CN106093157B - 以纳米硫化物为敏感膜的重金属电极及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 30
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 claims description 24
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
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- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc nitrate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 241000605159 Nitrobacter Species 0.000 claims description 13
- XIEPJMXMMWZAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium nitrate Inorganic materials [Cd+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XIEPJMXMMWZAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 9
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- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
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- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001981 cobalt nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- NMHMNPHRMNGLLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N phloretic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 NMHMNPHRMNGLLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003495 polar organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
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- -1 plumbi nitras Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 2
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- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 abstract 1
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 8
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- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N heavy water Substances [2H]O[2H] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc dication Chemical compound [Zn+2] PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052980 cadmium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WLZRMCYVCSSEQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium(2+) Chemical compound [Cd+2] WLZRMCYVCSSEQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+) Chemical compound [Co+2] XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RLJMLMKIBZAXJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)O[Pb]O[N+]([O-])=O RLJMLMKIBZAXJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RVPVRDXYQKGNMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(2+) Chemical compound [Pb+2] RVPVRDXYQKGNMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052984 zinc sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cu2+ Chemical compound [Cu+2] JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021607 Silver chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005083 Zinc sulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052946 acanthite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- CJOBVZJTOIVNNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium sulfide Chemical compound [Cd]=S CJOBVZJTOIVNNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001429 cobalt ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- INPLXZPZQSLHBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+);sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Co+2] INPLXZPZQSLHBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013065 commercial product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- OMZSGWSJDCOLKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Cu+2] OMZSGWSJDCOLKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000835 electrochemical detection Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052981 lead sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940056932 lead sulfide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002086 nanomaterial Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001453 nickel ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000989 no adverse effect Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FSJWWSXPIWGYKC-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver;silver;sulfanide Chemical compound [SH-].[Ag].[Ag+] FSJWWSXPIWGYKC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
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- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
- G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
- G01N27/333—Ion-selective electrodes or membranes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
