CN106230218A - A kind of disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver have gear hub motor - Google Patents
A kind of disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver have gear hub motor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN106230218A CN106230218A CN201610881159.8A CN201610881159A CN106230218A CN 106230218 A CN106230218 A CN 106230218A CN 201610881159 A CN201610881159 A CN 201610881159A CN 106230218 A CN106230218 A CN 106230218A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- gear
- motor
- end cap
- core
- coil
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K21/00—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets
- H02K21/12—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets with stationary armatures and rotating magnets
- H02K21/24—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets with stationary armatures and rotating magnets with magnets axially facing the armatures, e.g. hub-type cycle dynamos
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60K7/00—Disposition of motor in, or adjacent to, traction wheel
- B60K7/0007—Disposition of motor in, or adjacent to, traction wheel the motor being electric
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
- H02K7/10—Structural association with clutches, brakes, gears, pulleys or mechanical starters
- H02K7/116—Structural association with clutches, brakes, gears, pulleys or mechanical starters with gears
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60K7/00—Disposition of motor in, or adjacent to, traction wheel
- B60K2007/0092—Disposition of motor in, or adjacent to, traction wheel the motor axle being coaxial to the wheel axle
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver has gear hub motor, including left end cap, right end cap, main shaft and wheel hub, described left end cap is enclosed within main shaft by clutch shaft bearing, right end cap passes through the second bearing holder (housing, cover) on main shaft, left end cap and right end cap are connected with wheel hub, described left end cap is connected with sun gear gear ring by reducing gear, sun gear gear ring is fixed on motor, by driven by motor sun gear ring gear against rotation, thus drive left end cap to rotate by reducing gear, thus drive hub rotation.Disc type unit stacking iron-core-free direct-drive motor of the present invention, rated power is big, between high efficient area wide in range, under keeping axis structure premise, use planetary gears double reduction, both ensure that the reliability of hub motor structure, the high speed performance of disc type unit stacking iron-core-free direct current generator can be made again to be not fully exerted.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to disc type iron core-free DC motor Driver has gear hub motor, belongs to electric motors.
Background technology
Existing electric bicycle, uses low speed wheel hub motors more, has an advantage in that: power of motor is big, motor typically without
Safeguarding, transmission efficiency is high, but owing to this motor exists magnetic hysteresis resistance, weakens the merit of riding even losing electric bicycle
Can, the development course of motorized easypro formula gradually gone on by electric boosted type bicycle, and it drives power of motor and travel speed
Remote super existing national standard.Motorized electric bicycle, vehicle accident takes place frequently, it has also become a kind of society that need solve is asked
Topic.
For overcoming driving motor to there is magnetic hysteresis resistance, the motor manufacturer with all directions motor as representative, it is proposed shaft type
There is gear hub motor at a high speed.The rated power of this motor meets existing national standards, and is combined with on its pinion frame
Mono-directional overrun clutch, efficiently solves the impact on riding of the magnetic hysteresis resistance of motor.This driving having gear hub motor
Motor is exactly substantially the low speed wheel hub motor that diameter reduces, and its rotating speed is usually no more than 1500 revs/min, on stricti jurise
Saying that being also not really is high-speed electric expreess locomotive, so have employed the dead axle planetary gear reducing mechanism of primary speed-down, speed reducing ratio is usually 1:
4.3, wheel hub motor is poor to the adaptability in wheel footpath.
Both the above main flow motor, is Nd-Fe-B permanent-magnet D, have simple in construction, reliable, volume is little,
The advantages such as lightweight, rated efficiency is high, good speed adjustment features, but due to the low speed characteristics of electric bicycle, rode actual
In journey, motor often operates in inefficient interval, and the mileages of continuation of electric bicycle is the highest, it is difficult to meets masses and continues raising
The consumption demand of mileage.
China Patent No. 201010247971.8 discloses a kind of ultrathin high-power direct current magnetoelectric motor, it is proposed that Yi Zhongyou
Choosing use flat enamel-covered wire coiling outer ring be shaped as sector coil, be superimposed to form coil windings, Single-layer Windings around
After making, coat fixing glue on its surface and be fixed, in winding is arranged on the groove of stator frame and by interior trim ring and external pressure
Circle is fixing.Actual situation is, it is ensured that the outer ring of coil is shaped as sector, and the area of the triangular inner hole of coil needs enough
Greatly, the number of turn of minimizing winding, and the coil of so coiling, stator disc space availability ratio is low, and magnetic field concentration is poor, for reducing magnetic flux
Loss, permanent magnet must have enough radical lengths, and therefore interior trim ring, outer trim ring are the least, only with the overlapping region of fan-shaped winding
The coil windings coating fixing glue on surface is easy to as clockwork feed, under the situations such as vibration, heating, damage of falling apart.
And using the coil of round conductor coiling, then the round wire needing the yield strength selecting line footpath less low could keep outer loop-shaped
For sector, it is also not possible to produce powerful direct current permanent magnet motor.The heavy-duty motor of big electric current will necessarily produce more
Heat, it is desirable to have heat sink conception reliably, this invention have employed high intensity, high rigidity, punching resistance heat-resisting, resistance to, aging-resistant work
The stator frame of engineering plastics precision injection molding, its thermal conductivity coefficient typically only have 0.04W/mK, and the coil of flat wire coiling around
Group requires that the air gap flux density of stator disc both sides is the most equal, and the rotor disk fixing by two bearings at flat thin stator frame center is very
Difficult that meet the highest requirement, rotor disk slightly biases flat enamel wire coil and will generate heat, and the highest heat production of rotating speed is more
Many, substantial amounts of heat is closed in rotor disk, also cannot be dissipated by the stator frame that engineering plastics are made, and its technical scheme is originally
Body just has significant deficiency.
