loose yarn just is not enough to the forward travel of yarn towards knitting machine pulled out and helped to yarn from spool.
People also know another kind of Yarn feeding device, is on axial half surface of a driven line feeding wheel, and yarn around last several circles, is covered with the rubber layer of high frictional property on this half surface, and its second half surface then is smooth metal.This is taken turns to rotate with the accurately synchronous speed of the rotating speed of knitting machine, also has a yarn guiding assembly to the yarn tension sensitivity, can be according to whether certain situation of on request yarn being sent into knitting machine is moved, yarn is fed on the band rubber part of this line feeding wheel, or yarn is fed on its smooth metal part.However, this Yarn feed device still is applicable on the hosiery machine far from, because when yarn on this rubber layer of taking turns around when just taking turns after several circles by this, be to be subjected to active yarn-feed basically, thereby take turns must be to rotate with the accurately synchronous speed of the pole of rotation of knitting machine for this.And concerning hosiery machine, different phase that need be in weaving cycle, the reciprocating motion of carrying out syringe to be to form toe and heel, therefore, this height be exactly impossible synchronously simply.
There are a lot of schemes to propose the elastomeric yarn of looping or non-looping is inweaved the method that socks are produced, make the socks of making have the extensibility and the elasticity of height.It is the product that registration mark is sold by industrial group of Du Pont with " LYCRA " promptly that a kind of elastomeric yarn is wherein arranged, and this kind yarn is the elastomeric monofilaments by nylon or cotton yarn looping, has the extensibility of one of percentage more than hundred.And do not have a kind of Yarn feed device of cheapness can be suitable for handling this yarn extremely rambunctious at present.
The invention provides a kind of simple in structure and cheap Yarn feed device, it is not a kind of active yarn-feed device, but travels forward by helping yarn to leave spool with the required speed of knitting machine, thereby yarn is transported to device on the knitting machine.This device can be applicable to fully that double cylinder or single-needle hosiery machine require and intermittent variation with yarn the big variable quantity of yarn, also be applicable to the various yarns that in very big scope, have different substantially control characteristics separately, and can transmit tension force highly uniformly and yarn is transported to knitting machine gets on.
The Yarn feed device of the present invention for using on a kind of textile machine, this device comprise a line feeding wheel, and this line feeding wheel can need the peripheral speed of speed to be rotated to be higher than textile machine to the maximum of yarn is predetermined under the driving of a motor; Some thread tension devices, they are installed in the inlet wire side and the outlet side of this line feeding wheel respectively, to limit the two ends of yarn path, in this path, yarn to be walking around this line feeding wheel less than 360 ° arc, and with its CONTACT WITH FRICTION; The responsive fork of yarn tension, be used for guiding the yarn between line feeding wheel and inlet wire side tensioner, this fork can be under the tension force effect of this section yarn that is guided, overcome the biasing masterpiece swing of spring, just from the non-boosting yarn position of the low frictional properties axial region that yarn is directed to this line feeding wheel, swing to yarn is directed on the yarn boosting position of high frictional property axial region of this line feeding wheel, wherein, be that textile machine has required to cause fork to shift to the motion of its yarn boosting position to yarn with yarn, thereby make conveying the mode to rub feed of yarn to textile machine, the speed that requires with textile machine, and carry out with substantially invariable tension force.Thread guide eyelet preferably is housed on this thread tension device, accurately limits the two ends of yarn path (yarn is walked around the line feeding wheel in this path) by these thread guide eyelets.The circular arc of yarn and this line feeding wheel CONTACT WITH FRICTION preferably is approximately 270 °, and but, the optimal selection of this cornerite should decide according to the higher frictional property of this line feeding wheel with than the frictional behavior of the axial region of low frictional properties.
This fork is a simple spring offset staff preferably, usually be on the position by a little tension spring biasing, on this position, the yarn that is sent to line feeding wheel from inlet wire side thread tension device deflection to axial under the guiding of this fork, and contact with the low frictional properties axial region of this line feeding wheel.Above-mentioned outlet side thread tension device is preferably on the extended line position of joint between this two axial zone of this line feeding wheel, thereby when yarn rode on the low frictional properties axial region of line feeding wheel, it can be before being drawn out of on this same area of line feeding wheel.On the contrary, if yarn is rotated in the high frictional property axial region of line feeding wheel, then it will still keep contacting with this high frictional surface of this line feeding wheel, be drawn out of up to it.This fork should be arranged on such position, be that it can be under the effect of the yarn tension of any size of yarn when the inlet wire side thread tension device of line feeding wheel move towards the line feeding wheel, cause that this fork overcomes the effect masterpiece transverse movement of its spring, thereby on the higher frictional property axial region that adapts with this state that yarn is placed into line feeding wheel.Suitable yarn tension on this section yarn path needn't specifically be determined, but it should be caused by the requirement of textile machine to yarn.
