CN105977459B - 一种碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜及其制备和应用 - Google Patents
一种碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜及其制备和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜及其制备和应用,复合膜为三维多孔结构。通过静电纺丝制备得到四硫代钨酸铵/聚丙烯腈纳米纤维膜,再通过在氩氢气氛中一步法高温碳化还原制备得到碳化钨/碳纳米纤维复合膜。碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜作为锂离子电池、超级电容器的电极材料的应用。本发明制备的碳化钨/碳纳米纤维复合材料具有优良的导电性和电化学活性。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于复合纳米材料及其制备和应用领域,特别涉及一种碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜及其制备和应用。
背景技术
碳纳米纤维具有较高的导电性、优异的力学性能、高的比表面积,质轻密度低和良好的化学稳定性等优异的性能。碳纳米纤维广泛应用于催化剂载体,高分子纳米复合材料,能量转换与储存器件的柔性基底材料等领域,广泛应用于航天航空,储能等各个领域。静电纺丝是一种简单而有效地制备碳纳米纤维的技术,通过高压静电将聚合物溶液进行纺丝,再进行预氧化和高温碳化可制备得到具有三维多孔结构、高比表面积和较高导电性的碳纳米纤维纺丝膜。
碳化钨是一类典型的过渡金属碳化物,它属于六方晶系。碳化钨具有良好的导电性(在20℃时电导率为105S cm-1),且纳米尺寸的碳化钨具有良好的潜力取代贵金属作为析氢反应的催化剂,因此,它在催化析氢等领域受到广泛的关注。但是,其在锂离子电池电极材料方面的应用目前还未得深入探索,且纯碳化钨易于团聚,使其活性位点无法得到充分暴露,严重影响了其电化学活性和能量储存的循环稳定性。所以,将碳化钨与碳纳米纤维进行复合应用于柔性自支撑锂离子电池电极材料具有重要意义。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜的制备方法,本发明提供了一种制备过程简单、成本低廉、电化学性能优异的原位煅烧法制备碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜的制备方法。
本发明的一种碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜,所述的碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜中碳化钨以纳米粒子的形态均匀分布在碳纳米纤维中。
本发明的一种碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜的制备方法,包括:
(1)将四硫代钨酸铵、聚丙烯腈加入溶剂中,搅拌,得到均一的粘稠分散液;
(2)将上述分散液进行静电纺丝,得到四硫代钨酸铵/聚丙烯腈纺丝膜;
(3)将上述四硫代钨酸铵/聚丙烯腈纺丝膜进行预氧化得到预氧化后的四硫代钨酸铵/聚丙烯腈复合膜,然后热处理,即得碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜。
所述步骤(1)中溶剂为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺。
所述步骤(1)中四硫代钨酸铵、聚丙烯腈的质量比为0.5:1-3:1,优选质量比为1:1-2:1。
所述步骤(2)中静电纺丝的工艺参数为:静电场电压15~25kV,纺丝速度0.05~0.2mmmin-1,接收距离10~25cm。
所述步骤(3)中预氧化具体为:在空气气氛中预氧化,预氧化的温度为200~250℃,升温速率为2℃ min-1,预氧化恒温时间为1~3h,优选所述预氧化恒温时间为1.5h。
所述步骤(3)中热处理具体为:在氩氢气氛中,热处理温度为600~900℃,升温速率为5~10℃ min-1,恒温时间为3~6h,优选所述恒温时间为4h。
本发明的一种碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜的应用,其特征在于:述碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜作为锂离子电池、超级电容器等新能源器件的理想电极材料的应用。
本发明通过简单的工艺设计,制备得到一种新型的原位煅烧法制备碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜。该复合材料具有如下优势:静电纺得到的碳纳米复合纤维膜具有独特的自支撑交联结构;将碳化钨纺进碳纳米纤维中可有效抑制其自身的团聚,并且可以阻碍其在锂电池充放电过程中的体积膨胀;碳纳米纤维优异的力学性能使复合材料可作为柔性电极材料能源存储器件;碳化钨本身具备较高的理论储锂容量值,可提高材料整体的比容量。因此,将碳纳米纤维与碳化钨进行有效的复合,可以达到很好的协同增强作用,以制备出性能优异的复合材料。
本发明所提供的原位煅烧法制备碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜,其制备原料组成包括:聚丙烯腈、四硫代钨酸铵等。