China Patent No. 201010289645.3 discloses a kind of energy-saving hub motor, have employed disc type iron core-free equally straight
Stream motor, and using electric vehicle hub as rotor disk, directly by In-wheel motor driving electric motor car, this invention is also combined in wheel hub
The disc type iron core-free electromotor that version is identical, is used for collecting electric energy produced by car braking and recharges to accumulator, from
And play energy-conservation effect.Substantially, the inductance value of disc type iron core-free direct current generator is less, belongs to the category of low-power machine, its
The most prominent advantage is high rpm low torque and without magnetic hysteresis resistance, and the efficiency during slow-speed of revolution is the lowest, and to motor merit on market
Rate requires the low speed sightseeing electric car of less 72V voltage, and its motor rated power has also required that 5000W, on electric vehicle hub
The pitch circle of hub stud holes is limited to the space between the pitch circle in rim bolt hole, arranges high-power in the space that this is limited
Disc type iron core-free direct current generator and disc type iron core-free electromotor cannot accomplish, moreover by the description of this invention, this is energy-conservation
The electric motor car of wheel hub motor can only install the solid tyre without inflation.
Application number 201310033295.8 discloses a kind of disc type iron core-free permanent magnet DC motor, is the electricity of an axle rotation
Machine, it the technical scheme is that the axial symmetry conical ring Circular Winding that coil windings is made up of multi-section circular arc, conical ring
Most advanced and sophisticated near stator axle center, form two different internal diameter sizes after the central axis trisection of axial symmetry conical ring, wherein bore
The internal diameter at shape ring tip is 2/3rds of another internal diameter, and this Circular Winding, the space availability ratio of stator disc is the lowest, magnetic field collection
Poly-property is worse, and " stator armature winding uses non iron-core structure, directly has winding to be molded " mentioned in scheme, also without realizing
Possibility, injection moulding process is cannot put unordered winding outlet in order, conforming product rate can be the lowest.This invention " annular around
In group, interval arranges hall magnetic sensor ", especially against the scheme of general knowledge, nine pins of three Hall elements, need
Being concatenated by wire in the least inter-air space, its technology difficulty is very big, and is arranged on the Hall in the middle of Circular Winding
Sensor, its metal pin can generate heat rapidly under action of alternating magnetic field, burn Hall element.
The patent No. 201310310431.3 discloses a kind of disc type iron core-free permanent-magnet brushless DC electric machine, have employed and apply for
The annulus winding that a kind of disc type iron core-free permanent magnet DC motor disclosed in numbers 201310033295.8 is similar, it is away from axle head
Arc radius be proximate to 1.5-2 times of arc radius of axle head, the arc radius of two stringcourse parts is remote from the circular arc of axle head
3-5 times of radius, the space availability ratio of stator disc is the lowest, and magnetic field concentration is worse, and coil windings lacks stopping means,
It is difficult to limiting coil in axial displacement；This invention motor have employed the disc type iron core-free unidirectional current that a kind of outer rotor case rotates
Machine, goal of the invention is indefinite, and the specific aim arranging four O-ring seals is not strong, and motor lacks PTO and fixing dress
Putting, the bearing that on motor shaft, two kinds of specifications of employing are totally different the most seemingly has improper, and motor uses without position hall position sensor, starts
Time motor there will be shake hysteresis phenomenon.
Summary of the invention
Goal of the invention: in order to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, the present invention provides a kind of disc type unit stacking iron-free
Core DC motor Driver have a gear hub motor, use the present invention disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver have tooth
After wheel hub motor, it is big that bicycle still has the good function of riding that scrunches, rated power and moment of torsion, is more suitable on mountain area and hills
The road conditions requirement in district, the mileages of continuation under pure driven by power situation, have significantly than presently commercially available electric bicycle
Improve.
Technical scheme: for solving above-mentioned technical problem, a kind of disc type unit stacking iron-core-free direct current generator of the present invention drives
Dynamic has gear hub motor, and including left end cap, right end cap, main shaft and wheel hub, described left end cap is enclosed within main shaft by clutch shaft bearing
On, right end cap is by the second bearing holder (housing, cover) on main shaft, and left end cap and right end cap are connected with wheel hub, and described left end cap passes through reductor
Structure is connected with sun gear gear ring, and sun gear gear ring is fixed on motor, by driven by motor sun gear ring gear against rotation, thus passes through
Reducing gear drives left end cap to rotate, thus drives hub rotation；Described reducing gear comprises planet carrier, several first planet
Wheel, several the second planetary gear and centre wheels, described the first row star-wheel engages with sun gear gear ring, the first row star-wheel and the second row
Star-wheel is coaxially connected by rotary shaft, and rotary shaft is arranged on planet carrier by the 3rd bearing, and planet carrier is enclosed within main shaft, and second
Planetary gear engages with the centre wheel being fixed on left end cap；Motor comprises the first stator disc, the second stator disc and the 3rd stator disc,
The 4th bearing, the first stator disc, at least one the 3rd stator disc, the second stator disc and the 5th axle it is cased with successively on described main shaft
Hold, the 4th bearing and the 5th bearing are cased with the first rotor dish and the second rotor disk, the first rotor dish and the second rotor disk respectively
Centre has clamped at least two third trochanter dish, and is positioned the centre of adjacent two stator discs, between adjacent third trochanter dish
Having lasso to be connected, lasso is also connected with the first rotor dish and the second rotor disk, the first rotor dish and the inner side of the second rotor disk
It is respectively equipped with the first groove, the first permanent magnet is installed in the first groove, be equipped with the second groove on the two sides of third trochanter dish,
It is mounted on the second permanent magnet in second groove, fixes with sun gear gear ring outside the first rotor dish and be connected, pass through solar wheeling tooth
Circle output moment of torsion, described first stator disc, the second stator disc, the 3rd stator disc are equipped with several annular spread for pacifying
The pyriform hole installed coil, coil is fixed in pyriform hole by stopping means, by the first stator disc, coil, the first rotor dish,
Triple-spool dish, the first permanent magnet and the second permanent magnet composition motor the first power unit, by the second stator disc, coil, second
Rotor disk, third trochanter dish, the first permanent magnet and the second permanent magnet composition motor the second power unit, by the 3rd stator disc,
Coil, two third trochanter dishes, at least one the 3rd power unit of the second permanent magnet composition motor, the first power unit, the
Two power units, the coil of the 3rd power unit are connected with core of a cable.