This inlet wire side preferably can adjust corresponding to different yarn tensions with outlet side tensioner.This has been found to be important, because want to make feeding unit to work effectively, just must make these two tensioners adapt to various yarns.
Having been found that this Yarn feed device of the present invention can adapt to uses the yarn velocity variations in the very big scope, and tension variation can not occur exporting too on a large scale.And device of the present invention also can be through improvement and the various yarn types in being adapted on a large scale, even comprises elastomeric yarn extremely rambunctious as everyone knows.
This line feeding wheel than a low frictional properties axial region smooth metal covering preferably, higher frictional property axial region is then preferably made by cover the last layer rubber layer on this line feeding wheel.This rubber layer can be moved and replace, and by replace above-mentioned rubber layer with the cover layer with differentiated friction and yarn control characteristic, just can enlarge the adaptive capacity of Yarn feed device of the present invention, thereby makes it can adapt to all types of yarns.For example, ganoid rubber layer is highly suitable for the elastomeric yarn of natural yarn and looping, and surperficial veined cover layer then is more suitable in some synthetic threads.The rubber covering layer that many axial raised lines that laid by the external peripheral surface along wheel constitute is specially adapted to the yarn that continuous synthetic fiber filament is made, and preferably on these raised lines, take turns the side place that the low frictional properties axial region links to each other with this, machining is tapered or be processed into fillet, the processing of this sharpening or rounding will help the motion of yarn corresponding to above-mentioned yarn fork, carry out towards or take turns the fast moving of higher frictional property cover part away from this.
Since yarn has S to twist with the fingers or Z twist with the fingers to, so when the machinery requirement yarn, yarn just can be tending towards moving axially along this line feeding crop rotation.By being contained in the inlet wire thread guide eyelet on the above-mentioned yarn fork, accurate location with the outlet thread guide eyelet that leads to outlet side tensioner, just can prevent to a great extent that this from moving, but preferably determine the direction of rotation of line feeding wheel like this, so that yarn when above-mentioned tendency occurring, can move along leaving this direction of taking turns the no overlay area of low friction.For obtaining this control adjustment, preferably make above-mentioned higher frictional property rubber layer on this line feeding wheel, put upside down its wrapped position, above-mentioned yarn fork also preferably can be done putting upside down of same offset position, perhaps both put upside down simultaneously, to carry out compound adjusting, exchange line feeding wheel is gone up the relative position of high frictional property and low frictional properties part.
Yarn feed device of the present invention is particularly suitable for installing a plurality of coaxial similar line feeding wheels, wherein on each line feeding wheel inlet wire side and outlet side thread tension device are housed, and the responsive fork of tension force is housed respectively, these line feeding wheels all are installed on the common power shaft of same motor, rotate so that these are taken turns with identical peripheral speed.The distinguishing feature of this coaxial Yarn feed device is, it can be simultaneously successfully with two separate yarns, feeds in the independent thread-carrier of its respective needle loom to go.These two separate yarns respectively from separate yarn package unwinding come out, by different inlet wire sides and outlet side line tensioner with cross different line feeding wheels, but be sent to then in the same thread-carrier of knitting machine and go.Have been found that in this way,, also can transmit simultaneously with them with substantial constant and the yarn tension that is subjected to controlling respectively even have the yarn of distinct control characteristic.
Fig. 1 is the front schematic view that is installed with the Yarn feed device of the present invention of yarn;
Fig. 2 is the schematic side view of Yarn feed device shown in Figure 1;
Fig. 3 is the front schematic view that has the another kind of Yarn feed device of the present invention of four coaxial line feeding wheels.