本发明所提供的原位煅烧法制备碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜,其制备过程是通过静电纺丝制备得到四硫代钨酸铵/聚丙烯腈纳米纤维膜,再通过在氩氢气氛中一步法高温碳化制备得到碳化钨/碳纳米纤维复合膜。
使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)来表征本发明所获得的原位煅烧法制备碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜的结构形貌,其结果如下:
(1)碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜数码图片表明所制备的材料具有很好的柔性,可作为一种柔性电极。参见附图1。
(2)SEM测试结果表明:本发明中所制备的原位煅烧法制备碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜,四硫代钨酸铵在静电纺丝过程中都被成功纺入聚丙烯腈纤维中,经在氩氢气氛中高温碳化得到均匀的包含碳化钨的碳纳米纤维膜。参见附图2。
(3)TEM测试结果进一步表明:本发明中所制备的原位煅烧法制备碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜中,碳化钨均匀分布在碳纳米纤维中,没有在纤维内部或表面造成任何团聚。参见附图3。碳化钨本身具备较高的理论储锂容量值,当复合膜作为锂离子电池电极材料是可提高材料整体的比容量。且碳化钨以纳米粒子的形态被纺入纤维中可有效抑制其在充放电过程中的体积膨胀与收缩,以此期望提高其倍率性能和循环性能。
(4)XRD测试结果进一步表明:制备的原位煅烧法制备碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜在2θ=26°处有一个较宽的衍射峰,对应于碳纳米纤维;在2θ=37.92°、39.38°、52.19°、61.66°,分别对应W2C(002)、W2C(111)、W2C(200)和W2C(102)晶面的衍射峰。参见附图4。
(5)电化学测试结果表明:纯碳纳米纤维的容量值仅有460mAh g-1。而本发明制备的原位煅烧法制备碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜的容量值高达1450mAh g-1。参见附图5。表明了复合材料的构建对其容量值的提高有着十分重要的作用。
有益效果
(1)本发明制备过程简单,环保,易于操作,是一种有效快捷的制备方法;
(2)实验设计巧妙:
第一,通过静电纺丝和高温碳化技术,简单有效地制备得到具有三维多孔结构和高比表面积的碳纳米纤维膜,将碳化钨纺入碳纳米纤维中可以有效抑制锂离子电池充放电过程中其体积膨胀引起的电极材料坍塌;
第二,所制备的原位煅烧法制备碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜具有较好的柔韧性;
(3)本发明制备的原位煅烧法制备碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜,具有优良的导电性和电化学活性,可用作一种理想的锂离子电池以及超级电容器等新能源器件的柔性自支撑电极材料。
附图说明
图1是本发明制备的碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜的图片;
图2是实施例1制备的原位煅烧法制备碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜的SEM图;
图3是实施例1制备的原位煅烧法制备碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜的TEM图;
图4是实施例1制备的原位煅烧法制备碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜的XRD谱图;
图5是实施例1制备的碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜、纯碳纳米纤维膜在0.1Ag-1电流密度下的充放电性能图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例,进一步阐述本发明。应理解,这些实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围。此外应理解,在阅读了本发明讲授的内容之后,本领域技术人员可以对本发明作各种改动或修改,这些等价形式同样落于本申请所附权利要求书所限定的范围。
实施例1
(1)将0.75g四硫代钨酸铵和0.5g聚丙烯腈粉末加入到5mL N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶剂中,持续搅拌,得到均一的粘稠分散液;
(2)将得到的分散液进行静电纺丝,其调节工艺参数为:静电场电压20kV,纺丝速度0.1mm min-1,接收距离20cm,得到四硫代钨酸铵/聚丙烯腈纺丝膜;
(3)将得到的纺丝膜放在空气气氛下预氧化,预氧化的温度为250℃,升温速率为2℃ min-1,预氧化恒温时间为2h,得到预氧化后的四硫代钨酸铵/聚丙烯腈复合膜;
(4)将得到的预氧化后的四硫代钨酸铵/聚丙烯腈复合膜在氩氢气氛中一步法进行高温碳化,热处理温度为700℃,升温速率为5℃ min-1,恒温时间为5h,得到原位煅烧法制备碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜,记为W2C/CNF-1。
在电化学测试中,以所制备的碳纳米纤维复合材料作为正极,锂片作为负极组装扣式半电池,采用电池充放电曲线研究本发明中所制备的碳纤维复合材料的电容量。