As preferably, described sun gear gear ring comprises the gear teeth and the installing ring coaxial with the gear teeth, and installing ring is fixed on motor
On, it being cased with oil shield outside installing ring, oil shield is tightly connected with left end cap, and reducing gear is wrapped in left end cap and grease proofing hood-shaped
In the space become.
As preferably, described planet carrier is sleeved on main shaft, and central hole has keyway wherein, the convex shelves on main shaft lean on
Mountain positions, by jump ring, pivot pin and spindle lock.
As preferably, described stopping means comprises inner ring rib, outer ring flange, interior trim ring, outer trim ring and annular circuit board,
The one side of described first stator disc, the second stator disc and the 3rd stator disc is extended with inner ring rib, outer ring flange, at stator disc
Another side is provided with outer trim ring, interior trim ring or annular circuit board, by inner ring rib, outer ring flange, interior trim ring, outer trim ring and ring
The axial displacement of shape circuit board limiting coil.
As preferably, described first stator disc or the second stator disc or any one the 3rd stator disc are installing loop circuit
The one side of plate is sequentially with three the 3rd grooves, and the 3rd groove arrangement is positioned at the center of circle one of stator disc between adjacent two pyriform holes
Side, installs Hall element in the 3rd groove, the pin of Hall element welds with the annular circuit board being fixed on stator disc,
Annular circuit board is connected with core of a cable.
As preferably, described coil is the air core coil of circle copper enamel-covered wire coiling, and its internal via shape is triangle, after coiling
Outer ring be shaped as pyriform and match with pyriform hole；The interior angle that the triangular inner hole of described coil is positioned at inside stator disc is less than
60 °, the radical length of triangular inner hole is less than 1/3rd of the longest diameter of radial diameter of coil.The coil of pyriform is left and right
Symmetrical structure, the axis of symmetry of each coil points to the center of circle of permanent magnet, and the length of coil axis of symmetry is long diameter, triangle
Endoporus is isosceles triangle, and the height on endoporus base is the radical length of triangle, i.e. triangular inner hole along permanent magnet diameter side
Length upwards.
As preferably, described the first rotor dish and the second rotor disk are equipped with louvre.
As preferably, described permanent magnet is fan-shaped Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet material, and its radical length is the inside and outside of fan-shaped permanent magnet
Semidiameter is 0.5-0.8 times of the longest diameter of radial diameter of coil.
As preferably, described permanent magnet comprises several permanent magnet units, between leaving between two adjacent permanent magnets unit
Gap, the size in gap is adaptive with classical insulation.
Beneficial effect: the disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver of the present invention have gear hub motor, owing to adopting
Compare single-power structural electromotor with the stacked combination of multiple-unit dynamic structure, rated power and moment of torsion to be greatly improved, electricity
Dynamic bicycle is more suitable for mountain area and hills area and rides；Under keeping axis structure premise, use planetary gears double reduction,
Ensure that the reliability of hub motor structure；And owing to the alternative of reducing gear speed reducing ratio is relatively strong, improve the present invention
Disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver have the gear hub motor adaptability to rim of electric bicycle specification；Its
In the planetary gear reducing mechanism of double reduction, the moment of torsion born due to primary speed-down gear is less, thus have employed steel-tooth
The form that wheel is meshed with engineering plastic gear, both ensure that the reliability of reducing gear, and can be effectively reduced again rotational noise.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 be disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver of the present invention have gear hub electric machine structure schematic diagram.
Fig. 2 is that the gear hub motor planetary reducing gear that has of disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver of the present invention is pacified
Dress schematic diagram.
Fig. 3 is that the stator disc having gear hub motor of disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver of the present invention is illustrated
Figure.
Fig. 4 is that the have coil of gear hub motor, the Hall of disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver of the present invention pass
Sensor and annular circuit board scheme of installation.
Fig. 5 is first stator disc having gear hub motor of disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver of the present invention
Figure.
Fig. 6 is second stator disc having gear hub motor of disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver of the present invention
Figure.
Fig. 7 is the 3rd stator disc having gear hub motor of disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver of the present invention
Figure.
After Fig. 8 is the coil electricity having gear hub motor of disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver of the present invention
External magnetic field analysis chart.
Fig. 9 is between the adjacent permanent magnet having gear hub motor of disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver of the present invention
Gap adjusts the torque efficiency figure of test.
Figure 10 be disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver of the present invention have gear hub motor cored with commercially available
There is the moment of torsion-power-efficient-rotating speed comparison diagram of gear hub motor.
Figure 11 be disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver of the present invention have gear hub motor at two power lists
Torque efficiency curve chart under unit's laminated arrangement.
