CN106226015A - A kind of assay device of turbine disk coupled vibrations - Google Patents
A kind of assay device of turbine disk coupled vibrations Download PDFInfo
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- CN106226015A CN106226015A CN201610511981.5A CN201610511981A CN106226015A CN 106226015 A CN106226015 A CN 106226015A CN 201610511981 A CN201610511981 A CN 201610511981A CN 106226015 A CN106226015 A CN 106226015A
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- blade
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M7/00—Vibration-testing of structures; Shock-testing of structures
- G01M7/02—Vibration-testing by means of a shake table
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- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
- Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention proposes a kind of turbine disk coupled vibrations assay device, including blade loading structure, force medium, centrifugal force adjustment structure, ring frame, support pallet etc..Blade, for the blade being connected by tenon structure, wheel disc, is on the one hand connected on ring frame by blade loading structure, force medium, centrifugal force adjustment structure, on the other hand simulates true load mode and be constrained on support stand by wheel disc by this assay device；Can be regulated accordingly by centrifugal force adjustment structure and put on the size of load on blade, the centrifugal force of different rotating speeds under simulation rotation status；Arrange respective sensor and apply certain excitation, the test of turbine disk coupled vibrations can be carried out.This unit simulation rotation status lower blade wheel disc loaded state, provides test battery means for carrying out the research of turbine disk coupled vibrations.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the assay device of a kind of blade-wheel disc coupled vibrations, can be used for aero-engine, gas turbine,
The experimental test of the blades such as steam turbine-wheel disc coupled vibrations.
Background technology
The turbomachines such as aero-engine, gas turbine, steam turbine are widely used in Aeronautics and Astronautics, electric power, traffic etc.
Industrial circle, plays vital effect in national economy.As the core key part of above-mentioned turbomachine, blade,
Wheel disc generally uses tenon structure to be connected.Under air-operated drive, unbalance mass etc. act on, blade and wheel disc can force and shake
The dynamic vibrating fatigue that results in even resonates destructions, and research shows that blade vibration fatigue rupture accounts for 68% left side of its damage inactivation
Right.Therefore carry out the vibration Characteristics of the key such as blade, wheel disc, for the turbomachines such as aero-engine design and
Regular maintenance is significant.
In the turbomachines such as aero-engine in early days, blade is relatively thin, wheel disc is relatively thick, and blade stiffness compares wheel
Dish rigidity differs greatly, and therefore in Analysis of Vibration Characteristic, often ignores the coupling between blade, wheel disc, individually carry out blade and
The dynamics Design of wheel disc and analysis.Such as patent CN102840968A (such as Fig. 1) uses special tool clamping to be fixed on by blade
On electromagnetic vibration generator system, it is ensured that connect rigidity enough, at the bigger leaf basin air inlet edge of blade stress and exhaust edge along sharf
To pasting foil gauge.Find out blade first-order bending vibration frequency, determine maximum stress point and amplitude thereof.By solid up and down at blade tip
Determining current probe, tested blade touches two probes when making corresponding millivoltmeter show voltage simultaneously simultaneously, and detection obtains tested leaf
The amplitude of sheet determines tired examination blade vibration amplitude corresponding to stress.Patent CN103175667A (such as Fig. 2) will with fixture
Blade utilizes housing screw to be rigidly fixed on fixture, and fixture is rigidly fixed in the work top of electric vibration table together with blade
On.The vibration frequency of blade is measured by strain transducer on the acceleration transducer on fixture, blade and laser displacement sensor
Rate, the stress at selected position and amplitude.Monitoring blade stress and with selected position amplitude relation, until blade completes tired time
Till number or inefficacy cause resonant frequency to move down, it is achieved the automatization of blade fatigue non-cpntact measurement.Two patents all establish
A kind of vibration testing device of vanes and method, can carry out vibration characteristics test, but this assay device is equal individual blade
Have employed blade to rigidly fix, it is impossible to consider the elastic impact on blade vibration of wheel disc.Along with the progress of technology, turbomachine
Towards high rotating speed, quantified trend development so that the design of wheel disc is more and more thinner, wheel disc rigidity is constantly close to blade stiffness very
To being in the same order of magnitude, this makes the coupled vibrations of blade-wheel diskware more and more stronger, it is therefore desirable to carry out blade-wheel disc
Coupled vibrations characteristic research, it is to avoid the coupled vibrations occurred in work process lost efficacy.But, current assay device be mostly for
Single blade or disc vibration EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, do not account for the feature of feather joint between blade, wheel disc, it is more difficult to simulation blade, wheel
Centrifugal load during disc spins, therefore the research in terms of blade-wheel disc coupled vibrations concentrates on numerical analysis aspect substantially, lacks
Effective verification experimental verification.