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 have represented first embodiment of line feeding wheel among the present invention.One constant speed motor 1 drives line feeding wheel 2, requires 10% to 50% peripheral speed of the maximum speed of yarn to rotate to be higher than respective needle loom (not shown).Along being covered with rubber thin layer 3 on half part of its axial length, this is taken turns 4 of second half axial length parts of 2 and is not coated at this line feeding wheel 2.This takes turns the frictional behavior that coats with covered section 3 not and 4 is such, and promptly this rubber-coated part 3 is compared with this not simple smooth polishing metal face portion 4 of coating of taking turns 2, should have the higher friction performance.Take turns 2 top at this, yarn fork 5 is installed in rotation on the axle 6, and remain on the little inclined to one side position shown in Figure 1 by spring members (not shown), the angular movement of fork 5 is shown in double-head arrow 7, as can be seen from the figure, this fork can promptly the position that does not coat half part 4 of thread feed line feeding wheel, turn on half position of 3 that is surrounded by rubber of thread feed line feeding wheel from this shown position.The control of yarn tension is depended in the angular movement of this fork 5, particularly depends on the yarn tension between the thread guide eyelet 9 that advances yarn tension device 8 and fork 5.In the drawings, the yarn path is represented with chain-dotted line.
Inlet wire tensioner 8 comprises a pair of thread guide eyelet 10, between two holes be a pair of commonly used, by spring loaded yarn tension disk 11.As people from prior art, know, a hand rotary nut 12 is housed, with the tension force of manual adjustments by the yarn that passes through in this two disk 11.One similar thread tension device 13 is installed in the outlet side of line feeding wheel 2, and in actual applications, this thread tension device 13 should be adjusted in the low-tension state.
Owing to Figure 1 shows that the exploded view of yarn path; therefore must see yarn clearly referring to Fig. 2 is how to walk around 270 ° on wheel 2; Fig. 2 also shows the braking door bolt sheet 14 of arresting gear (not shown), is used for surveying the possible broken end of yarn when yarn is on wheel 2.Usually the yarn quilt is along direction shown in the double-headed arrow 15 and along being pulled to knitting machine on the trailing wheel of path shown in the chain-dotted line 2.And when machine no longer needs yarn, be set at the low-tension state if particularly advance the yarn tension device, just then yarn can be wound up on the line feeding wheel 2 that is rotating, and be with around fastening sheet 14 with a bolt or latch to braking.Gap between the surface 3 of this braking door bolt sheet 14 and this line feeding wheel 2 is set to very little, thereby the yarn of being reeled and piling on the wheel 2 just can make this braking door bolt sheet 14 rise, thereby has drawn back this brake(-holder) block door bolt and it is discharged on the position that makes the brake assemblies action.
Fig. 3 has not only represented to install the scheme of four coaxial line feeding wheels on the driving shaft of a single motor, and has represented when this device is used for some synthetic fibre yarn of planting the thin dawn best applications example of the raised line shape rubber layer on the wheel.
Generally speaking, Fig. 3 is the front view corresponding to Fig. 1, wherein represents similar part with the reference number identical with Fig. 1, has just added that respectively 100 represent.In Fig. 3, single motor 101 drives four line feeding wheels 102,102', 102'' and 102'''.All are furnished with separately yarn fork 105 and inlet wire separately and outlet tensioner 108 and 113 at each line feeding wheel place.In Fig. 3, can see that four yarn fork 105~105''' are installed in rotation on the cover plate 120, this cover plate 120 extends and covers in all four line feedings takes turns 102~102''', be used for preventing that operative employee's finger or the loose yarn and thread head that falls from the spool that is contained in the yarn feeding device top from entering the working region that line feeding is taken turns, the work of the line feeding wheel that influence is being rotated.
As seen from Figure 3, yarn is through on a pair of line feeding wheel of right hand side, and wherein the wheel 102''' of low order end goes up useful yarn requirement, does not then have on the wheel 102''.Therefore, yarn fork 105''' just is pushed to right-hand under the effect of yarn tension.Last high frictional property rubber cover part 104''' has gone up thereby yarn just has been placed on the line feeding wheel.Fork 105'' then is not subjected to the influence of yarn tension simultaneously, covers on the low friction portion 103'' thereby this yarn is placed on the nothing of wheel 102''.Such result is, wheel 102'' rotates freely and do not drive yarn, and wheel 102''' then frictionally band yarn, and helps yarn to be sent to knitting machine along its path.
Fig. 3 has represented to use how different rubber layers adapts to different yarns.This rubber layer 104''' is smooth no texture, applicable to the elastomeric yarn of natural fabric and looping.Rubber layer 104'' then is made into to have around its excircle the axial raised line 121 of many outside protrusions, and these raised lines have boosting characteristic preferably to synthetic fibre single thread yarn.The end portion of every raised line 121 all is sharpened (or can by rounding) and does not coat half 103'' of direction towards this corresponding line feeding wheel, this processing has been found and can have made yarn under the motion effect of fork 105'', transfers to or be separated from this rubber cover part 104'' of line feeding wheel soon.
Although all not shown braking door bolt sheet 14 is appreciated that and can uses four this door bolt sheets that in Fig. 3 each is taken turns and installs one, is used for braking immediately when detecting fault knitting machine in Fig. 1 and Fig. 3.