Detailed description of the invention
As shown in Figures 1 to 7, a kind of disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver of the present invention has gear hub electricity
Machine, including left end cap 3, right end cap 4, main shaft 10 and wheel hub 2, described left end cap 3 is enclosed within main shaft 10 by clutch shaft bearing 5, right
End cap 4 is enclosed within main shaft 10 by the second bearing 51, and left end cap 3 and right end cap 4 are connected with wheel hub 2, founder by screw
In skill, described wheel hub 2 can merge with left end cap 3 or right end cap 4 the assembly form that is cast into, described left end cap 3 is by slowing down
Mechanism is connected with sun gear gear ring 11, and sun gear gear ring 11 is fixed on motor 1, drives sun gear gear ring 11 turns by motor 1
Dynamic, thus drive left end cap 3 to rotate by reducing gear, thus drive wheel hub 2 to rotate；Described reducing gear comprise planet carrier 6,
Several the first row star-wheels 7, several second planetary gears 8 and centre wheel 9, described the first row star-wheel 7 is nibbled with sun gear gear ring 11
Closing, the first row star-wheel 7 is coaxially connected by rotary shaft with the second planetary gear 8, and rotary shaft is arranged on planet by the 3rd bearing 21
On frame 6, planet carrier 6 is enclosed within main shaft 10, and the second planetary gear 8 engages with the centre wheel 9 being fixed on left end cap 3, constitutes two
The dead axle planetary gear reducing mechanism that level is slowed down, its reducing gear uses solid oil to be lubricated.
In the present invention, described sun gear gear ring 11 comprises the gear teeth and the installing ring coaxial with the gear teeth, and installing ring is fixed on
On motor 1, being cased with oil shield 12 outside installing ring, oil shield 12 is tightly connected with left end cap 3, reducing gear is wrapped in left end cap
3 and oil shield 12 formed space in.Oil shield 12 is the round-meshed flat bowl structure in bottom, engineering plastics mold system
Become, be arranged on left end cap 3, limit lubricating oil diffusion in wheel hub 2.
In the present invention, the material of the first row star-wheel 7 is the engineering plastics such as nylon or polyformaldehyde that intensity high-wearing feature is good
Making, the second planetary gear 8, the material of centre wheel 9 are steel, and described planet carrier 6 is sleeved on axis, and central hole has key wherein
Groove, is made backer location by the convex shelves on axis, is locked with main shaft 10 by jump ring 35, pivot pin 36, and wherein the second planetary gear 8 is connection
Shaft type gear.
In the present invention, described motor 1 comprises first stator disc the 13, the 3rd stator disc the 14, second stator disc 15, described master
The 4th bearing the 22, first stator disc 13, at least one the 3rd stator disc 14, second stator disc 15 and the 5th it is cased with successively on axle 10
Bearing 221, the 4th bearing 22 and the 5th bearing 221 are cased with the first rotor dish 16 and the second rotor disk 161, the first rotor respectively
Clamp at least two third trochanter dish 17 in the middle of dish 16 and the second rotor disk 161, and be positioned in adjacent two stator discs
Between, there is lasso 18 to be connected between adjacent third trochanter dish 17, lasso also connects with the first rotor dish 16 and the second rotor disk 161
Connect, described the first rotor dish 16 and the second rotor disk 161 are equipped with louvre 33, beneficially dissipation motor 1 and are produced when working
Raw heat, the inner side of the first rotor dish 16 and the second rotor disk 161 is respectively equipped with the first groove, is provided with the in the first groove
One permanent magnet 19, is equipped with the second groove 34, is mounted on the second permanent magnetism in the second groove 34 on the two sides of third trochanter dish 17
Body 20, fixing with sun gear gear ring 11 outside the first rotor dish 16 is connected, and exports moment of torsion by sun gear gear ring 11, and described first
The pears for installing coil 23 of several annular spread it are equipped with on stator disc the 13, second stator disc the 15, the 3rd stator disc 14
Shape hole 31, coil 23 is fixed in pyriform hole 31 by stopping means, and described coil 23 is the tubular wire of circle copper enamel-covered wire coiling
Circle, its internal via shape is triangle, and its outer ring is shaped as the shape mated with pyriform hole 21, by the first stator disc 13, coil 23,
The first rotor dish 16, third trochanter dish the 17, first permanent magnet 19 and the second permanent magnet 20 form the first power unit of motor 1,
By the second stator disc 15, coil the 23, second rotor disk 161, third trochanter dish the 17, first permanent magnet 19 and the second permanent magnet 20 groups
Become the second power unit of motor 1, be made up of the 3rd stator disc 14,23, two third trochanter dish the 17, second permanent magnets 20 of coil
At least one the 3rd power unit of motor 1, the first power unit, the second power unit, the 3rd power unit coil 23 with
Core of a cable 24 connects.
In the present invention, described stopping means comprises inner ring rib 25, outer ring flange 26, interior trim ring 27, outer trim ring 28 and
Annular circuit board 29, the one side of described first stator disc the 13, second stator disc 15 and the 3rd stator disc 14 is extended with inner ring rib
25, outer ring flange 26, the another side at stator disc is provided with outer trim ring 28, interior trim ring 27 or annular circuit board 29, passes through inner ring
Rib 25, outer ring flange 26, interior trim ring 27, outer trim ring 28 and the axial displacement of annular circuit board 29 limiting coil 23.
In the present invention, described first stator disc 13 or the second stator disc 15 or any one the 3rd stator disc 14 are being installed
The one side of annular circuit board 29 is sequentially with three the 3rd grooves 30, and the 3rd groove arrangement is positioned between adjacent two pyriform holes 31
The side, the center of circle of stator disc, installs Hall element 32 in the 3rd groove 30, the pin of Hall element 32 be fixed on stator
Annular circuit board 29 on dish welds, and annular circuit board 29 is connected with core of a cable 24.