Summary of the invention
The technical issues that need to address of the present invention are: for Coupled vibration problem between research blade-wheel disc, the present invention proposes one
Planting blade-wheel disc coupled vibrations assay device, the blade-wheeling disk structure being connected for tenon structure, by centrifugal force simulator
Apply adjustable centrifugal load, simulate the stressing conditions of rotation status lower blade-wheeling disk structure in a static condition, arrange phase
Blade-wheel disc coupled vibrations test just can be carried out after induction sensor, the certain excitation of applying.
The technical scheme is that a kind of blade-wheel disc coupled vibrations assay device, including blade 1, wheel disc 2, tenon even
Joint 3, blade loading structure 4, force medium 5, centrifugal force simulator 6, ring frame 7 and support pallet 8, support pallet 8 end
End is placed in laboratory table or is connected with actuating vibration table, and top is used for fixing wheel disc 2 center；Blade 1 and wheel disc 2 are by feather joint joint
3 are attached；Blade 1, blade loading structure 4, force medium 5 and centrifugal force simulator 6 are attached successively, thus form one
Group connects；Centrifugal force adjustment structure is positioned on ring frame, and some groups connect annularly frame 7 circumference uniform；Centrifugal force simulator 6
Imposed load power, is transferred to blade 1 by force medium 5 and blade loading structure 4 by loading force, and the loading force of transmission is passed through
The center of gravity of blade 1；Regulation centrifugal force simulator imposed load size simulation blade is by different centrifugal force sizes so that blade 1 He
Wheel disc 2 reaches duty；By tapping method, or experimental provision is connected with vibration table, produces vibrational excitation and vibrate
Test.
The further technical scheme of the present invention is: when described blade 2 is for not shrouded blade, blade loading structure 4 is two
The identical holding piece blade 1 of individual structure is between two holding pieces, and its surface contacted with blade 1 and blade 1 closely paste
Close；Holding piece two ends are clamped further by bolt, and bolt axis and two holding piece axis are mutually perpendicular to.
The further technical scheme of the present invention is: when described blade 2 is for shrouded blade, integral shroud is rake；Blade loads
Structure 4 main body is two load-supporting parts, is positioned at integral shroud nearly wheel disc side；Entered by Z-shaped snap close between load-supporting part and integral shroud
The fixing locking of row；The part that load-supporting part extends is attached with force medium 5.
The further technical scheme of the present invention is: force medium 5 bears pulling force, is not subject to pressure, uses steel wire rope, steel strand
Line, stretch cord or elastic band.
The further technical scheme of the present invention is: centrifugal force simulator 6 regulates the size of applying power, on force medium 5
Mount stress sensor or on centrifugal force simulator 6 mount stress sensor show in real time.
The further technical scheme of the present invention is: centrifugal force simulator 6 uses hydraulic actuator or electro-motor.
The further technical scheme of the present invention is: described ring frame 7 or blade loading structure 4 use magnalium, carbon fine
Metal material or composite that dimension material this kind of density low-intensity is big are made.
Invention effect
The method have technical effect that: 1. can carry out the blade-wheel disc coupled vibrations being connected by tenon structure and try
Test；Centrifugal load when 2. being rotated by blade is converted into the uniform load putting on blade, utilize resting state simulation blade-
Loading conditions during wheel disc rotation status, test is relatively easy to realize；3. this assay device can be directed to reality blade,
Coupled vibrations test carried out by wheel disc, it is not necessary to again designs blade/wheel disc or destroys processing, can be widely applied to leaf
The coupled vibrations test of wheel mechanical blade-wheel disc；4. this assay device is applicable for use with all kinds of tenon structure phase such as dovetail, vertical tree type
Connect blade-wheel disc coupled vibrations；5. can apply different centrifugal loads by centrifugal force simulator, research centrifugal force is to leaf
The impact of sheet-wheel disc coupled vibrations characteristic.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is vibration testing device of vanes the first structural representation of the prior art.