Claims (14)

1, a kind of Yarn feed device that is used for textile machine comprises:
Line feeding wheel can be under the driving of motor, is rotated with the peripheral speed of the maximum prefetch constant speed degree that is higher than the required yarn of textile machine, has to have higher respectively and than the axial region of low friction performance on this line feeding wheel;
Thread tension device, they lay respectively at this inlet wire side of taking turns and outlet side, to limit the two ends of yarn path, in this yarn path, yarn with walk around less than 360 ° circular arc this line feeding wheel and with its CONTACT WITH FRICTION;
The responsive fork of yarn tension, be used for guiding the yarn between inlet wire side tensioner and line feeding wheel, this fork can be under the effect by the tension force of this section yarn that it guided, overcome the biasing masterpiece swing of spring, be about to yarn from non-boosting yarn position and import the position of line feeding wheel than the low frictional properties axial region, put yarn boosting position and promptly yarn is imported the position that the yarn feeding line is taken turns higher frictional property axial region, it is characterized in that, by textile machine to the requirement of yarn and cause the motion of fork to its yarn boosting position, thereby yarn with the desired speed of textile machine, and with substantially invariable tension force, this textile machine is sent in friction.
2, Yarn feed device as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, what this line feeding was taken turns takes turns smooth burnishing surface than the low frictional properties axial region for this, and its higher frictional property axial region is then made by covering rubber layer thereon.
3, Yarn feed device as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, this rubber layer covers this line feeding wheel shaft approximately to half of length.
4, Yarn feed device as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, this rubber layer is removable and replaceable.
5, Yarn feed device as claimed in claim 4 is characterized in that, has a plurality of rubber layers that have the different yarns control characteristic respectively on it, is used for selecting to be adapted to most this rubber layer of any independent yarn that feeds.
6, Yarn feed device as claimed in claim 5 is characterized in that, comprises a kind of rubber layer with smooth surface in these rubber layers, and it is applicable to the elastomeric yarn of natural fabric and looping.
7, Yarn feed device as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that, comprises a kind of band texture or non-circular rubber layer in these rubber layers, is used for synthetic fibre yarn.
8, Yarn feed device as claimed in claim 7 is characterized in that, is used for having on the rubber layer of synthetic fibre yarn the raised line of outside protrusion, and these raised lines are along its axial setting.
9, Yarn feed device as claimed in claim 8 is characterized in that, all is sharpened or rounding in the end that links to each other with low friction axial region on the line feeding wheel of every raised line on this rubber layer.
10, Yarn feed device as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, these thread tension devices are the yarn tension disk, is used for changing inlet wire and goes out line tension.
11, Yarn feed device as claimed in claim 10 is characterized in that, the thread tension device that is positioned at line feeding wheel outlet side can be adjusted to the degree of required tension force.
12, Yarn feed device as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, predetermined yarn speed 10% of maximum that this line feeding wheel can be higher than the textile machine requirement and 50% peripheral speed are rotated.
13, Yarn feed device as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, it comprises that also can be fastened with a bolt or latch a vane, be positioned at this line feeding wheel radial and with the very near position of its surface distance on, in use it should not contact with yarn, thereby in case in use yarn be attached at the surface that this is taken turns, and when on this is taken turns, twining a few circle, this door bolt sheet just will be drawn back, and triggers the brake apparatus of this textile machine.
14, Yarn feed device as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, a plurality of similar line feeding wheels are wherein arranged, all have separately inlet wire and outlet tensioner and the responsive fork of tension force separately on each line feeding wheel, and on the coaxial driving shaft that is installed in a common motor, thereby these line feedings wheels are rotated with identical peripheral speed.
CN 91110684 1990-10-18 1991-10-18 Yarn feed device Pending CN1062561A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB909022615A GB9022615D0 (en) 1990-10-18 1990-10-18 Yarn feed device
GB9022615.0 1990-10-18