In the present invention, the first permanent magnet 19 and the second permanent magnet 20 are fan-shaped Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet material, its radical length
The inside and outside semidiameter of i.e. fan-shaped permanent magnet is 0.5-0.8 times of the longest diameter of radial diameter of coil 23.Described permanent magnet comprises
Several permanent magnet units, leave gap between two adjacent permanent magnets unit, the size in gap is adaptive with classical insulation.
In the present invention, described the first rotor dish 16 and the second rotor disk 161 are made up of ferrous material, and its profile is flat
Bowl-shape, the bearing chamber 37 of the first rotor dish 16 within it, is kept off as bearing by the sun gear gear ring 11 being fixed on outside it；The
Bearing chamber 371 position of two rotor disks 161 is partial to outside it and is provided with bearing gear 38.
In the present invention, third trochanter dish 17 is irony annular disk, and two anchor rings are equipped with the second groove 34, the second groove
34 is cannelure, and the second mutual adhesive of permanent magnet 20 is arranged in the cannelure of two anchor rings of third trochanter dish 17.
Analyzing and experiment based on energising air core coil external magnetic field, the present invention proposes disc type unit stacking iron-core-free direct current
The coil 23 of motor and the most economical effective combination of permanent magnet.Such as Fig. 8, by single energising air core coil external magnetic field
Finite element analysis and experimental verification, be energized air core coil center, and magnetic induction first increases along with the increase of coil radius
Being gradually reduced, a peak value occur at hollow adjacent edges, hollow area is the least, and magnetic field is gathered the most obvious；Energising
The magnetic induction on air core coil surface occurs in the near axis of coil, and distance hub of a spool is the most remote, particularly at coil
Outward flange, decay is quickly；Air gap portion coil surface magnetic field intensity is maximum, and along with the increase of off-line circle surface distance, magnetic field is strong
Degree decay rapidly, numerical value is the least；By the analysis verification to energising air core coil magnetic induction rule, draw disc type iron-free
The Technology Ways of core direct current generator is: suitably reduces the radical length (the inside and outside semidiameter of sector electromagnet) of fan-shaped permanent magnet, use up
The area of coil 23 hollow parts may be reduced.
Reducing the radical length of fan-shaped permanent magnet, can produce part flux loss, following table is that the radical length of permanent magnet becomes
Change on disc type iron core-free direct current generator cost, efficiency impact Experimental comparison's data (air core coil radial diameter is D=32mm,
Coil height 10.0mm, copper enamel-covered wire line footpath 0.6mm, electrical current 3.5A, the radical length 9.6mm that triangle is hollow, sector is forever
Magnet inside and outside diameter meansigma methods 68mm).From the correction data of table 1 it can be seen that the reduction of radical length along with permanent magnet,
The trend that coil 23 flux loss increases therewith and increases in acceleration, motor maximal efficiency reduces the most accordingly, the journey that efficiency reduces
Degree is less than flux loss degree, and the range of decrease of permanent magnet material cost becomes apparent from.By Value Engineering, appropriateness reduces sector forever
The radical length of magnet, the efficiency of motor and moment of torsion can decrease, but can more reduce the consumption of rare earth permanent magnet, motor
Economy is more preferable, and competitiveness is higher.
Table 1
Permanent magnet radical length (the inside and outside semidiameter of fan-shaped permanent magnet) is less than the technical scheme of the radial diameter of coil 23,
Arranging stopping means for fixed coil 23 and provide the space of necessity, both proportionate relationships, as taken permanent magnet radical length
For 0.9D, stopping means is less than 0.05D with the width that laminates of coil 23, and fixed effect is poor；And it is little to take permanent magnet radical length
In 0.5D, then flux loss is relatively big, and Motor torque and efficiency also can correspondingly reduce；Experiment shows, correctly handles permanent magnet well
19,20 radical lengths and the proportionate relationship of the radial diameter of coil 23, can make the advance of motor, reliability, economy obtain
Preferably balance.
Embodiment one
Disc type iron core-free direct current generator, winding is made up of 6 coils 23, and the radial diameter of coil 23 is D=32mm, high
10.0mm, copper enamel-covered wire line footpath 0.67mm, triangle hollow radical length 9.6mm, 8 permanent magnet 19,20 unit inside and outside directly
Footpath meansigma methods 68mm, axial height 6mm, radical length 20mm, the planetary gear speed reducing mechanism two that wheel hub uses speed reducing ratio to be 1:8.74
Level is slowed down, and the central angle of fan-shaped permanent magnet takes 45 °, 41 °, 38 ° respectively and carries out contrast test；In Fig. 9, a is that permanent magnet central angle is
The curve chart of moment of torsion and efficiency when 45 °, b is permanent magnet central angle curve chart of moment of torsion and efficiency when being 41 °, and c is permanent magnet circle
The curve chart of moment of torsion and efficiency when heart angle is 38 °, from the torque efficiency curve chart shown in Fig. 9, three kinds of motors the most efficient
Rate is respectively 83.8%, 83.1%, 80.6%, after reserving gap, affects electric efficiency between two adjacent permanent magnets unit
Inconspicuous, less in the impact of high torque section, this result is also analyzed and experimental result phase with energising air core coil external magnetic field
It coincide；The speed of motor is affected the most greatly by the gap change between permanent magnet, the no-load speed of three kinds of motors be respectively 281 turns/
Minute, 330 revs/min, 361 revs/min, thus can adjust the gap between adjacent permanent magnet targetedly, improve electricity
The electric property of machine is to adapt to wheel hub motor reducing gear speed reducing ratio and the change of rim of electric bicycle size.
