CN106096168B - A kind of space crowd evacuation analogy method based on Auditory Perception - Google Patents
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Abstract
A kind of space crowd evacuation analogy method based on Auditory Perception, the present invention relates to the space crowd evacuation analogy method based on Auditory Perception.The present invention is to solve the problems, such as the influence of quantity and position that sense of hearing key element such as siren is not accounted in existing evacuation analogy method.Step of the present invention is：Step 1: building object plane is carried out into mesh generation, the grid after division is divided into two kinds of situations, and for one kind to be occupied by people or barrier, one kind is sky；Step 2: personnel's translational speed and direction in grid are set；Step 3: obtain probability of the personnel i in future time moved further to grid j according to Auditory Perception cellular Automation Model；Step 4: calculating the movement probability of all personnel in grid, personnel are simulated in current time location to the whole evacuation process for reaching outlet.The present invention is applied to building safety evaluation field.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a space crowd evacuation simulation method based on auditory perception.
Background
At present, the modeling methods of the personnel evacuation model can be roughly divided into two types: one is a macroscopic approach, i.e., treating pedestrians as a continuous flow medium, since modern people evacuation research is differentiated from traffic flow research, and thus naturally inherits the well-established and mature methods of fluid research. The earliest macroscopic model was proposed by Henderson who thought the pedestrian's motion behavior to be similar to the flow of gas or liquid, and the gas dynamics equation of pedestrian behavior was similar to the Boltzmann equation, but it took into account the interplay between pedestrians and the purpose of the pedestrian. Hughes adopts the continuous medium theory (continuum theory) to research the motion characteristics of large population, and further deduces a control equation of the flow of the large population and an equation of avoiding the pedestrian moving to high-density population according to a Navier-Stokes equation, and the model successfully explains the motion condition of the population in the Chao pilgri of Mecca. However, the population does not respect the conservation of momentum and energy, and the macroscopic model has a disadvantage in that the interaction of the human is not taken into account, and thus is not suitable for studying pedestrian flow in an emergency. The macroscopic model ignores the differences between individuals, and the researcher then proposes a new model, the microscopic one.
Another microscopic method, which considers pedestrians as interacting particles, is most notably the social force model of helling. The microscopic model can describe the specific behavior of pedestrian flow, and has attracted great attention in recent years. The research method of the model mainly comprises a continuous type method and a discrete type method. Representative models include a social force model, a magnetic field force model, a cellular automaton model, and a Lattice Gas (Lattice Gas) model.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a space crowd evacuation simulation method based on auditory perception, which aims to solve the problem that influence of auditory elements such as the number and the positions of alarms is not considered in the existing evacuation method.
A space crowd evacuation simulation method based on auditory perception is realized according to the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: carrying out grid division on a building plane, wherein the divided grids are divided into two situations, one is occupied by people or barriers, and the other is empty;
step two: setting the moving speed and direction of the personnel in the grid;
step three: obtaining the probability that the person i moves to the grid j at the next time step according to the auditory perception cellular automata model as follows:
n max and n j For the mesh j the maximum number of persons accommodated and the current number of persons accommodated, n max ＝n j Time indicates that grid j is occupied by an obstacle, k S Attraction coefficient, k, for static information D Is dynamic information attraction coefficient;
S i,j static information attraction of mesh j to person i, D i,j The dynamic information attraction of the grid j to the person i is defined, and M is the grid number of the building plane segmentation;
and step four, calculating the moving probability of all the personnel in the grid, and simulating the whole evacuation process from the current time position to the exit.
The invention has the following effects:
the invention provides an evacuation model based on auditory perception, and the model prototype is a cellular automaton model. The present invention takes into account the influence of auditory elements such as the number and location of alarms and verifies the variables of the deterministic model through sound field testing and evacuation experiments. The accuracy of the model is determined by comparison through observation experiments in the stadium. The model can be used for predicting evacuation time, can help to analyze and improve the influence of the layout of the loudspeakers of the building on evacuation, evaluates the evacuation safety of people when the building is in an emergency, and provides a corresponding evacuation design and early warning scheme by utilizing the model. The error between the algorithm and the measured value is less than 10%.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a moving probability distribution of an auditory perception cellular automaton model;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an exit position of an evacuation observation experiment;
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the variance ratio of the number of people exiting each exit;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an initial evacuation location;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the location of persons when evacuation has proceeded for 20 s;
fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the location of persons when evacuation has proceeded for 60 s;
fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of the location of persons when evacuation has proceeded for 100 s;
fig. 8 is a schematic view of the location of the persons when evacuation has proceeded to 140 s;
fig. 9 is a schematic view of the location of persons when evacuation has proceeded for 180 s;
FIG. 10 is a plot of variance versus number of people passing through each exit in a computer simulation experiment;
fig. 11 is a graph showing the average number of persons evacuated through each exit per unit time.