Fig. 2 is vibration testing device of vanes the second structural representation of the prior art.
Fig. 3 is present configuration schematic diagram.
Fig. 4 is one not shrouded blade loading structure schematic diagram
Fig. 5 is a kind of shrouded blade loading structure left view
Fig. 6 position one shrouded blade loading structure axle surveys view
Fig. 7 is a kind of centrifugal force adjustment structure mounting means the first schematic diagram.
Fig. 8 is a kind of centrifugal force adjustment structure mounting means the second schematic diagram.
Fig. 9 is a kind of centrifugal force adjustment structure mounting means the 3rd schematic diagram.
In figure:
1 blade, 2 wheel discs, 3 feather joint joints, 4 blade loading structures, 5 force media, 6 centrifugal force are adjusted
Nodule structure, 7 ring frames, 8 supporting constructions, 9 blade loading structure pressure face parts, 10 blade loading structure suction surfaces
Part, 11 bolt 1,12 shrouded blade loading structure support members, 13 shrouded blade loading structure snap closes, 14 bolts
2,15 hydraulic actuation tube stent 1,16 hydraulic actuators, 17 hydraulic actuation tube stent 2,18 pins.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with being embodied as example, technical solution of the present invention is further illustrated.
1, see Fig. 1, for the blade being connected by tenon structure, wheel disc, blade is provided with loading structure, loads knot
Structure is connected with the centrifugal force simulator being arranged on ring frame by force medium, and wheel disc is constrained on and is fixed on actuating vibration table
On support stand.Different size of centrifugal load can be applied by centrifugal force adjustment structure, be pulling force and be applied to load knot
On structure, simply can regulate magnitude of load, different size of centrifugal load in simulation blade rotary course.Filled by above-mentioned test
Put, the stressing conditions of rotation status lower blade-wheeling disk structure can be simulated in a static condition, arrange corresponding sensor and execute
Add excitation load, blade-wheel disc coupled vibrations test can be carried out.
Described blade and dish coupled vibrations assay device use real blade, wheel disc, and by real tenon structure
It is connected.
Described blade loading structure is fixed on the integral shroud of not shrouded blade surface or shrouded blade, by adding with described
Carry the connected force medium of structure and be applied through the load of blade center of gravity.Described loading structure uses the metal that density Low rigidity is big
Material or composite.For not shrouded blade, described loading structure is fixed on blade surface, and described loading structure is mainly by two
Individual hold assembly and bolt composition.Two hold assemblies of described loading structure are divided into pressure face part and suction surface part, respectively
Corresponding blade suction surface and pressure face, its zone line has the profile identical with blade, and two side areas is for extending in parallel region.
Have bolt hole in hold assembly two side areas, stepped up by described bolt thus fit tightly in blade surface, pass through simultaneously
Described bolt is connected with force medium.It is fixed on blade surface by the extruding force produced at pressure face, suction surface thus transmits
The load that force medium applies.For shrouded blade, described loading structure is fixed on integral shroud, mainly by two load parts,
Snap close and bolt composition.Said two load parts consistent size in addition to upper surface outer mold surface.Described load member upper surface
There is the profile identical with integral shroud lower surface, be fixed on integral shroud by locker and fit tightly in integral shroud lower surface, institute
State load parts two ends to be connected with force medium by bolt.Described force medium imposed load, is applied to by load parts
Blade shroud lower surface.Described force medium, can only bear pulling force, and one end is connected with blade loading structure, and one end is with centrifugal
Draught control system is connected.Described centrifugal force adjustment structure, is arranged on ring frame with blade one_to_one corresponding, by force medium
Apply centrifugal force；Centrifugal force adjustment structure can regulate the size of applying power, and can show the size of loading force in good time.