Embodiment two
Disc type unit stacking iron-core-free direct current generator, the winding on each stator disc is made up of 6 coils 8, the footpath of coil 8
To a diameter of D=32mm, high 10.0mm, copper enamel-covered wire line footpath 0.60mm, triangle hollow radical length 9.6mm, each rotor
Inside and outside diameter meansigma methods 68mm of 8 permanent magnet units on dish, axial height 6mm, radical length 20mm, fan-shaped permanent magnet
Central angle be 41 °, wheel hub uses speed reducing ratio to be the planetary gear speed reducing mechanism double reduction of 1:8.74, carries out contrast test；Figure 11
Middle d is the first power unit curve chart of moment of torsion and efficiency when working independently, e be the first power unit and the second power unit with
Time work time moment of torsion and efficiency curve chart, Figure 11 shows that disc type unit stacking iron-core-free direct current generator of the present invention is in this enforcement
Torque efficiency curve chart when the first power unit work and the first second unit work simultaneously in example, from torque efficiency curve
See, during a power unit drive hub, just can reach high efficiency when moment of torsion is less, first, second power unit work simultaneously
When making drive hub, in the most wide in range moment of torsion interval, efficiency is maintained at more than 80%.Additionally it is also found that two from Figure 11
Individual power unit works simultaneously, even if in low torque phase, motor also can keep high efficiency, therefore uses the dish of multiple-unit stacking
Formula is layered without iron core direct current generator, has higher rated power, the output of bigger moment of torsion and wider range of high efficiency range.
Relative to cored motor, the inductance value of the coil windings of disc type iron core-free motor is less, and less inductance value makes
The electric property of motor shows as high rpm low torque, and the length of the number of turn and wire that increase coil windings can improve its inductance
Amount, can take strengthen the diameter of coil or reduce two kinds of the line footpath Technology Ways of wire；The line footpath reducing wire can make winding electricity
Resistance rises and reduces power of motor, and the length of the number of turn and wire increasing coil windings can increase cost and the body of motor
Long-pending, therefore it is required that increase the number of turn and the length of the wire setting line footpath in the limited space of stator disc as much as possible, preferably
Method for winding is: winding clamp is excellent as plug with the triangle after chamfered, stacking coiling wire, the thus line of coiling
Circle, its internal via shape is triangle, and outer loop-shaped is by the shape size of triangle plug, the line footpath of wire, wire yield strength
And the combined influence such as winding tension resembles a pear in shape.
Analyze and experimental result based on air core coil external magnetic field, the area of coil hollow parts should be reduced as far as possible, and
Hollow area is the least, and the outer loop-shaped of coil is closer to circle, can not make full use of the space of stator disc.The endoporus of coil and
Outer loop-shaped should determine according to the number of coils of the line footpath of wire, the yield strength of wire, the size of stator disc diameter, winding,
Through coiling repeatedly and test, the triangular inner hole of coil 23 is positioned at the interior angle inside stator disc and is less than 60 °, the footpath of triangular inner hole
To length less than coil the longest diameter of radial diameter 1/3rd design, can preferably meet the space of stator disc
The requirement that utilization and magnetic field are gathered to coil 23 center.
Disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver of the present invention have gear hub motor, electric property is superior, except
Outside the advantages such as conventional motors simple in construction, reliable, volume is little, efficiency is high, good speed adjustment features, owing to driving motor have employed
Disc type iron core-free structure, motor is lightweight, and high speed performance is good, and no-load current is little and without magnetic hysteresis resistance, so that electric bicycle
Have and good scrunch function of riding；Owing to using the stacked combination of multiple-unit dynamic structure, rated power and moment of torsion compare list
Dynamic structure motor is greatly improved, and electric bicycle is more suitable for mountain area and hills area and rides；Before keeping axis structure
Put, use planetary gears double reduction, both ensure that the reliability of hub motor structure, disc type iron core-free can be made again straight
The high speed performance of stream motor is not fully exerted；And owing to the alternative of reducing gear speed reducing ratio is relatively strong, improve this
Bright disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver have the gear hub motor adaptability to rim of electric bicycle specification；
Disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver of the present invention have gear hub motor, the planet-gear speed reducer of its double reduction
In structure, the moment of torsion born due to primary speed-down gear is less, thus have employed what steel gear was meshed with engineering plastic gear
Form, both ensure that the reliability of slowing-down structure, and can be effectively reduced again rotational noise.
The disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver of the present invention have gear hub motor, no-load current only have
0.4A, just can reach high efficiency, P in Figure 10 under low torque condition1、N1、η1It is respectively moment of torsion and power, the torsion of motor of the present invention
The curve chart of square and rotating speed and moment of torsion and efficiency, P2、N2、η2Be respectively the moment of torsion of motor purchased on the market and power, moment of torsion with
The curve chart of rotating speed and moment of torsion and efficiency, as Figure 10,11, power efficiency when 75W just can reach 75%, at electric bicycle just
Often riding the power interval of required 80-150W, the gear hub motor that has of the present invention all can be transported with the high efficiency of about 80%
OK, with commercially available have gear hub motor compared with, advantage clearly, at identical condition of riding, identical power consumption, pure electricity
Under the situation that Lixing is sailed, its mileages of continuation is than the mileages of continuation of the most commonly used electric motor car having gear hub motor
Improve more than 35%, improve more than 45% than the mileages of continuation of the electric motor car using low speed wheel hub motor.