- G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
- G01N27/308—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells at least partially made of carbon
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种以纳米硫化物为敏感膜的重金属电极及其制备方法。它包括金属丝、碳膜、纳米金属硫化物。其中,碳膜能够将金属基材完全覆盖,避免了电极基材与待测溶液发生反应而产生干扰信号;而且碳膜具有良好的导电性。纳米金属硫化物是待测重金属阳离子所对应的难溶硫化物,性质相对稳定。以碳膜为固体传导层,纳米金属硫化物为离子敏感膜制备的电极具有体积小,寿命长,响应时间短,选择性强,灵敏度高,探测下限低等优点。与全固态参比电极配套使用,适用于对天然水体、养殖用水和化学、化工水介质中的重金属含量进行在线探测和长期原位监测。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及电化学探测技术,尤其涉及以纳米硫化物为敏感膜的重金属电极及其制备方法。
背景技术
来自工业污染、矿山废水以及天然热泉、温泉的重金属对环境危害极大,监测水体中的重金属含量,对于污染控制,以及环境化学研究具有重要意义。固体离子选择性电极具有使用简便,价格低廉,适合于长期观测和在线监测的要求,尤其适合于海洋环境、天然热泉等自然环境的观测。
本发明的目的是针对这一需求提供一类高灵敏度重金属探测电极及其制备方法。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供以纳米硫化物为敏感膜的重金属电极及其制备方法。
本发明的目的是通过以下技术方案来实现的:
以纳米硫化物为敏感膜的重金属电极,它包括金属丝,金属丝上包覆有碳膜,碳膜上有纳米重金属硫化物作为离子敏感膜。
所述的重金属是Cu、Pb、Co、Ni、Cd、Zn中的一种。
所述的金属丝是Cu、Ni、Ag、Co、Cd、Zn丝中的一种。
以纳米硫化物为敏感膜的重金属电极的制备方法步骤如下:
1)将长度为3~5厘米的金属丝,先在丙酮溶液中超声清洗,除去表面油污,再在1~2M稀盐酸或稀硝酸中超声清洗,除去氧化物,再用去离子水超声清洗后干燥;
2)将聚丙烯腈加入极性有机溶剂中,将溶液加热到70至100℃并搅拌直至溶解,得到浓度为5-10%(wt)的溶液,密封备用;
3)先将聚乙二醇加入水中,搅拌并超声波处理,直至完全溶解,再将重金属硝酸盐加入该溶液中,搅拌至硝酸盐完全溶解,得到浓度分别为1-5‰(wt)、1-5%(wt)的聚乙二醇和重金属硝酸盐的混合溶液,密封备用;
4)先用金属丝蘸取聚丙烯腈溶液;再蘸取硝酸盐和聚乙二醇的混合溶液,将金属丝倒置,在氮气保护下在马弗炉中升温至400至700℃并恒温0.5至2小时,得到电极胚体;
5)将电极胚体浸入到浓度为1%至5%(wt)的(NH4)2S或Na2S溶液中5-10分钟,得到以纳米硫化物为敏感膜的重金属电极,它对步骤3)所用的重金属硝酸盐所含重金属敏感。
所述的极性有机溶剂是二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、吡啶、甲酰胺中的一种或数种。
所述的重金属硝酸盐是硝酸铜、硝酸铅、硝酸钴、硝酸镍、硝酸镉、硝酸锌及其水合物中的一种。
本发明提供的重金属电极中,碳膜能够将金属基材完全覆盖,避免了电极基材与待测溶液发生反应而产生干扰信号;而且碳膜具有良好的导电性。纳米金属硫化物是待测重金属阳离子所对应的难溶硫化物,性质相对稳定。以碳膜为固体传导层,纳米金属硫化物为离子敏感膜制备的电极具有体积小巧、坚固耐用、探测灵敏度高、探测范围广、抗干扰性强的优点,并具有很强的抗化学腐蚀和抗生物附着能力,特别适用于海洋、河流、内陆湖泊等天然水体的在线观测和长期监测。另外,本发明所提供的制作方法简便易行,成本低廉。
具体实施方式
以纳米硫化物为敏感膜的重金属电极包括金属丝、碳膜、纳米重金属硫化物。
这种重金属电极具有固体结构,坚固耐用,体积微小。所述的重金属是Cu、Pb、Co、Ni、Cd、Zn中的一种。所述的金属丝是Cu、Ni、Ag、Co、Cd、Zn丝中的一种。金属丝上的碳膜是由聚丙烯腈分解得到,它在金属丝基材和离子敏感膜之间起传导作用。碳膜覆盖在金属基材上,避免了金属丝与待测介质的接触,提高了电极的稳定性和抗干扰能力。由于碳膜的保护,作为基材的金属丝可以使用相对廉价的银丝、铜丝、镍丝或其它过渡元素的金属丝,而不必使用贵金属丝。
用作离子敏感膜的纳米重金属硫化物是由对应的重金属硝酸盐经过分步化学反应形成。一种电极只使用一种纳米重金属硫化物作为离子敏感膜,因此本发明提供的是一类电极,包括探测天然水体和水溶液中Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+、Co2+、Ni2+、Cd2+离子的电极。在原理上,这类电极与Ag/Ag2S类似,对重金属离子敏感的是电极表面的纳米重金属以及包覆在其表面的硫化物。这类电极应以Ag/AgCl电极为参比电极,配对使用。