Detailed Description
The first embodiment is as follows: a space crowd evacuation simulation method based on auditory perception comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: carrying out grid division on a building plane, wherein the divided grids are divided into two situations, one is occupied by people or barriers, and the other is empty;
the model is based on a basic model of the homocellular automata, and the plane of the building is uniformly divided into grids, and each grid is occupied by an obstacle or occupied by a person or empty. The corresponding space of each grid in the cellular automata model is a square with the side length of 0.5m, when the cellular automata model is applied to a large-space building, the size of the grid can be correspondingly adjusted according to the size of the building, each grid can not be limited to one person according to the personnel density, but attention needs to be paid to the fact that the personnel in the same grid (cell) are not influenced mutually in order to simplify calculation. The person can travel only one at a time per movement.
Step two: setting the moving speed and direction of the personnel in the grid;
step three: obtaining the probability that the person i moves to the grid j at the next time step according to the auditory perception cellular automata model as follows:
in the formula P i,j Representing the probability that person i moves to grid j at the next time step, with person in the neighborhood of person
n max And n j For the mesh j the maximum number of persons accommodated and the current number of persons accommodated, n max ＝n j Time indicates that grid j is occupied by an obstacle, k s Attraction coefficient, k, for static information D Is dynamic information attraction coefficient;
S i,j static information attraction of mesh j to person i, D i,j And M is the grid number of the plane segmentation of the building and is determined according to the plane size of the building.
And step four, calculating the moving probability of all the personnel in the grid, and simulating the whole evacuation process from the current time position to the exit.
The second embodiment is as follows: the first difference between the present embodiment and the specific embodiment is: the grids are 0.5m squares, and more than or equal to 1 person and less than or equal to 5 persons in each grid. Other steps and parameters are the same as those in the first embodiment.
Other steps and parameters are the same as those in the first embodiment.
The third concrete implementation mode: the present embodiment differs from the first or second embodiment in that: the moving speed and the moving direction of the personnel in the grids in the second step are specifically as follows:
the Von Neumann neighborhood is adopted in the model, namely, the person can move to four directions around the person, namely, the front direction, the back direction, the left direction and the right direction, as shown in figure 1.
Setting the moving speed of the personnel to be 1-2 m/s, wherein the personnel is atIn the direction ofAndthe four positions move.
The speed of normal walking of a person is about 1m/s, but in an emergency the speed of fast walking can reach 1.5m/s, while the speed of sprinting can reach 2m/s. In addition, the personal physical quality difference is large, the action speed of young people is higher than that of old people, and male people is higher than that of female people; luggage and accompanying older and young children can slow down the ability of a person to move. To account for these differences, the maximum speed of the person in the model can be set in two gears: 2m/s and 1m/s. Representing one time step move and two time step moves, respectively.
Other steps and parameters are the same as those in the first or second embodiment.
The fourth concrete implementation mode: the difference between this embodiment mode and one of the first to third embodiment modes is: k in the third step D The method specifically comprises the following steps:
k under high visibility condition without sound information instruction D =0; k under the condition of high visibility with sound information instruction D =0.84; k in low visibility without audio information instruction D =1.43; k in low visibility with voice message command D =1.2. High visibility is 5m or more, and low visibility is less than 5 m.
Other steps and parameters are the same as those in one of the first to third embodiments.
The fifth concrete implementation mode: the difference between this embodiment and one of the first to fourth embodiments is: k in the third step s The method comprises the following specific steps:
when the grid j is an outlet, then,k s =1 indicates that this factor is attractive to evacuate individuals; when the grid j is an obstacle such as a wall, k s = -1 indicates that the factor has repulsive force to evacuated individuals; k is a radical of s =0 indicates that this factor is not considered.
Other steps and parameters are the same as in one of the first to fourth embodiments.
The sixth specific implementation mode: the difference between this embodiment and one of the first to fifth embodiments is: s in the third step i,j The expression of (c) is:
for the obstruction factor, person i is shown to exit e k The degree of obstruction to personnel by the middle wall and stairs;
alpha and beta are barrier coefficients, r f Is mesh j to outlet e k Length of land in this distance, r s Is mesh j to outlet e k The closer the position of the cell is to the exit, the greater the attraction to the evacuated people, r is i,j Is mesh j to outlet e k By a coordinate difference method through the grid j to the exit e k Is determined;
r i,j expressed as:
provided that the building has a total of k outlets, of whichDenotes the outlet e k The position coordinates of (a); (x) j ,y j ) A position coordinate representing grid j;
the first term on the right of the equation represents the farthest distance of all the grid points from each outlet, and the second term on the right represents the minimum value of the cell j to each outlet. This ensures that the cell furthest from the nearest outlet is 0 attractive to personnel.