The above is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it should be pointed out that: for the ordinary skill people of the art
For Yuan, under the premise without departing from the principles of the invention, it is also possible to make some improvements and modifications, these improvements and modifications also should
It is considered as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. a disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver has gear hub motor, it is characterised in that: include left end cap,
Right end cap, main shaft and wheel hub, described left end cap is enclosed within main shaft by clutch shaft bearing, and right end cap passes through the second bearing holder (housing, cover) at main shaft
On, left end cap and right end cap are connected with wheel hub, and described left end cap is connected with sun gear gear ring by reducing gear, sun gear gear ring
It is fixed on motor, by driven by motor sun gear ring gear against rotation, thus drives left end cap to rotate by reducing gear, thus carry
Runner hub rotates；Described reducing gear comprises planet carrier, several the first row star-wheels, several the second planetary gear and centre wheels,
Described the first row star-wheel engages with sun gear gear ring, and the first row star-wheel and the second planetary gear are coaxially connected by rotary shaft, rotate
Axle is arranged on planet carrier by the 3rd bearing, planet carrier is enclosed within main shaft, the second planetary gear be fixed on left end cap
Heart wheel engagement；Described motor comprises the first stator disc, the second stator disc and the 3rd stator disc, and main shaft is cased with the 4th axle successively
Hold, the first stator disc, at least one the 3rd stator disc, the second stator disc and the 5th bearing, on the 4th bearing and the 5th bearing point
It is not cased with in the middle of the first rotor dish and the second rotor disk, the first rotor dish and the second rotor disk having clamped at least two third trochanter
Dish, and it is positioned, in the middle of two stator discs, between adjacent third trochanter dish, have lasso to be connected, the first rotor dish and the second rotor
The inner side of dish is respectively equipped with the first groove, is provided with the first permanent magnet in the first groove, is equipped with on the two sides of third trochanter dish
Second groove, is mounted on the second permanent magnet in the second groove, fix with sun gear gear ring and be connected, pass through outside the first rotor dish
Sun gear gear ring output moment of torsion, described first stator disc, the second stator disc, the 3rd stator disc are equipped with several annular spread
For installing the pyriform hole of coil, coil is fixed in pyriform hole by stopping means, by the first stator disc, coil, first
Rotor disk, third trochanter dish, the first permanent magnet and the second permanent magnet composition motor the first power unit, by the second stator disc,
Coil, the second rotor disk, third trochanter dish, the first permanent magnet and the second power unit of the second permanent magnet composition motor, by the
Three stator discs, coil, two third trochanter dishes, at least one the 3rd power unit of the second permanent magnet composition motor, first moves
Power unit, the second power unit, the coil of the 3rd power unit are connected with core of a cable.
Disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver the most according to claim 1 have gear hub motor, its feature
It is: described sun gear gear ring comprises the gear teeth and the installing ring coaxial with the gear teeth, and installing ring is fixed on motor, installing ring overcoat
There are oil shield, oil shield to be tightly connected with left end cap, reducing gear are wrapped in the space of left end cap and oil shield formation.
Disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver the most according to claim 1 have gear hub motor, its feature
It is: described planet carrier is sleeved on main shaft, and central hole has keyway wherein, the convex shelves on main shaft makees backer location, pass through
Jump ring, pivot pin and spindle lock.
Disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver the most according to claim 1 have gear hub motor, its feature
It is: described stopping means comprises inner ring rib, outer ring flange, interior trim ring, outer trim ring and annular circuit board, described first stator
The one side of dish, the second stator disc and the 3rd stator disc is extended with inner ring rib, outer ring flange, and the another side at stator disc is provided with
Outer trim ring, interior trim ring or annular circuit board, limited by inner ring rib, outer ring flange, interior trim ring, outer trim ring and annular circuit board
The axial displacement of coil.
Disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver the most according to claim 1 have gear hub motor, its feature
It is: described first stator disc or the second stator disc or any one the 3rd stator disc are suitable in the one side installing annular circuit board
Sequence is provided with three the 3rd grooves, is provided with Hall element in the 3rd groove, and Hall element is connected with annular circuit board, annular
Circuit board is connected with core of a cable.
Disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver the most according to claim 1 have gear hub motor, its feature
It is: described coil is the air core coil of circle copper enamel-covered wire coiling, and its internal via shape is triangle, and the outer ring after coiling is shaped as
Pyriform also matches with pyriform hole；The triangular inner hole of described coil is positioned at the interior angle inside stator disc and is less than 60 °, in triangle
The radical length in hole is less than 1/3rd of the longest diameter of radial diameter of coil.
Disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver the most according to claim 1 have gear hub motor, its feature
It is: on described the first rotor dish and the second rotor disk, be equipped with louvre.
Disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver the most according to claim 1 have gear hub motor, its feature
It is: described permanent magnet is fan-shaped Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet material, and the inside and outside semidiameter of the most fan-shaped permanent magnet of its radical length is coil
0.5-0.8 times of the longest diameter of radial diameter.