Described ring frame uses the metal material that density is big compared with low-intensity, can bear simulation blade centrifugal force and be applied
Load, centrifugal force adjustment structure can be fixed.Described support stand one end is simulated true installation form and is connected with wheel disc, one end
It is connected with actuating vibration table.
In the application, 1. loading structure is installed on blade, blade is installed according to actual feather joint mode with wheel disc；②
Being connected with loading structure force medium one end, the other end is connected with centrifugal force adjustment structure；3. by uniform for centrifugal force simulator
It is arranged on ring frame, mount stress sensor on force medium, regulation centrifugal force simulator imposed load and force medium
Length, makes blade and wheel disc reach couple state, and force medium stretches but without pulling force；4. by force medium active force and blade
Suffered active force corresponding relation, regulation centrifugal force simulator imposed load size simulation blade is by different centrifugal force sizes；5. will
Wheel disc is connected with supporting construction simulation wheel disc actual installation mode；6. by tapping method, or by experimental provision and vibration table phase
Even, produce vibrational excitation and carry out vibration test.
The present embodiment is a kind of blade-wheel disc coupled vibrations assay device, and this device is carried out by shown situation referring to the drawings
Describing in detail, as without the material of assay device component parts, shape, size, configuration etc. are carried out special provision, then this test fills
The scope put is not limited to this, is merely cited for explanation.
Refering to Fig. 3, this example is illustrated with the true blade used and the wheel disc being connected by dovetail.The present invention can
On the basis of not destroying blade, wheel disc, real blade and wheel disc coupled structure are carried out vibration test.Blade passes through with wheel disc
Tenon structure is connected, and wheel disc simulation real bearing state is fixed in supporting construction.Loading structure, loading structure are installed on blade
It is connected with the centrifugal force adjustment structure being arranged on ring frame by force medium.Can be applied by centrifugal force adjustment structure
Different size of centrifugal load, different size of centrifugal load in simulation blade rotary course.Thus realize in a static condition
The stressing conditions of simulation rotation status lower blade-wheeling disk structure, arranges corresponding sensor and applies excitation load, can carry out
Blade-wheel disc coupled vibrations test.For alleviating blade loading structure, force medium, centrifugal force simulator and ring frame, these moulds
Intend the impact on impeller coupled structure vibration characteristics of the centrifugal force institute filling structure, blade loading structure, ring frame and fixing institute
The metal material that density low-intensity is big is all used with snap close, bolt.
For shrouded blade in practical situation and not two kinds of situations of shrouded blade, described blade loading structure has different structure
Form, sees Fig. 4, Fig. 5.Described blade loading structure is fixed on not on the surface of shrouded blade or the integral shroud of shrouded blade, logical
Cross the force medium being connected with described loading structure and be applied through the load of blade center of gravity.
Seeing in Fig. 4, this example, the loading structure for not shrouded blade is made up of two hold assemblies and bolt.
Described hold assembly is divided into pressure face part and suction surface part, respectively corresponding suction surface and the pressure being fixed on actual blade
Face.Described pressure face part and suction surface part, zone line removes outside leading edge trailing edge with blade pressure surface, suction surface respectively
Zone line has identical profile, and both sides are for extending in parallel region, and the median plane of former and later two part elongated areas is one
The individual plane by blade center of gravity line.By making to be connected with in the elongated area of former and later two parts described so that front and back
Two grips blades, the zone line of former and later two parts fits tightly in blade surface, by pressure face, suction surface
The extruding force produced is fixed on blade surface.By the bolt installed in former and later two part elongated areas described, with force
Medium is connected, and in this example, force medium uses the steel wire rope being not subject to pressure, and one ends wound is connected on bolt, the other end
It is connected with centrifugal force controller.By the load of force medium transmission, by the frictional force produced in pressure face, suction surface extruding force
It is delivered on blade surface.Bolt installation site need to be determined so that act on and pass through blade center-of-gravity station making a concerted effort on blade.