Other steps and parameters are the same as in one of the first to fifth embodiments.
The seventh embodiment: the difference between this embodiment and one of the first to sixth embodiments is: in the third step i,j The expression of (a) is:
b i,j reflecting the reaction of influencing personnel to the alarm signal, wherein the value of the reaction is distributed by Weibull;representing the noise disturbance experienced by person i within grid j, as:
g i,j (t) is the visibility coefficient, 0<g i,j (t)&1, using Gaussian distribution:
weighting the alarm sound information that the person i can receive at the current moment, the weight of the alarm sound information depending on the sound pressure level L of the current location p The alarm is a point sound source with a sound power level of L w ，L p The sound pressure level of the current position changes along with the distance between the measuring point and the sound source as follows:
wherein Q is a directivity factor, R is the distance from a sound source to a measuring point, R is a room constant,where s is the total surface area within the chamber,indoor average sound absorption coefficient; thus, it is possible to provideExpressed as:
other steps and parameters are the same as those in one of the first to sixth embodiments.
The first embodiment is as follows:
the experiments were performed in the Harbin industry university Stadium. There are A, B, C, D four exits on both sides of the gym floor for evacuation, as shown in fig. 2. 1127 experimental objects are participated in the experiment and are uniformly distributed in a hall of a stadium. The prejudged time after the evacuation was started according to experience was set to 10s, indicating that the time from the reception of the evacuation instruction to the start of evacuation was 10s.
By recording the number of people evacuated at each exit and the evacuation time at each exit, the evacuation result shows that the total evacuation time is 3 minutes and 52 seconds, and the number of people successfully evacuated at each exit is very close. Evacuating 270 persons at the outlet A for 3 minutes and 40 seconds; 284 persons are evacuated at the exit B, and the evacuation time is 3 minutes and 10 seconds; c, evacuating 330 people at the exit, wherein the evacuation time is 4 minutes; d, people are evacuated 274 at the outlet, and the evacuation time is 3 minutes and 30 seconds. Outlet B is a little shorter in time than the other outlets, and outlet D exhibits a higher volatility than the other outlets. Fig. 3 shows the variance of the number of persons passing through each exit. Although the evacuation process is similar for each egress, the evacuation capacity is unbalanced. The evacuation process is divided into four phases. The first phase is evacuation starting to 20s, with fewer people passing through the exit, but increasing over time. With the accumulation of more and more people toward the exit and the limitation of the exit traffic capacity, the trend of increasing the number of people to be evacuated becomes slow and does not increase after reaching 3 people/second. The third phase is 100s later, the variance of the number of evacuated people starts to remain unchanged, approaching 1.5 people/second. And 180s later, the fourth stage is carried out, and the number of the evacuated people begins to decrease until the evacuation process is finished.
The input of computer simulated experiment data is the same as that of evacuation experiments, a plan view of a gymnasium is drawn by CAD, then the positions of people are input, the number of people 1127 is evenly distributed on one floor of the gymnasium, the prejudgment time is set to be 10s, and the moving speed of the people is 1m/s. Fig. 4-9 show simulation of the evacuation process using the auditory perception cell automata model for different time periods, the person's location as soon as the evacuation process begins and as it progresses to 20s, 60s, 100s, 140s and 180s, respectively.
As can be seen from the process diagram, the number of people evacuated at each exit is substantially average. The total evacuation time is 3 minutes and 19 seconds. The simulation results also show the total number of people passing through each exit in each 10 seconds, which is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 number of people passing through each exit in 10s of computer simulation experiment
Fig. 10 shows the variance of the number of persons passing through each exit in the simulation experiment, which illustrates that the closer the number of persons evacuated at each exit is to the average, the shorter the time taken for the evacuation process. The evacuation process is that the number of people evacuated at the initial time of evacuation is very low, and the people continue for a period of time after a rapid rise period and then steadily descend.
Observing the data obtained by the experiment, calculating the variance of the number of people evacuated every ten seconds for comparison with the data obtained by simulating the auditory perception cellular automaton model. 22% for values less than 1, 21% for values greater than 1 and less than 3, 27% for values greater than 3 and less than 5, 26% for values greater than 5 and less than 10, and 3% for values greater than 10. The maximum value is 15 and the minimum value is 0 (meaning equal to the average). A variance value greater than 5 indicates that the number of people evacuated in the unit of time is significantly different from the average. The maximum difference between the observation experiment result and the simulation experiment result is used for comparing with the average number of people evacuated, and the smaller percentage of the maximum difference is higher in accuracy. The maximum difference of the number of people passing through the exit A is 190s, the difference number of people is 9 people, and the difference number of people accounts for 9.4 percent of the average evacuation number of people. The largest difference among the number of people passing through the exit B occurred at 80s, with a difference of 7 people, accounting for 15.2% of the average evacuated population. The maximum difference among the number of people passing through the exit C appeared at 120s, with a difference of 10 people, accounting for 11.1% of the average evacuated population. The maximum difference among the number of people passing through the exit D was 40s, and the difference was 15 people, which accounted for 11.1% of the average evacuated population.