Disc type unit stacking iron-core-free DC motor Driver the most according to claim 1 have gear hub motor, its feature
It is: described permanent magnet comprises several permanent magnet units, leaves gap between two adjacent permanent magnets unit, the size in gap
Adaptive with classical insulation.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610881159.8A CN106230218B (en) | 2016-10-09 | 2016-10-09 | A kind of hub motor with teeth of disc type unit stacking iron-core-free direct current generator driving |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610881159.8A CN106230218B (en) | 2016-10-09 | 2016-10-09 | A kind of hub motor with teeth of disc type unit stacking iron-core-free direct current generator driving |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN106230218A true CN106230218A (en) | 2016-12-14 |
| CN106230218B CN106230218B (en) | 2019-04-19 |
Family
ID=58076922
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610881159.8A Expired - Fee Related CN106230218B (en) | 2016-10-09 | 2016-10-09 | A kind of hub motor with teeth of disc type unit stacking iron-core-free direct current generator driving |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN106230218B (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106995026A (en) * | 2017-05-09 | 2017-08-01 | 深圳威枫豪斯新能源科技有限公司 | A kind of electronic kart |
| CN109291785A (en) * | 2018-11-22 | 2019-02-01 | 武汉思得汽车科技有限公司 | A kind of motor assembly system of built-in retarder |
| CN111224474A (en) * | 2018-11-27 | 2020-06-02 | 深圳核心医疗科技有限公司 | Disk type motor |
| CN112277623A (en) * | 2020-11-10 | 2021-01-29 | 广东高能新动力科技有限公司 | New forms of energy load armored car wheel hub motor |
| TWI776381B (en) * | 2020-03-30 | 2022-09-01 | 日商本田技研工業股份有限公司 | In-wheel motor |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1160943A (en) * | 1996-01-18 | 1997-10-01 | 有裕株式会社 | Coreless type BLDC motor and method of producing stator assembly |
| CN1343386A (en) * | 1999-02-12 | 2002-04-03 | 赫尔穆特·席勒 | Electric machine |
| CN2486362Y (en) * | 2001-07-19 | 2002-04-17 | 苏州小羚羊电动车有限公司 | Hub motor driven of electric bicycle |
| US20050176542A1 (en) * | 2004-02-11 | 2005-08-11 | Chiu-Hsiang Lo | Hub motor mechanism |
| US20100071972A1 (en) * | 2006-07-07 | 2010-03-25 | Michael Ulrich Lamperth | Electrical machine |
| CN102594019A (en) * | 2012-02-27 | 2012-07-18 | 苏州八方电机科技有限公司 | Hub power-generating motor |
-
2016
- 2016-10-09 CN CN201610881159.8A patent/CN106230218B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1160943A (en) * | 1996-01-18 | 1997-10-01 | 有裕株式会社 | Coreless type BLDC motor and method of producing stator assembly |
| CN1343386A (en) * | 1999-02-12 | 2002-04-03 | 赫尔穆特·席勒 | Electric machine |
| CN2486362Y (en) * | 2001-07-19 | 2002-04-17 | 苏州小羚羊电动车有限公司 | Hub motor driven of electric bicycle |
| US20050176542A1 (en) * | 2004-02-11 | 2005-08-11 | Chiu-Hsiang Lo | Hub motor mechanism |
| US20100071972A1 (en) * | 2006-07-07 | 2010-03-25 | Michael Ulrich Lamperth | Electrical machine |
| CN102594019A (en) * | 2012-02-27 | 2012-07-18 | 苏州八方电机科技有限公司 | Hub power-generating motor |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 夏冰: "小型垂直轴风力发电盘式永磁电机的研究", 《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库》 * |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106995026A (en) * | 2017-05-09 | 2017-08-01 | 深圳威枫豪斯新能源科技有限公司 | A kind of electronic kart |
| CN109291785A (en) * | 2018-11-22 | 2019-02-01 | 武汉思得汽车科技有限公司 | A kind of motor assembly system of built-in retarder |
| CN111224474A (en) * | 2018-11-27 | 2020-06-02 | 深圳核心医疗科技有限公司 | Disk type motor |
| TWI776381B (en) * | 2020-03-30 | 2022-09-01 | 日商本田技研工業股份有限公司 | In-wheel motor |
| CN112277623A (en) * | 2020-11-10 | 2021-01-29 | 广东高能新动力科技有限公司 | New forms of energy load armored car wheel hub motor |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN106230218B (en) | 2019-04-19 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN106230217B (en) | A kind of hub motor of disc type iron core-free direct current generator driving | |
| CN106208511B (en) | A kind of hub motor with teeth of disc type iron core-free direct current generator driving | |
| CN106385135B (en) | A kind of energy-saving electric bicycle hub motor | |
| CN106341017B (en) | A kind of disc type unit stacking iron-core-free direct current generator | |
| CN106230218B (en) | A kind of hub motor with teeth of disc type unit stacking iron-core-free direct current generator driving | |
| CN106208588B (en) | A kind of hub motor with teeth with hydrodynamic lubrication oil lubrication | |
| CN206041766U (en) | There is a tooth in -wheel motor with glossy cunning of liquid lubrication | |
| CN106130295A (en) | The small-wheel-diameter solid tyre integrated motor of disc type iron core-free DC motor Driver | |
| CN206164284U (en) | Energy -saving electric bicycle in -wheel motor | |
| CN206041731U (en) | Disk does not have iron core direct current motor driven and has tooth in -wheel motor | |
| CN105932823B (en) | Microminiature iron-core-free brushless efficient wheel hub motor | |
| CN104554602B (en) | Bridge gear clutch brushless hub electric motor | |
| CN206041762U (en) | Double dynamical no iron core direct current motor of disk | |
| CN106100173A (en) | A kind of wheel hub electric motor of electric vehicle | |
| CN206041763U (en) | Disk does not have iron core direct current motor | |
| CN104494774B (en) | Remote control gear clutch Dual Drive high-speed brushless big hub motor | |
| CN106300856A (en) | A kind of magneto multilayer board motor | |
| CN106130294B (en) | A kind of double dynamical iron-core-free direct current generator of disc type | |
| CN106300855B (en) | A kind of disc type iron core-free direct current generator | |
| CN1581646A (en) | Brushless through-shaft speed-reducing hub motor | |
| CN107872120A (en) | A kind of motor radiating aerofoil fan | |
| CN107891740A (en) | A kind of side hanging electric bicycle Dual-motors Driving assembly | |
| CN109474148A (en) | A kind of Segway Human Transporter hub motor | |
| CN101056033A (en) | Discrete tangent switch type motor wheel | |
| CN1564429A (en) | Rotor permanent magnet conversion governing dynamo and its hub electric wheel |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |
Granted publication date: 20190419 Termination date: 20191009 |
|
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |