CN106208023B - A kind of single-phase arc overvoltage limits device based on metallic ground principle - Google Patents

A kind of single-phase arc overvoltage limits device based on metallic ground principle Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106208023B
CN106208023B CN201610822479.6A CN201610822479A CN106208023B CN 106208023 B CN106208023 B CN 106208023B CN 201610822479 A CN201610822479 A CN 201610822479A CN 106208023 B CN106208023 B CN 106208023B
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node
network
limits device
leader cluster
energy
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CN106208023A (en
Inventor
殷峰
李娟�
杜建
梁乃峰
赵普志
王锦山
王力
张永喜
田海刚
周二彪
石国宇
王轩
赵军
汪健
袁铁江
刘勇
刘俊
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ANHUI ZHENGGUANGDIAN ELECTRIC TECHNOLOGIES Co Ltd
KUITUN POWER SUPPLY COMPANY STATE GRID XINJIANG ELECTRIC POWER Co Ltd
Yi Li Electric Co Of Guo Wang Xinjiang Power Co
State Grid Corp of China SGCC
Economic and Technological Research Institute of State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co Ltd
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ANHUI ZHENGGUANGDIAN ELECTRIC TECHNOLOGIES Co Ltd
KUITUN POWER SUPPLY COMPANY STATE GRID XINJIANG ELECTRIC POWER Co Ltd
Yi Li Electric Co Of Guo Wang Xinjiang Power Co
State Grid Corp of China SGCC
Economic and Technological Research Institute of State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co Ltd
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Priority to CN201610822479.6A priority Critical patent/CN106208023B/en
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02HEMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H9/00Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
    • H02H9/04Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02HEMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/08Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess current
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02HEMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H9/00Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
    • H02H9/04Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage
    • H02H9/06Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage using spark-gap arresters
    • H02J13/0006

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  • Remote Monitoring And Control Of Power-Distribution Networks (AREA)

Abstract

A kind of single-phase arc overvoltage limits device based on metallic ground principle; including monitoring modular and limits device; the monitoring modular includes performance evaluation unit, network chooses unit and network optimization unit, the limits device include high voltage isolator BD, a harmonic elimination apparatus GDQ, intelligent controller GDM, the voltage transformer pt with auxiliary secondary winding, high-voltage and current-limitation fuse component FU, can individual-phase control high-pressure vacuum contactor JZ and three phase combined over-voltage protector GDB;The device can require that relevant device is moved back in throwing according to user, introduce the magnitude of current as criterion, realize a variety of blocking functions, it is ensured that network system power supply is reliable.

Description

A kind of single-phase arc overvoltage limits device based on metallic ground principle
Technical field
The invention is related to technical field of electric power, and in particular to a kind of single-phase arc light based on metallic ground principle is excessively electric Press limits device.
Background technology
Most of following power networks of China 35kV use the neutral point indirect earthing method of operation.Work as neutral point indirect earthing When single-phase intermittent arc earthing failure occurs for system, electric arc repeatedly constantly extinguishes and restriked, and causes on system direct-to-ground capacitance Electric charge repeatedly constantly accumulate and redistribute, cause higher-order of oscillation overvoltage on the inductor-capacitor loop of non-faulting phase.
The accumulation that the overvoltage of amplitude exacerbates the solid insulations such as cable is destroyed, while arc grounding over-voltage will also Cause PT or fuse melting, even more serious will cause Explosion of on Arrester.
Solve the problems, such as that arc grounding using system neutral earthing mode is changed, is connect using small resistor in early time Ground, power supply reliability is sacrificed to solve arc grounding, develops into later using arc suppression coil principle, utilizes inductance and the electricity of electric capacity Voltage-current characteristic is different, using inductive current come compensating electric capacity electric current, because arc grounding be high frequency content, so by power frequency design Arc suppression coil can not compensate high frequency electric, conversely because the access of coil will also produce many side effects, such as:Route selection is not Standard, easily produce resonance, transferring over-voltage etc..
The content of the invention
The purpose of the invention is solve above-mentioned weak point of the prior art and provide one kind and connect based on metal The single-phase arc overvoltage limits device of ground principle.
The purpose of the invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
A kind of single-phase arc overvoltage limits device based on metallic ground principle, including monitoring modular and limits device, The monitoring modular, which includes performance evaluation unit, network selection unit and network optimization unit, the limits device, includes high pressure Disconnecting switch BD, a harmonic elimination apparatus GDQ, intelligent controller GDM, the voltage transformer pt with auxiliary secondary winding, high pressure Limiting fuse component FU, can individual-phase control high-pressure vacuum contactor JZ and three phase combined over-voltage protector GDB.
Preferably, monitoring modular is monitored in real time using wireless sensor network to operation of power networks, wireless sensor network Network enters row data communication using zigbee agreement;
A, performance evaluation unit, the two-stage appraisement system analyzed Monitoring Performance is established, is established according to evaluation object Comprehensive evaluation index, one-level evaluation object are user's perceptual performance, network aware performance and node perceived performance, user's perceptibility Can two-level appraisement object be monitoring network life cycle, perceived accuracy and perceive time delay, the two-level appraisement of network aware performance Object is monitoring network coverage rate, energy expenditure and transmission reliability, and the two-level appraisement object of node perceived performance is node work( Rate control, dormancy mechanism and time synchronized;
B, network chooses unit, according to influence of the heterogeneous networks topological structure to comprehensive evaluation index, using clustered network Topological structure;
C, network optimization unit, sensor network energy consumption is optimized, including model establishes subelement and energy optimization Subelement;
Model establishes subelement:Monitored area is the circle that radius is r, and n sensor node is evenly distributed with region, is adopted With fan-shaped sub-clustering heterogeneous network topology, base-station node is located at the center of circle, and leader cluster node is located at sector region center, cluster inner sensor section Point can only communicate with leader cluster node, and leader cluster node can only be with base-station node communication, and cluster inner sensor node is sent data to Leader cluster node processing, leader cluster node transfer data to base-station node after data are compressed with processing;
Energy optimization subelement:
The ENERGY E that distance is consumed by transmitting 1 bit data between d sensor nodeTFor:
In formula, EsThe energy consumption of transtation mission circuit or receiving circuit when being transmission or recruiting unit's bit, EfIt is free space channel Energy needed for power amplification, E under modelmIt is energy, d needed for power amplification under multipath fading channels model0For Channel assignment threshold Value, d0∈[80,95];
The energy that the data that leader cluster node merges 1 bit are consumed is Ed
It is d to base-station node distance, the data acquisition range of the cluster is if the leader cluster node CT of certain cluster, the perception radius r Central angle is 2 θ, radius d+r, and inscribed circle radius is d-r sector region, a fan-shaped sensor in data acquisition range Central angle corresponding to the S of node deployment region is d α, and the difference of interior outer radius is dx, then sensor node number is in this S regionSquare distance apart from leader cluster node CT is y2=x2+d2- 2xdcos α, cluster interior nodes and leader cluster node away from From less than d0, all the sensors node is respectively transmitted b bit datas to leader cluster node CT energy consumption E in clusterinFor:
Leader cluster node CT is received, merged, the energy consumption E of transmission dataoutFor:
Cluster total energy consumption E in a data transfer where leader cluster node CTallFor:
Eall=Ein+Eout
Transmission energy consumption is optimized using Swarm Intelligence Algorithm, optimization aim is monitoring range, monitoring node number, perceived Radius and leader cluster node, apart from these topological parameters, understand these topological parameters to node cluster energy first to base-station node The influence of consumption, a Parameters variation is set, ensure that other specification is constant, draw the pass between node cluster energy consumption and running parameter System, is then iterated optimization to it using Swarm Intelligence Algorithm.
Preferably, all parameters of the limits device are using digitlization adjustment.
Preferably, a harmonic elimination apparatus GDQ is loaded between voltage transformer pt first winding neutral point and ground.
Preferably, the intelligent controller GDM uses dual CPU, and host CPU uses 32 bit DSPs as core.
Preferably, the intelligent controller GDM includes communication interface RS485, CAN, can moment monitoring system state, Make accurate judgement to the abnormal operating condition of appearance, and precise acquisition and power system various parameters can be shown.
Preferably, the supply voltage of the intelligent controller GDM is DC220V/110V ± 10%.
Preferably, the voltage transformer pt has high-performance anti-saturation, and its parameter can be matched by user's requirement.
Preferably, the high-voltage and current-limitation fuse component FU can when electric current exceedes limit value quick fuse.
Preferably, the three phase combined over-voltage protector GDB is used for overvoltage caused by limits device a variety of causes.
The beneficial effect of the invention:
1st, the invention is monitored to power network, can find failure early, is easy to take measures;
2nd, invention wireless sensor network, with leader cluster node the perception radius, communication distance, data compression ratio and transmission week Phase is optimization aim, realizes the minimality and harmony of network energy consumption, avoids leader cluster node premature death, so as to extend net The life cycle of network;
3rd, the invention utilizes the fast and accurately data-handling capacity of Digital Signal Processing, realizes Fourier analysis, passes through Analysis to parameters such as system busbar three-phase voltage and frequencies, it is accurately judged to power network arc grounding, transient process and single-phase gold Category ground connection, device can require that relevant device is moved back in throwing according to user, introduce the magnitude of current as criterion, realize a variety of blocking functions, really Insurance system power supply is reliable;
4th, all parameters of the invention have been abandoned the conventional simulated annealing method with potentiometer, carried using digitlization adjustment The high reliability and stability of complete machine;
5th, the invention has extremely strong anti-electromagnetic interference capability, can be used in strongly disturbing complex environment;
6th, the invention can provide blocking function in some special network systems.
7th, the invention can moment monitoring system state, to the abnormal operating condition of appearance (arc grounding, metallic ground, PT broken strings etc.) make accurate judgement, and precise acquisition and power system various parameters can be shown, without installing voltage again The token meter such as table, ammeter.
8th, when system jam, the data parameters of instant of failure are able to record, are easy to refer to during maintenance, cause of accident Analysis.
Brief description of the drawings
Innovation and creation are described further using accompanying drawing, but the embodiment in accompanying drawing does not form and the invention is appointed What is limited, on the premise of not paying creative work, can also be according to the following drawings for one of ordinary skill in the art Obtain other accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of limits device of the present invention.
Reference:High voltage isolator BD-1;Harmonic elimination apparatus GDQ-2;Intelligent controller GDM-3;With auxiliary The voltage transformer pt -4 of secondary winding;High-voltage and current-limitation fuse component FU-5;Can individual-phase control high-pressure vacuum contactor JZ- 6;Three phase combined over-voltage protector GDB-7.
Embodiment
The invention will be further described with the following Examples:
A kind of single-phase arc overvoltage limits device based on metallic ground principle of the present invention, including monitoring modular and limitation Device, the monitoring modular, which includes performance evaluation unit, network selection unit and network optimization unit, the limits device, to be included High voltage isolator BD-1, a harmonic elimination apparatus GDQ-2, intelligent controller GDM-3, the mutual induction of voltage with auxiliary secondary winding Device PT-4, high-voltage and current-limitation fuse component FU-5, can the high-pressure vacuum contactor JZ-6 of individual-phase control and three phase combined excessively electric Press protector GDB-7.
Preferably, monitoring modular is monitored in real time using wireless sensor network to operation of power networks, wireless sensor network Network enters row data communication using zigbee agreement;
A, performance evaluation unit, the two-stage appraisement system analyzed Monitoring Performance is established, is established according to evaluation object Comprehensive evaluation index, one-level evaluation object are user's perceptual performance, network aware performance and node perceived performance, user's perceptibility Can two-level appraisement object be monitoring network life cycle, perceived accuracy and perceive time delay, the two-level appraisement of network aware performance Object is monitoring network coverage rate, energy expenditure and transmission reliability, and the two-level appraisement object of node perceived performance is node work( Rate control, dormancy mechanism and time synchronized;
B, network chooses unit, according to influence of the heterogeneous networks topological structure to comprehensive evaluation index, using clustered network Topological structure;
C, network optimization unit, sensor network energy consumption is optimized, including model establishes subelement and energy optimization Subelement;
Model establishes subelement:Monitored area is the circle that radius is r, and n sensor node is evenly distributed with region, is adopted With fan-shaped sub-clustering heterogeneous network topology, base-station node is located at the center of circle, and leader cluster node is located at sector region center, cluster inner sensor section Point can only communicate with leader cluster node, and leader cluster node can only be with base-station node communication, and cluster inner sensor node is sent data to Leader cluster node processing, leader cluster node transfer data to base-station node after data are compressed with processing;
Energy optimization subelement:
The ENERGY E that distance is consumed by transmitting 1 bit data between d sensor nodeTFor:
In formula, EsThe energy consumption of transtation mission circuit or receiving circuit when being transmission or recruiting unit's bit, EfIt is free space channel Energy needed for power amplification, E under modelmIt is energy, d needed for power amplification under multipath fading channels model0For Channel assignment threshold Value, d0∈[80,95];
The energy that the data that leader cluster node merges 1 bit are consumed is Ed
It is d to base-station node distance, the data acquisition range of the cluster is if the leader cluster node CT of certain cluster, the perception radius r Central angle is 2 θ, radius d+r, and inscribed circle radius is d-r sector region, a fan-shaped sensor in data acquisition range Central angle corresponding to the S of node deployment region is d α, and the difference of interior outer radius is dx, then sensor node number is in this S regionSquare distance apart from leader cluster node CT is y2=x2+d2- 2xdcos α, cluster interior nodes and leader cluster node away from From less than d0, all the sensors node is respectively transmitted b bit datas to leader cluster node CT energy consumption E in clusterinFor:
Leader cluster node CT is received, merged, the energy consumption E of transmission dataoutFor:
Cluster total energy consumption E in a data transfer where leader cluster node CTallFor:
Eall=Ein+Eout
Transmission energy consumption is optimized using Swarm Intelligence Algorithm, optimization aim is monitoring range, monitoring node number, perceived Radius and leader cluster node, apart from these topological parameters, understand these topological parameters to node cluster energy first to base-station node The influence of consumption, a Parameters variation is set, ensure that other specification is constant, draw the pass between node cluster energy consumption and running parameter System, is then iterated optimization to it using Swarm Intelligence Algorithm.
Using leader cluster node the perception radius, communication distance, data compression ratio and transmission cycle as optimization aim, network is realized The minimality and harmony of energy consumption, avoid leader cluster node premature death, so as to extend the life cycle of network.
Preferably, the limits device rated voltage is 35kV, rated current 100A, rated frequency 50Hz.
Preferably, all parameters of the limits device have abandoned the conventional simulation with potentiometer using digitlization adjustment Method of adjustment, improve the reliability and stability of complete machine.
Harmonic elimination apparatus GDQ-2 is loaded between the first winding of voltage transformer pt -4 neutral point and ground, Neng Goufang Locking system resonance, eliminates resonance overvoltage, and protection voltage transformer ensures system safety operation from damage.
Preferably, the intelligent controller GDM-3 uses dual CPU, and host CPU uses 32 bit DSPs as core.
The intelligent controller GDM-3 includes communication interface RS485, CAN, can moment monitoring system state, to going out Existing abnormal operating condition (arc grounding, metallic ground, PT broken strings etc.) makes accurate judgement, and can precise acquisition simultaneously Power system various parameters are shown, without installing the token meter such as voltmeter, ammeter again.
Preferably, the supply voltage of the intelligent controller GDM-3 is DC220V/110V ± 10%.
The voltage transformer pt -4 has high-performance anti-saturation, and its parameter can be selected by user or design requirement Match somebody with somebody.
The high-voltage and current-limitation fuse component FU-5 can fuse when electric current exceedes limit value, when due to plant failure, When the reasons such as maintenance commissioning staff's wiring cause device erroneous judgement, high-voltage and current-limitation fuse component FU-5 fast fast thawings within 2ms Disconnected, short circuit current is far from reaching maximum, will not cause any consequence, and the operation on network system does not influence.
The three phase combined over-voltage protector GDB-7 is used for overvoltage caused by limits device a variety of causes, can Overvoltage before vacuum contactor JZ-6 is acted is limited in relatively low numerical value.
In actual application, once single-phase arc grounding occurs for network system, intelligent controller GDM-3 records event Barrier various parameters at that time and signal an alert, at the same intelligent controller GDM-3 immediately discriminating fault types and it is separate and to The vacuum contactor JZ-6 of failure phase sends action command, and vacuum contactor JZ-6 completes to close circle action, interval in 20ms or so Property arc grounding be converted into metallic earthing therewith, intelligent controller GDM-3 can also start external equipment according to customer requirement. If intelligent controller GDM-3 is set as the state of automatically replying by user, device automatically resets the time set according to user, Make failure phase vacuum contactor by closing variation, device normal operation again.
When metallic ground occurs for network system, intelligent controller GDM-3 signal an alerts, while intelligent controller GDM selects closure vacuum contactor JZ-6 by user's requirement or starts external equipment.If user sets intelligent controller GDM-3 It is set to the state of automatically replying, device automatically resets the time set according to user, makes failure phase vacuum contactor by closing variation, Device normal operation again.
When PT broken strings occur for network system, intelligent controller GDM-3 sends alarm signal.
Finally it should be noted that above example is only illustrating the technical scheme of the invention, rather than to this hair It is bright create protection domain limitation, although being explained with reference to preferred embodiment to the invention, this area it is general It is logical it will be appreciated by the skilled person that can be modified to the technical scheme of the invention or equivalent substitution, without departing from this The spirit and scope of innovation and creation technical scheme.