实施例1的原位煅烧法制备碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜的SEM图如图2所示,TEM图如图3所示,XRD图如图4所示。充放电曲线如图5所示,电流密度为0.1A g-1,从图中可以看出以制备的碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜组装电池的比容量较之以纯碳纳米纤维有了显著提高。
实施例2
(1)将1g四硫代钨酸铵和0.5g聚丙烯腈粉末加入到5mL N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶剂中,持续搅拌,得到均一的粘稠分散液;
(2)将得到的分散液进行静电纺丝,其调节工艺参数为:静电场电压20kV,纺丝速度0.1mm min-1,接收距离20cm,得到四硫代钨酸铵/聚丙烯腈纺丝膜;
(3)将得到的纺丝膜放在空气气氛下预氧化,预氧化的温度为250℃,升温速率为2℃ min-1,预氧化恒温时间为2h,得到预氧化后的四硫代钨酸铵/聚丙烯腈复合膜;
(4)将得到的预氧化后的四硫代钨酸铵/聚丙烯腈复合膜在氩氢气氛中一步法进行高温碳化,热处理温度为700℃,升温速率为5℃ min-1,恒温时间为5h,得到原位煅烧法制备碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜,记为W2C/CNF-2。
实施例3
(1)将0.75g四硫代钨酸铵和0.5g聚丙烯腈粉末加入到5mL N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶剂中,持续搅拌,得到均一的粘稠分散液;
(2)将得到的分散液进行静电纺丝,其调节工艺参数为:静电场电压20kV,纺丝速度0.1mm min-1,接收距离20cm,得到四硫代钨酸铵/聚丙烯腈纺丝膜;
(3)将得到的纺丝膜放在空气气氛下预氧化,预氧化的温度为250℃,升温速率为2℃ min-1,预氧化恒温时间为2h,得到预氧化后的四硫代钨酸铵/聚丙烯腈复合膜;
(4)将得到的预氧化后的四硫代钨酸铵/聚丙烯腈复合膜在氩氢气氛中一步法进行高温碳化,热处理温度为900℃,升温速率为5℃ min-1,恒温时间为5h,得到原位煅烧法制备碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜,记为W2C/CNF-3。
实施例4
(1)将0.5g聚丙烯腈粉末加入到5mL N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶剂中,持续搅拌,得到均一的粘稠分散液;
(2)将得到的分散液进行静电纺丝,其调节工艺参数为:静电场电压20kV,纺丝速度0.1mm min-1,接收距离20cm,得到聚丙烯腈纺丝膜;
(3)将得到的纺丝膜放在空气气氛下预氧化,预氧化的温度为250℃,升温速率为2℃ min-1,预氧化恒温时间为2h,得到预氧化后的聚丙烯腈复合膜;
(4)将得到的预氧化后的聚丙烯腈复合膜在氩氢气氛中一步法进行高温碳化,热处理温度为700℃,升温速率为5℃ min-1,恒温时间为5h,得到原位煅烧法制备碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜,记为CNF。
Claims (7)
1.一种碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜的制备方法,包括:
(1)将四硫代钨酸铵、聚丙烯腈加入溶剂中,搅拌,得到分散液;
(2)将上述分散液进行静电纺丝,得到四硫代钨酸铵/聚丙烯腈纺丝膜;
(3)将上述四硫代钨酸铵/聚丙烯腈纺丝膜进行预氧化、热处理,即得碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜W2C/CNF;其中热处理具体为:在氩氢气氛中,热处理温度为600~900 °C,升温速率为5~10 °C min-1,恒温时间为3~6 h;预氧化具体为:在空气气氛中预氧化,预氧化的温度为200~250℃,升温速率为2℃·min-1,预氧化恒温时间为1~3 h。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(1)中溶剂为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺;四硫代钨酸铵、聚丙烯腈的质量比为0.5:1-3:1。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(1)中四硫代钨酸铵、聚丙烯腈的质量比为1:1-2:1。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(2)中静电纺丝的工艺参数为:静电场电压15~25 kV,纺丝速度0.05~0.2 mmmin-1,接收距离10~25 cm。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜的制备方法,其特征在于:所述预氧化时间为1.5h。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜的制备方法,其特征在于:所述恒温时间为4h。
7.一种如权利要求1所述的制备方法得到的碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜的应用,其特征在于:碳化钨包埋的碳纳米纤维复合膜作为锂离子电池、超级电容器的电极材料的应用。
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