CN105974397B - Polarization lidar scaling method and polarization lidar based on Jones matrix - Google Patents
Polarization lidar scaling method and polarization lidar based on Jones matrix Download PDFInfo
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- CN105974397B CN105974397B CN201610547586.2A CN201610547586A CN105974397B CN 105974397 B CN105974397 B CN 105974397B CN 201610547586 A CN201610547586 A CN 201610547586A CN 105974397 B CN105974397 B CN 105974397B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
- G01S7/497—Means for monitoring or calibrating
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
- G01S17/88—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S17/95—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications for meteorological use
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A90/00—Technologies having an indirect contribution to adaptation to climate change
- Y02A90/10—Information and communication technologies [ICT] supporting adaptation to climate change, e.g. for weather forecasting or climate simulation
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of polarization lidar scaling methods and polarization lidar based on Jones matrix.This method is used to correct the Depolarization Ratio of polarization lidar；Scaling method of the present invention changes the polarization direction of transmitting laser using half-wave plate, pass through the angulation change to half-wave plate, it obtains with the depolarization ratio of half-wave plate angle change and Depolarization Ratio rate of change value, establish the Diff functions for comparing Depolarization Ratio function and Depolarization Ratio change rate function, Diff functions are fitted with least square method, the Jones matrix constant of the system is obtained, obtaining corresponding half-wave plate according to Jones matrix constant optimizes rotation angle；When polarization lidar carries out long-range detection, keep half-wave plate optimization rotation angle constant, using Jones matrix constant and using the Jones matrix in receiving light path, Depolarization Ratio is modified.The present invention determines that calibration precision is high, relative error is small by the way that Jones matrix constant and half-wave plate angle are two-way.
Description
Technical field
A kind of scaling method the present invention relates to polarization lidar and the polarization lidar system using this method, tool
Body is related to a kind of polarization lidar scaling method based on Jones matrix.
Background technology
Jones matrix is for describing change action of the polarizer to polarised light, it is believed that random polarization light can be by it
Two components of light vector form column matrix and represent, know the superposition of polarised light and synthesis and the polarization of emergent light
State.
Polarization lidar is a kind of effective tool for studying Sand Dust Aerosol and cirrus, heavy to closing in atmospheric seeing
It will.In polarization lidar, parallel echo-signal reflects the detection information of Mie scattering lidar, and altitude return signal is with putting down
The ratio between row echo-signal is to move back Depolarization Ratio, is the Depolarization Ratio of nonspherical particle rear orientation light, the depolarization of polarization lidar
Than the indicator that may be considered nonspherical particle, it can reflect the shape of scattering particles and object phase, available for distinguishing constituent of atomsphere
Liquid, admixture, ice cloud and aerosol type, it is seen then that all information of polarization lidar all rely on the standard of Depolarization Ratio
Really detection, and the accurate detection of Depolarization Ratio is dependent on system parameter calibration.
Half-wave plate is embedded in and receives system light path by existing polarization lidar scaling method such as McGill methods, rotation 45
It spends so that plane of polarization output signal axially matches with receiver polarization.This method eliminates the needs to benchmark Depolarization Ratio, but
The precise angle that half-wave plate is needed to rotate.In addition to this, identical signal is generated in multichannel to demarcate polarization using non-polarized light
Parameters of laser radar system is also common method, but this method is confined to ideal non-polarized light and is not easy to obtain.Even if
Non-polarized light is obtained, needs to consider the photon counting intensity of non-polarized light, and can only use to single Detection Techniques, test
The two channel of polarization continuous laser pulse of switchable optical path measurements is also required in journey, while also needs to intuitively obtain light beam
The optical reflectivity and conversion parameter of optical splitter.
Invention content
The purpose of the present invention is to solve defects in the prior art, and half-wave plate can effectively be determined by providing one kind
Precise angle, the scaling method that calibration precision is high, relative error is small.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a kind of polarization lidar scaling method based on Jones matrix,
This method is used to correct the Depolarization Ratio of polarization lidar；Scaling method of the present invention changes the polarization of transmitting laser using half-wave plate
Direction by the angulation change to half-wave plate, obtains with the depolarization ratio of half-wave plate angle change and Depolarization Ratio rate of change value, builds
The Diff functions of vertical relatively Depolarization Ratio function and Depolarization Ratio change rate function, intend Diff functions with least square method
It closes, obtains the Jones matrix constant of the system, obtaining corresponding half-wave plate according to Jones matrix constant optimizes rotation angle；Polarization
When laser radar carries out long-range detection, keep half-wave plate optimization rotation angle constant, connect using Jones matrix constant and utilization
The Jones matrix in light path is received, Depolarization Ratio is modified.