以纳米硫化物为敏感膜的重金属电极的制备方法步骤如下:
1)将长度为3~5厘米的金属丝,先在丙酮溶液中超声清洗,除去表面油污,再在1~2M稀盐酸或稀硝酸中超声清洗,除去氧化物,再用去离子水超声清洗后干燥。
对金属丝表面进行清洗是常规性的,目的是为了去除其表面的油污和氧化膜。实际操作时,可以用其它有机溶剂替代丙酮,也可以用硝酸替代盐酸。
2)将聚丙烯腈加入极性有机溶剂中,将溶液加热到70至100℃并搅拌直至溶解,得到浓度为5-10%(wt)的溶液,密封备用。
聚丙烯腈是商业产品,建议使用分子量在10万至15万的产品。所述的极性有机溶剂是二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、吡啶、甲酰胺中的一种或数种,推荐使用DMF。加热有利于提高聚丙烯腈的溶解速度。聚丙烯腈是碳膜的前驱体,它在加热炭化后形成致密、坚固的碳膜。
3)先将聚乙二醇加入水中,搅拌并超声波处理,直至完全溶解,再将重金属硝酸盐加入该溶液中,搅拌至硝酸盐完全溶解,得到聚乙二醇和重金属硝酸盐的混合溶液,浓度分别为1-5‰(wt)、1-5%(wt),密封备用。
聚乙二醇起分散剂作用,重金属硝酸盐是重金属硫化物的前驱体。所述的重金属硝酸盐是硝酸铜、硝酸铅、硝酸钴、硝酸镍、硝酸镉、硝酸锌及其水合物中的一种。
4)先用金属丝蘸取聚丙烯腈溶液;再蘸取硝酸盐和聚乙二醇的混合溶液,将金属丝倒置,在氮气保护下在马弗炉中升温至400至700℃并恒温0.5至2小时,得到电极胚体。
在加热过程,水分和极性有机溶剂被蒸发,重金属硝酸盐分解:
Cu(NO3)2+C=Cu+2NO2(g)+CO2(g) (1)
Pb(NO3)2+C=Pb+2NO2(g)+CO2(g) (2)
Co(NO3)2+C=Co+2NO2(g)+CO2(g) (3)
Ni(NO3)2+C=Ni+2NO2(g)+CO2(g) (4)
Cd(NO3)2+C=Cd+2NO2(g)+CO2(g) (5)
Zn(NO3)2+C=Zn+2NO2(g)+CO2(g) (6)
反应式中的碳来自聚丙烯腈加热过程的炭化。对反应自由能的计算表明,(1)至(6)式的化学反应在设定的温度区间能够自发正向进行。聚乙二醇起分散剂作用,能抑制硝酸盐及其分解产物的团聚,使电极表面敏感膜具有纳米结构。在加热后期,聚乙二醇会蒸发气化,不会留下残留物,对电极的下一步制备及其探测灵敏度没有负面影响。聚丙烯腈加热到200℃以上逐渐炭化,体积明显收缩,在400至700℃之间体积最小,形成的碳膜紧密包覆在金属丝上,碳膜和金属丝之间不会出现明显的传导障碍。碳膜的作用一方面是敏感膜与金属丝之间的传导介质,同时也是金属丝的化学保护层。
5)将电极胚体浸入到浓度为1%至5%(wt)的(NH4)2S或Na2S溶液中5-10分钟,得到以纳米硫化物为敏感膜的重金属电极,它对步骤3)所用的硝酸盐所含重金属敏感。
Cu+(NH4)2S+2H2O=CuS+2NH3↑+H2↑ (1’)
Pb+(NH4)2S+2H2O=PbS+2NH3↑+H2↑ (2’)
Co+(NH4)2S+2H2O=CoS+2NH3↑+H2↑ (3’)
Ni+(NH4)2S+2H2O=NiS+2NH3↑+H2↑ (4’)
Cd+(NH4)2S+2H2O=CdS+2NH3↑+H2↑ (5’)
Zn+(NH4)2S+2H2O=ZnS+2NH3↑+H2↑ (6’)
反应(1’)至(6’)的结果,是使电极胚体表面的纳米重金属微粒被硫化物包裹,从而形成了对该重金属阳离子具有高度选择性的离子敏感膜。
下面结合实施例做进一步说明。
实施例1
1)将长度为3厘米的铜丝,先在丙酮溶液中超声清洗,除去表面油污,再在1M稀盐酸中超声清洗,除去氧化物,再用去离子水超声清洗后干燥;
2)将聚丙烯腈加入DMF中,将溶液加热到70℃并搅拌直至溶解,得到浓度为10%(wt)的溶液,密封备用;
3)先将聚乙二醇加入水中,搅拌并超声波处理,直至完全溶解,再将硝酸铜加入到该溶液中,搅拌至硝酸铜完全溶解,得到聚乙二醇和硝酸铜的混合溶液,浓度分别为1‰、1%(wt),密封备用;
4)先用铜丝蘸取聚丙烯腈溶液;再蘸取硝酸铜和聚乙二醇的混合溶液,将金属丝倒置,在氮气保护下在马弗炉中升温至600℃并恒温2小时,得到电极胚体;
5)将电极胚体浸入到浓度为1%(wt)的(NH4)2S溶液中10分钟,得到以纳米硫化铜为敏感膜的铜离子电极。
实施例2
1)将长度为4厘米的银丝,先在丙酮溶液中超声清洗,除去表面油污,再在2M稀盐酸中超声清洗,除去氧化物,再用去离子水超声清洗后干燥;
2)将聚丙烯腈加入DMSO中,将溶液加热到100℃并搅拌直至溶解,得到浓度为5%(wt)的溶液,密封备用;
3)先将聚乙二醇加入水中,搅拌并超声波处理,直至完全溶解,再将硝酸铅加入到该溶液中,搅拌至硝酸铅完全溶解,得到聚乙二醇和硝酸铅的混合溶液,浓度分别为2‰、2%(wt),密封备用;
4)先用银丝蘸取聚丙烯腈溶液;再蘸取硝酸铅和聚乙二醇的混合溶液,将金属丝倒置,在氮气保护下在马弗炉中升温至700℃并恒温0.5小时,得到电极胚体;