See in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, this example, for the loading structure of shrouded blade by two load parts, snap close and bolt
Composition.Said two load parts are in addition to upper surface profile, and other are equivalently-sized.Load parts zone line upper surface have and
The identical profile of integral shroud lower surface, both sides are elongated area.Described snap close is z font, a side compression integral shroud upper surface, and opposite side leads to
Cross described bolt to be connected with load parts, so that load parts are fixed under integral shroud, load member upper surface zone line
Fit tightly in integral shroud lower surface.Adjust two load component locations so that two part centre faces are by blade center of gravity
Plane.Being connected with force medium in elongated area, support section both sides, in this example, force medium uses and is not subject to pressure
Steel wire rope, one ends wound is fixed on support zone both sides, and the other end is connected with centrifugal force controller, in load parts two side areas
It is provided with groove in order to fixing steel wire rope position.By the load of force medium transmission, it is delivered on blade shroud by support section.
Support section two end regions steel wire rope fixed position need to be determined so that act on the active force on integral shroud and make a concerted effort to pass through blade center of gravity
Position.
Centrifugal force adjustment structure and blade one_to_one corresponding are arranged on ring frame, and ring frame uses magnalium, carbon fiber
Metal material that material this kind of density low-intensity is big or composite, ring frame needs to bear simulation the produced load of blade centrifugal force
Lotus.Use and be not subject to the steel wire rope of pressure and light aluminum alloy or almag ring frame, on blade-wheel disc coupled vibrations impact
Less.
Centrifugal force adjustment structure in this example uses hydraulic actuator imposed load, and installing force passes on force medium
Sensor can show the size of loading force in real time；By centrifugal force adjustment structure, thus it is possible to vary put on the big of power on steel wire rope
Little, thus simulate the size of centrifugal force under different rotating speeds.
In the present embodiment, centrifugal force adjustment structure i.e. hydraulic actuator, this example enumerates three kinds of itself and ring frame connection sides
Formula, sees Fig. 7-9.In Fig. 7, on hydraulic actuator top with support, support is that square or circular framework (can be by processing
Realize integration), concrete shape and inner wall size coordinate with ring frame cross sectional shape, and support and ring frame use interference to join
Close, so that hydraulic actuator can be fixed on ring frame.Hydraulic actuator bottom, with annular union joint, in this example, is executed
The i.e. steel wire penetrating union joint of power media is connected with hydraulic actuator.In Fig. 8, hydraulic actuator side, with connecting support, is propped up
Frame is tabular, is bolted and makes support be fixed on ring frame, thus fixed hydraulic pressurized strut.Hydraulic actuator and force
Medium connected mode is consistent with Fig. 7.In Fig. 9, hydraulic actuator top has circular hole, ring frame has and hydraulic actuator
The circular hole that overall diameter is consistent, hydraulic actuator is through circular hole on ring frame, by inserting pin at hydraulic actuator top circular hole
Fix hydraulic actuator.Pin uses interference fit with hydraulic actuator.
In the present embodiment, wheel disc is restrained on support stand, and its connected mode simulates wheel disc and axle in turbomachine
True connection.
This assay device, utilizes centrifugal force adjustment structure, force medium, blade loading structure concentrfated load to be put on very
On fertile leaf sheet, centrifugal force when simulation rotates, utilize resting state to simulate rotation status lower blade-wheel disc stand under load.Blade,
Arrange respective sensor on wheel disc and apply certain excitation, the coupled vibrations test of blade-wheel disc can be carried out.Lead to simultaneously
Cross simulation different size centrifugal force, the centrifugal force influence research to blade-wheel disc coupled vibrations characteristic can be carried out.
Claims (7)
1. blade-wheel disc coupled vibrations assay device, adds including blade (1), wheel disc (2), feather joint joint (3), blade
Carry structure (4), force medium (5), centrifugal force simulator (6), ring frame (7) and support pallet (8), it is characterised in that: support
Pallet (8) bottom is placed in laboratory table or is connected with actuating vibration table, and top is used for fixing wheel disc (2) center；Blade (1) and wheel disc
(2) it is attached by feather joint joint (3)；Blade (1), blade loading structure (4), force medium (5) and centrifugal force simulation
Device (6) is attached successively, thus forms one group of connection；Centrifugal force adjustment structure is positioned on ring frame, and some groups connect edge
Ring frame (7) circumference is uniform；Centrifugal force simulator (6) imposed load power, by force medium (5) and blade loading structure (4)
Loading force is transferred to blade (1), and the center of gravity that the loading force of transmission is by blade (1)；Regulation centrifugal force simulator applies to carry
Lotus size simulation blade is by different centrifugal force sizes so that blade (1) and wheel disc (2) reach duty；By tapping method,
Or experimental provision is connected with vibration table, produce vibrational excitation and carry out vibration test.