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN1062561A true CN1062561A (en) 1992-07-08

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN 91110684 Pending CN1062561A (en) 1990-10-18 1991-10-18 Yarn feed device

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EP (1) EP0481803A1 (en)
JP (1) JPH04263656A (en)
CN (1) CN1062561A (en)
GB (1) GB9022615D0 (en)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102583105A (en) * 2011-01-05 2012-07-18 日本Tmt机械株式会社 Yarn conveying device, fibre machine and yarn winding method of fibre machine
CN101448988B (en) * 2006-05-31 2013-05-01 梅明格-Iro股份有限公司 Active yarn guide with a movable yarn feeding ring
CN103930606A (en) * 2011-09-21 2014-07-16 美名格-艾罗有限公司 Thread delivery device for feeding thread to textile machine
CN111350023A (en) * 2020-04-24 2020-06-30 宁夏灵智科技有限公司 Novel tension tensioning device for spinning thread of knitting equipment

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2297331A (en) * 1995-01-24 1996-07-31 Cobble Blackburn Ltd Yarn feed arrangement for tufting machine
JP2016055985A (en) * 2014-09-10 2016-04-21 村田機械株式会社 Yarn winder

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1133959A (en) * 1954-06-18 1957-04-04 Stibbe G & Co Ltd Improvements to the yarn feeders of knitting machines
US2949756A (en) * 1957-05-08 1960-08-23 Scott & Williams Inc Yarn furnisher for knitting machines
FR1241501A (en) * 1959-11-24 1960-09-16 Method for supplying yarn to hosiery looms and yarn supplying device for carrying out this method or similar method
IL30641A (en) * 1967-09-13 1972-05-30 Morat Gmbh Franz Knitting machines and method for feeding them with thread
FR2141482A1 (en) * 1971-06-03 1973-01-26 Inst Textile De France Knitting machine yarn feed device - using high friction drive roller around which yarn passes
GB2065723B (en) * 1979-12-11 1983-11-02 Stevcoknit Inc Self actuating yarn feed and drive belt arrangement for circular knitting machines

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101448988B (en) * 2006-05-31 2013-05-01 梅明格-Iro股份有限公司 Active yarn guide with a movable yarn feeding ring
CN102583105A (en) * 2011-01-05 2012-07-18 日本Tmt机械株式会社 Yarn conveying device, fibre machine and yarn winding method of fibre machine
CN102583105B (en) * 2011-01-05 2016-03-09 日本Tmt机械株式会社 The reel for yarn winding method of thread delivery device, fibre machinery and fibre machinery
CN103930606A (en) * 2011-09-21 2014-07-16 美名格-艾罗有限公司 Thread delivery device for feeding thread to textile machine
CN103930606B (en) * 2011-09-21 2016-04-20 美名格-艾罗有限公司 For yarn being transported to the yarn feeder of weaving loom
CN111350023A (en) * 2020-04-24 2020-06-30 宁夏灵智科技有限公司 Novel tension tensioning device for spinning thread of knitting equipment

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Publication number Publication date
EP0481803A1 (en) 1992-04-22
GB9022615D0 (en) 1990-11-28
JPH04263656A (en) 1992-09-18

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