5)将电极胚体浸入到浓度为5%(wt)的Na2S溶液中5分钟,得到以纳米硫化铅为敏感膜的铅离子电极。
实施例3
1)将长度为5厘米的钴丝,先在丙酮溶液中超声清洗,除去表面油污,再在1M稀硝酸中超声清洗,除去氧化物,再用去离子水超声清洗后干燥;
2)将聚丙烯腈加入吡啶中,将溶液加热到80℃并搅拌直至溶解,得到浓度为8%(wt)的溶液,密封备用;
3)先将聚乙二醇加入水中,搅拌并超声波处理,直至完全溶解,再将硝酸钴加入到该溶液中,搅拌至硝酸钴完全溶解,得到聚乙二醇和硝酸钴的混合溶液,浓度分别为3‰、3%(wt),密封备用;
4)先用钴丝蘸取聚丙烯腈溶液;再蘸取硝酸钴和聚乙二醇的混合溶液,将金属丝倒置,在氮气保护下在马弗炉中升温至650℃并恒温1.5小时,得到电极胚体;
5)将电极胚体浸入到浓度为2%(wt)的(NH4)2S溶液中8分钟,得到以纳米硫化钴为敏感膜的钴离子电极。
实施例4
1)将长度为3厘米的镍丝,先在丙酮溶液中超声清洗,除去表面油污,再在2M稀硝酸中超声清洗,除去氧化物,再用去离子水超声清洗后干燥;
2)将聚丙烯腈加入甲酰胺中,将溶液加热到90℃并搅拌直至溶解,得到浓度为9%(wt)的溶液,密封备用;
3)先将聚乙二醇加入水中,搅拌并超声波处理,直至完全溶解,再将硝酸镍加入到该溶液中,搅拌至硝酸镍完全溶解,得到聚乙二醇和硝酸镍的混合溶液,浓度分别为4‰、4%(wt),密封备用;
4)先用镍丝蘸取聚丙烯腈溶液;再蘸取硝酸镍和聚乙二醇的混合溶液,将金属丝倒置,在氮气保护下在马弗炉中升温至700℃并恒温1小时,得到电极胚体;
5)将电极胚体浸入到浓度为3%(wt)的Na2S溶液中9分钟,得到以纳米硫化镍为敏感膜的镍离子电极。
实施例5
1)将长度为4厘米的镉丝,先在丙酮溶液中超声清洗,除去表面油污,再在1M稀盐酸中超声清洗,除去氧化物,再用去离子水超声清洗后干燥;
2)将聚丙烯腈加入DMF中,将溶液加热到70℃并搅拌直至溶解,得到浓度为7%(wt)的溶液,密封备用;
3)先将聚乙二醇加入水中,搅拌并超声波处理,直至完全溶解,再将硝酸镉加入到该溶液中,搅拌至硝酸镉完全溶解,得到聚乙二醇和硝酸镉的混合溶液,浓度分别为5‰、5%(wt),密封备用;
4)先用镉丝蘸取聚丙烯腈溶液;再蘸取硝酸镉和聚乙二醇的混合溶液,将金属丝倒置,在氮气保护下在马弗炉中升温至600℃并恒温2小时,得到电极胚体;
5)将电极胚体浸入到浓度为4%(wt)的(NH4)2S溶液中6分钟,得到以纳米硫化镉为敏感膜的镉离子电极。
实施例6
1)将长度为5厘米的锌丝,先在丙酮溶液中超声清洗,除去表面油污,再在1M稀硝酸中超声清洗,除去氧化物,再用去离子水超声清洗后干燥;
2)将聚丙烯腈加入DMSO中,将溶液加热到80℃并搅拌直至溶解,得到浓度为6%(wt)的溶液,密封备用;
3)先将聚乙二醇加入水中,搅拌并超声波处理,直至完全溶解,再将硝酸锌加入到该溶液中,搅拌至硝酸锌完全溶解,得到聚乙二醇和硝酸锌的混合溶液,浓度分别为2‰、2%(wt),密封备用;
4)先用锌丝蘸取聚丙烯腈溶液;再蘸取硝酸锌和聚乙二醇的混合溶液,将金属丝倒置,在氮气保护下在马弗炉中升温至650℃并恒温2小时,得到电极胚体;
5)将电极胚体浸入到浓度为3%(wt)的Na2S溶液中10分钟,得到以纳米硫化锌为敏感膜的锌离子电极。
Claims (3)
1.以纳米硫化物为敏感膜的重金属电极的制备方法,其特征在于它的步骤如下:
1)将长度为3~5厘米的金属丝,先在丙酮溶液中超声清洗,除去表面油污,再在1~2M稀盐酸或稀硝酸中超声清洗,除去氧化物,再用去离子水超声清洗后干燥;
2)将聚丙烯腈加入极性有机溶剂中,将溶液加热到70至100℃并搅拌直至溶解,得到浓度为5-10 wt %的溶液,密封备用;
3)先将聚乙二醇加入水中,搅拌并超声波处理,直至完全溶解,再将重金属硝酸盐加入该溶液中,搅拌至硝酸盐完全溶解,得到浓度分别为1-5 wt‰、1-5 wt %的聚乙二醇和重金属硝酸盐的混合溶液,密封备用;
4)先用金属丝蘸取聚丙烯腈溶液;再蘸取硝酸盐和聚乙二醇的混合溶液,将金属丝倒置,在氮气保护下在马弗炉中升温至400至700℃并恒温0.5至2小时,得到电极胚体;
5)将电极胚体浸入到浓度为1 wt %至5 wt %的(NH4)2S或Na2S溶液中5-10分钟,得到以纳米硫化物为敏感膜的重金属电极,它对步骤3)所用的重金属硝酸盐所含重金属敏感。
2.根据权利要求1所述的以纳米硫化物为敏感膜的重金属电极的制备方法,其特征在于所述的极性有机溶剂是二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜、吡啶、甲酰胺中的一种或数种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的以纳米硫化物为敏感膜的重金属电极的制备方法,其特征在于所述的重金属硝酸盐是硝酸铜、硝酸铅、硝酸钴、硝酸镍、硝酸镉、硝酸锌及其水合物中的一种。
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