Wherein, Diff functions are：Diff=[Dep ' (θ)-Dep (θ)]2；Wherein Dep ' (θ) is Depolarization Ratio change rate letter
Number, Dep (θ) are Depolarization Ratio function.
It is as follows：
(1) the laser transmitting laser of polarization lidar, successively through beam expanding lens, linear polarizer, half-wave plate and reflection
After mirror, vertically into air, backscatter signal is received by telescope, and received signal is after speculum, collimating mirror, optical filter
Into the light of both direction that is orthogonal of beam splitter decomposition, horizontal channel and vertical channel are respectively enterd, two channel receptions
Echo-signal carries out data acquisition by photoelectric detecting system；
(2) low-angle is rotated to half-wave plate, carries out half-wave plate and fix, repeatedly converted half-wave plate rotation angle and surveyed
Amount obtains the Depolarization Ratio function with half-wave plate angle change, according to Depolarization Ratio function according to the data that photoelectric detecting system acquires
Depolarization Ratio change rate function is obtained, generates Depolarization Ratio functional image, is determined to carry out minimum two to the Diff functions according to image
Multiplication is fitted, and obtains Jones matrix constant εi, the rotation angle that corresponding half-wave plate optimizes is calculated；Using polarization laser thunder
Up to when carrying out long-range detection, half-wave plate keeps the rotation angle of the optimization constant, is repaiied using the Jones matrix in reception system
Echo-signal just from two channels, so as to correct Depolarization Ratio.
The present invention also provides a kind of polarization lidar using above-mentioned scaling method, including：
Emission system, for emitting polarization laser signal, including laser, beam expanding lens, linear polarizer, half-wave plate, rotation
Gyration control device and speculum；Laser emits laser, successively through beam expanding lens, linear polarizer, half-wave plate and speculum
Afterwards, vertically into air；The rotating angle control device is connected with the half-wave plate；
Reception system, for receiving the echo-signal that atmospheric backscatter signal forms orthogonal both direction, including hoping
Remote mirror, speculum, collimating mirror, optical filter and beam splitter；The backscatter signal that laser enters air is received by telescope, is received
Signal enter the echo-signal of both direction that is orthogonal of beam splitter decomposition after speculum, collimating mirror, optical filter successively, point
It Jin Ru not horizontal channel and vertical channel；
Photoelectric detecting system, the echo-signal for the system of reception to be formed are converted to electric signal and carry out data processing,
Including photomultiplier, photon counter and computer；The photomultiplier is two, is respectively used to receive the reception system
The horizontal channel of system and the echo-signal of vertical channel；The computer by photon counter respectively with two photomultipliers
It is connected.
Wherein, rotating angle control device includes stepper motor and machine carousel；The shaft and stepper motor of machine carousel
Output shaft transmission be connected；Half-wave plate is connected with machine carousel.
Rotating angle control device further includes driving gear and driven gear；The output axis connection driving tooth of stepper motor
Wheel, machine carousel periphery are equipped with driven gear；Driving gear and driven gear are meshed；It is equipped at the center of machine carousel recessed
Slot, half-wave plate are set in groove.
The present invention has the following advantages compared with prior art：It is solved by carrying out transformation to Jones matrix to polarization laser thunder
It is demarcated up to Jones matrix constant, while determines the rotation angle of half-wave plate optimization；Step motor control machinery is utilized simultaneously
Turntable rotates, and drives half-wave plate that angular turn is fixed, ensure that the accuracy of operation, avoids caused by adjusting manually
Error solves the difficulty that half-wave plate precise angle can not be found in existing scaling method；Pass through Jones matrix constant and half-wave
Piece angle is two-way to be determined, calibration precision is high, relative error is small.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structure diagram of polarization lidar of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is the structure diagram of rotating angle control device in Fig. 1.
In figure, 1- lasers, 2- beam expanding lens, 3- linear polarizers, 4- half-wave plates, 5- rotating angle control devices, 51- steps
Stepper motor, 52- machine carousels, 53- driving gears, 54- driven gears, 6- speculums, 7- air, 8- telescopes, 9- speculums,
10- collimating mirrors, 11- optical filters, 12- beam splitters, 13- photomultipliers, 14- photon counters, 15- computers.