FIG. 11 shows the comparison of the average number of persons evacuated through each exit per unit time in the observation experiment and the simulation experiment, in which the maximum difference value is 25 persons appearing at 100s, which is 10.8% of the average number of persons evacuated. The other values are relatively close, and the proportion of the difference value which is less than 10 percent of the average evacuating people is 80 percent. The simulation results of the outlets simulated by the auditory perception cellular automaton model are close to the average value. In the results of the automatic simulation of the auditory perception cells, the evacuation process shown by the simulation before 20s and after 160s is very similar to that of the observation experiment. The difference is that the cellular automaton can not well simulate the situation of congestion at an exit, and the main reason of the place with a large difference is caused by the lack of consideration of bottleneck phenomenon. However, these differences are within an acceptable range. The simulation results using the cellular automaton model with auditory perception are therefore reliable.
Claims (5)
1. A space crowd evacuation simulation method based on auditory perception is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: carrying out grid division on a building plane, wherein the divided grids are divided into two situations, one is occupied by people or barriers, and the other is empty;
step two: setting the moving speed and direction of the personnel in the grid;
step three: obtaining the probability that the person i moves to the grid j at the next time step according to the auditory perception cellular automata model as follows:
n max and n j For the mesh j the maximum number of persons accommodated and the current number of persons accommodated, n max ＝n j Time indicates that grid j is occupied by an obstacle, k s Attractive coefficient of static information, k D Is dynamic information attraction coefficient;
S i,j static information attraction of mesh j to person i, D i,j The dynamic information attraction of the grid j to the person i is defined, and M is the grid number of the building plane segmentation;
S i,j the expression of (a) is:
for the obstruction factor, person i is shown to exit e k The distance between the middle wall and the stairs hinders the personnel;
alpha and beta are barrier coefficients, r f Is mesh j to outlet e k Length of flat land of r s Is mesh j to outlet e k Length of stairs of r i,j Is mesh j to outlet e k By a coordinate difference method through the grid j to the exit e k Is determined;
r i,j expressed as:
in a building, there are k exits in totalDenotes the outlet e k The position coordinates of (a); (x) j ,y j ) A position coordinate representing grid j;
D i,j the expression of (a) is:
b i,j representing the response of the personnel to the alarm signal, and adopting Weibull distribution as the value;representing the noise disturbance experienced by person i within grid j as:
g i,j (t) is the visibility coefficient, 0<g i,j (t)&1, using Gaussian distribution:
the weight of the alarm sound information that can be received by the person i at the current time is represented as:
L w is the sound power level, Q is the directivity factor, R is the distance of the sound source from the measuring point, R is the room constant,where s is the total surface area within the chamber,indoor average sound absorption coefficient;
and step four, calculating the moving probability of all the personnel in the grid, and simulating the whole evacuation process from the current time position to the exit.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the grids are 0.5m squares, and each grid has 1 person or more and 5 persons or less.
3. The method for simulating the evacuation of people in space based on auditory perception according to claim 2, wherein the moving speed and direction of people in the grid in the second step are specifically as follows:
setting the moving speed of the personnel to be 1-2 m/s, wherein the personnel is atIn the direction ofAndthe four positions move.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein k in the third step is a space crowd evacuation simulation method based on auditory perception D The method specifically comprises the following steps:
k under high visibility without sound information instruction D =0; k under the condition of high visibility having sound information instruction D =0.84; k in low visibility without audio information instruction D =1.43; k in low visibility with voice message command D ＝1.2。
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein k in the third step is a space crowd evacuation simulation method based on auditory perception S The method specifically comprises the following steps:
when grid j is an exit, k s =1 represents attraction for evacuating individuals; when mesh j is occupied by an obstruction, k s =1 represents a repulsive force to the evacuated individual; k is a radical of s =0 denotes the attraction force without considering the static information.
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| CN107292064B (en) * | 2017-08-09 | 2019-01-11 | 山东师范大学 | A kind of crowd evacuation emulation method and system based on more ant colony algorithms |
| CN109145365B (en) * | 2018-07-05 | 2021-06-04 | 同济大学 | Regional crowd motion state prediction method based on micro-macro conversion model |
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