Claims (9)

1. a kind of single-phase arc overvoltage limits device based on metallic ground principle, including monitoring modular and limits device, institute State that monitoring modular includes performance evaluation unit, network chooses unit and network optimization unit, the limits device include high pressure every Leave and close BD, a harmonic elimination apparatus GDQ, intelligent controller GDM, the voltage transformer pt with auxiliary secondary winding, high pressure limit Flow fuse component FU, can individual-phase control high-pressure vacuum contactor JZ and three phase combined over-voltage protector GDB;
Monitoring modular is monitored in real time using wireless sensor network to operation of power networks, and wireless sensor network uses zigbee Agreement enters row data communication;
A, performance evaluation unit, the two-stage appraisement system analyzed Monitoring Performance is established, is established and integrated according to evaluation object Evaluation index, one-level evaluation object are user's perceptual performance, network aware performance and node perceived performance, user's perceptual performance Two-level appraisement object is monitoring network life cycle, perceived accuracy and perceives time delay, the two-level appraisement object of network aware performance For monitoring network coverage rate, energy expenditure and transmission reliability, the two-level appraisement object of node perceived performance is node power control System, dormancy mechanism and time synchronized;
B, network chooses unit, according to influence of the heterogeneous networks topological structure to comprehensive evaluation index, using clustered network topology Structure;
C, network optimization unit, sensor network energy consumption is optimized, including model establishes subelement and energy optimization is single Member;
Model establishes subelement:Monitored area is the circle that radius is r, n sensor node is evenly distributed with region, using fan Shape sub-clustering heterogeneous network topology, base-station node are located at the center of circle, and leader cluster node is located at sector region center, and cluster inner sensor node is only It can be communicated with leader cluster node, leader cluster node can only communicate with base-station node, and cluster inner sensor node sends data to leader cluster node Processing, leader cluster node transfer data to base-station node after data are compressed with processing;
Energy optimization subelement:
The ENERGY E that distance is consumed by transmitting 1 bit data between d sensor nodeTFor:
In formula, EsThe energy consumption of transtation mission circuit or receiving circuit when being transmission or recruiting unit's bit, EfIt is free space channel model Energy needed for lower power amplification, EmIt is energy, d needed for power amplification under multipath fading channels model0For Channel assignment threshold value, d0 ∈[80,95];
The energy that the data that leader cluster node merges 1 bit are consumed is Ed
It is d to base-station node distance, the data acquisition range of the cluster is the center of circle if the leader cluster node CT of certain cluster, the perception radius r Angle is 2 θ, radius d+r, and inscribed circle radius is d-r sector region, a fan-shaped sensor node in data acquisition range Central angle corresponding to deployment region S is d α, and the difference of interior outer radius is dx, then sensor node number is in this S regionSquare distance apart from leader cluster node CT is y2=x2+d2- 2xdcos α, cluster interior nodes and leader cluster node away from From less than d0, all the sensors node is respectively transmitted b bit datas to leader cluster node CT energy consumption E in clusterinFor:
Leader cluster node CT is received, merged, the energy consumption E of transmission dataoutFor:
Cluster total energy consumption E in a data transfer where leader cluster node CTallFor:
Eall=Ein+Eout
Transmission energy consumption is optimized using Swarm Intelligence Algorithm, optimization aim is monitoring range, monitoring node number, the perception radius And leader cluster node to base-station node apart from these topological parameters, understand these topological parameters first to node cluster energy consumption Influence, set a Parameters variation, ensure that other specification is constant, draw the relation between node cluster energy consumption and running parameter, so Optimization is iterated to it using Swarm Intelligence Algorithm afterwards.
2. a kind of single-phase arc overvoltage limits device based on metallic ground principle according to claim 1, the limit All parameters of device processed are using digitlization adjustment.
3. a kind of single-phase arc overvoltage limits device based on metallic ground principle according to claim 1, described one Secondary harmonic elimination apparatus GDQ is loaded between voltage transformer pt first winding neutral point and ground.
4. a kind of single-phase arc overvoltage limits device based on metallic ground principle according to claim 1, the intelligence Energy controller GDM uses dual CPU, and host CPU uses 32 bit DSPs as core.
5. a kind of single-phase arc overvoltage limits device based on metallic ground principle according to claim 1, the intelligence Can controller GDM include communication interface RS485, CAN, can moment monitoring system state, to the abnormal operating condition of appearance Make accurate judgement, and precise acquisition and power system various parameters can be shown.
6. a kind of single-phase arc overvoltage limits device based on metallic ground principle according to claim 1, the intelligence Energy controller GDM supply voltage is DC220V/110V ± 10%.
7. a kind of single-phase arc overvoltage limits device based on metallic ground principle according to claim 1, the electricity Pressure transformer PT has high-performance anti-saturation, and its parameter can be matched by user's requirement.
8. a kind of single-phase arc overvoltage limits device based on metallic ground principle according to claim 1, the height Press limiting fuse component FU can when electric current exceedes limit value quick fuse.
9. a kind of single-phase arc overvoltage limits device based on metallic ground principle according to claim 1, described three Combined formula overvoltage protection device GDB is used for overvoltage caused by limits device a variety of causes.
CN201610822479.6A 2016-09-13 2016-09-13 A kind of single-phase arc overvoltage limits device based on metallic ground principle Active CN106208023B (en)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP4210188A1 (en) * 2018-12-19 2023-07-12 Bourns, Inc. Protection against ac voltage conditions

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CN110798351B (en) * 2019-10-30 2022-07-29 云南电网有限责任公司信息中心 Power grid fault detection point deployment method based on PSO and ant colony-genetic algorithm

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WO2010149217A1 (en) * 2009-06-26 2010-12-29 Abb Technology Ag Method for protecting transformers, and a transformer
CN202524078U (en) * 2012-04-10 2012-11-07 安徽国科电力设备有限公司 Arc suppression and overvoltage protection device controller
CN203192201U (en) * 2013-02-01 2013-09-11 安徽工程大学 Online monitoring system for high-voltage long-distance power transmission line
CN103401750A (en) * 2013-07-16 2013-11-20 任炬 Method for calculating service life of nodes and energy holes of wireless sensor network

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP4210188A1 (en) * 2018-12-19 2023-07-12 Bourns, Inc. Protection against ac voltage conditions

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