2. according to a kind of blade described in claim 1-wheel disc coupled vibrations assay device, it is characterised in that when described leaf
Sheet (2) be not shrouded blade time, blade loading structure (4) is that the holding piece blade (1) that two structures are identical is positioned at two clampings
Between sheet, and its surface contacted with blade (1) and blade (1) fit tightly；Holding piece two ends are clamped further by bolt,
Bolt axis and two holding piece axis are mutually perpendicular to.
3. according to a kind of blade described in claim 1-wheel disc coupled vibrations assay device, it is characterised in that when described leaf
When sheet (2) is shrouded blade, integral shroud is rake；Blade loading structure (4) is two bearing strips, is positioned at integral shroud nearly wheel disc side；
It is fixed locking by Z-shaped snap close between bearing strip and integral shroud；The part that holding piece extends is carried out with force medium (5)
Connect.
4. according to a kind of blade described in claim 1-wheel disc coupled vibrations assay device, it is characterised in that: force medium
(5) bear pulling force, be not subject to pressure, use steel wire rope, steel strand wires, stretch cord or elastic band.
5. according to a kind of blade described in claim 1-wheel disc coupled vibrations assay device, it is characterised in that: centrifugal force mould
Intend the size of device (6) regulation applying power, at the upper mount stress sensor of force medium (5) or in the upper peace of centrifugal force simulator (6)
Dress strain gauge shows in real time.
Centrifugal force adjustment structure (4) the most according to claim 8, it is characterised in that: centrifugal force simulator (6) uses hydraulic pressure
Pressurized strut or electro-motor.
A kind of blade-wheel disc coupled vibrations assay device the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: described ring frame
Or blade loading structure (4) uses magnalium or the big metal material of carbon fibre material this kind of density low-intensity or compound (7)
Material is made.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201610511981.5A CN106226015A (en) | 2016-07-01 | 2016-07-01 | A kind of assay device of turbine disk coupled vibrations |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201610511981.5A CN106226015A (en) | 2016-07-01 | 2016-07-01 | A kind of assay device of turbine disk coupled vibrations |
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| CN106813915A (en) * | 2017-02-09 | 2017-06-09 | 北京航空航天大学 | Pad loading device and damping test device between a kind of blade loading device, groove |
| CN108931349A (en) * | 2018-04-09 | 2018-12-04 | 南京航空航天大学 | For simulating whirling test device in the hard object impact test of high speed |
| CN108982095A (en) * | 2018-09-29 | 2018-12-11 | 哈尔滨电气股份有限公司 | A kind of rotation test device for the verifying of combustion engine wheel disc brake test |
| CN110006642A (en) * | 2019-04-17 | 2019-07-12 | 苏州东菱振动试验仪器有限公司 | A kind of vibrate adds centrifugal compound fatigue rig |
| CN110389024A (en) * | 2019-06-17 | 2019-10-29 | 浙江大学 | A kind of all composite fatigue experimental rigs of turbine engine rotor mortise structure height and method |
| CN111649926A (en) * | 2020-06-08 | 2020-09-11 | 中国航发北京航空材料研究院 | Axial and vibration high-low cycle composite fatigue test device |
| CN112710448A (en) * | 2021-01-22 | 2021-04-27 | 中国人民解放军空军工程大学 | Resonance fatigue test system and method capable of applying combined stress load |
| CN113984317A (en) * | 2021-10-26 | 2022-01-28 | 中国航发沈阳发动机研究所 | Bidirectional rotating blade disc excitation test device and system |
| CN114441122A (en) * | 2020-11-06 | 2022-05-06 | 中国航发商用航空发动机有限责任公司 | Vibration fatigue test device and method for composite material fan blade |
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| CN106813915A (en) * | 2017-02-09 | 2017-06-09 | 北京航空航天大学 | Pad loading device and damping test device between a kind of blade loading device, groove |
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