Specific embodiment
The present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
As shown in Figure 1, polarization lidar of the present invention includes emission system, receives system and photoelectric detecting system.Transmitting
System includes laser 1, beam expanding lens 2, linear polarizer 3, half-wave plate 4, rotating angle control device 5 and speculum 6.Receive system
System includes telescope 8, speculum 9, collimating mirror 10, optical filter 11 and beam splitter 12.Photoelectric detecting system includes photomultiplier
13rd, photon counter 14 and computer 15.
Laser 1 is using one semiconductor pumped, narrow linewidth, continuous seed laser laser are injected into high energy pulse
The laser that high power, narrow linewidth, 532nm are exported, pulse energy 10mJ are obtained in laser oscillator, pulse repetition rate is
11Hz.The laser of the 532nm sent out is expanded through beam expanding lens 2, and adjusting expands border 2, and the angle of divergence of laser is made to have to be less than system
Field angle, to ensure the abundant application of laser energy.The linear polarizer 3 of laser after expanding, laser becomes linearly polarized light,
At this point, laser polarizes in the same direction.Light path passes through half-wave plate 4, half-wave plate 4 is driven to rotate by rotating angle control device 5
Fixed low-angle, adjusting laser polarization state can match with polarizing beam splitter mirror (PBS) 12.Laser, will be horizontal through 45 degree of speculums 6
The laser vertical of transmission enters air 7.Laser enters the scattering of generation different directions after air 7, wherein backscatter signal quilt
(wherein focus has been placed around aperture diaphragm to telescope 8 on the focal plane of telescope 8, to compress the field angle of reception system limit
The field angle of telescope processed receives), the vertical light received is become horizontal optical signal by 45 degree of speculums 9, the speculum 9
It is axial available for adjusting laser center.The flashlight that speculum 9 reflects is directional light by the collimation of collimating mirror 10, in then utilizing
The a length of 532nm of cardiac wave, the 11 compressed background light of spike filter that bandwidth is 0.35nm.Light filtered, after collimation is through polarization
Beam splitter 12 decomposes the light for the both direction being orthogonal, respectively enters horizontal channel and vertical channel；It is logical by receive two
The echo-signal in road converts optical signal into electric signal by the photomultiplier 13 in photoelectric detecting system, utilizes photon counting
Device 14 acquires photomultiplier transit signal, inputs in computer 15, carries out data processing.
Wherein, telescope 8 uses triumphant match Green (Casse grain) telescope of a diameter of 200mm.Collimating mirror 10 uses
The biconvex lens of 2f=100mm, effect is that the converged light that telescope 8 receives is become directional light.Optical filter 11 will be backward
It is directional light to scatter light collimation, is 532nm using centre wavelength, the spike filter compressed background light of bandwidth 0.1nm, and peak value leads to
The rate of mistake reaches 70%, filters out the light of other frequency ranges in addition to laser is emitted, to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of whole system.Polarizing beam splitter mirror
The different polarization states laser received is divided into the light of orthogonal both direction so that photomultiplier acquires by 12.Photodetector
Electric signal is converted optical signals into using photomultiplier 13, introduces unnecessary error to avoid, detector uses isotype
Number, in such a system using this model detector of H10682, electric signal is converted light signals into, which is photon meter
Number type detectors, pulse number number represent the number of photon.Photon counter 14 uses the photon counting of model P7882
Card, the sampling resolution of the photon counting card is 12, and sampling rate is single channel 200MHz.The distance resolution of single channel signal
For 15m, twin-channel distance resolution is 30m.Since polarization lidar is binary channels, distance resolution is set as
30m。
As shown in Fig. 2, rotating angle control device 5 includes stepper motor 51 and machine carousel 52.Stepper motor 51 it is defeated
Go out axis connection driving gear 53,52 periphery of machine carousel is equipped with driven gear 54.Driving gear 53 and driven gear 54 are meshed.
Groove is equipped at the center of machine carousel 52, half-wave plate 4 is set in groove.Stepper motor 51 rotates for control machinery turntable 52
Frequency, angle.In the present system, in order to obtain the relationship between 4 rotational angle of depolarization ratio and half-wave plate, half-wave plate 4 rotates
To each angle, corresponding depolarization ratio is obtained.It is 1000 hertz to emit laser repetition rate according to laser 1, acquires 60000
Laser pulse stops 1 minute after control stepper motor rotation is primary, in addition performing 51 rotation time of stepper motor and state being sentenced
Disconnected time, 52 rotational frequency of control machinery turntable are 1/62 hertz, and rotational angle is 2 degree.
To above-mentioned polarization lidar carry out system calibrating purpose be, by polarization lidar Jones matrix constant,
The calibration of atmospheric molecule Depolarization Ratio so that polarization lidar is unified under same standard in the data of follow-up long-range detection,
The calibration of polarization lidar Jones matrix constant will be based on converting the system Jones matrix, solved.
Based on optics Jones matrix, transformation, solution procedure are as follows：
In view of the polarimetric radar laser transmitting system and system is received, measuring optical component using photomultiplier polarizes
State can be described with equation below：
Wherein, MPMT、MPBSAnd MRetIt is photomultiplier 13, beam splitter 12 and delayer (half-wave plate 4) optics Jones respectively
Matrix, MOptOptics Jones matrix for telescope in polarization lidar 8, speculum 9, beam expanding lens 2 and other devices.WithIt respectively receives light and emits the polarization state of light.Delayer increases phase theta/2 along fast axle, and corresponding slow axis postpones θ/2
Phase.Therefore, Jones matrixMiddle φ is phase delay caused by delayer.It, can basis if rotation retarder φ
Corresponding rotation angle obtains the corresponding Jones matrix of delayer with good groundsly, as follows：
Wherein, angles of the θ between 12 axial direction of delayer fast axle and beam splitter.If optical device essence in the radar system
It is close, it is sufficient to ignore device error, then formula (1) can be written as：
However, for practical optical device, need to consider that photomultiplier (PMT) gain, beam splitter (PBS) phase are done
It disturbs, delayer phase error and the influence that brings of transmitting laser polarization degree, formula (3) can be written as follows：
Wherein, need to consider half-wave plate as phase delay error caused by delayer, for backscattering echo signal
There is also the variable G as caused by Effect on Detecting difference between two photomultipliers of detection, for the light beam point of actual use
Shu Jing, phase interference are also needed to be considered.Therefore, there is three above unknown quantity in Jones matrix.Wherein, P12、P21、P22Point
Not Wei beam splitter Jones matrix parameter, ε6For half slide phase delay parameter.After calibration, normalization and unknown quantity substitute,
Formula (4) can be rewritten as：
In formula (5),WithThe respectively polarization state of backscattering echo signal level direction and vertical direction.
Consider the relationship of energy and amplitude, εiFor Jones matrix constant (i=1-6), the Depolarization Ratio function for defining system is：
Wherein,WithThe respectively energy amplitude of vertical channel and horizontal channel.It can be seen that from formula (6), Depolarization Ratio
It is the function about half-wave plate rotation angle θ.By the different angle of rotatable halfwave plate, it is a series of to obtain Depolarization Ratio function
Value.If providing the unknown quantity in formula (5), the Depolarization Ratio change rate function that changes with θ will be obtained.Diff functions are defined to compare
Dep (θ) functions and Dep ' (θ) function, it is as follows：
Diff=[Dep ' (θ)-Dep (θ)]2
Above-mentioned formula is fitted with least square method, obtains Jones matrix constant εi, obtain Jones of the system
Matrix constant.The relationship of actual ghosts signal and detectable signal is as follows：
Detectable signal as a result,It is to be measured by the polarization lidar system, ε1-3It is obtained by calibration,
It can simply be calculated according to formula 7, the Depolarization Ratio for other objects such as aerosol, clouds is also so to obtain.
In polarization lidar system, in order to obtain the optimal observation to backscatter signal Depolarization Ratio, carrying out far
It before distance observation, needs to find divergencing laser when matching best with polarizing beam splitter mirror 12, the angle that half-wave plate rotates is right with this
Polarization lidar systematic parameter accurate calibration.
Before calibration carries out, collimated light path, inspection system is protected from light implementations and line situation, and it is appropriate to ensure that device is placed.
Night sunny, that sky is clean is selected, ignore atmospheric aerosol and atmospheric molecule influences caused by experiment, in calibration process,
By 51 control machinery turntable of stepper motor, 52 rotational angle, frequency, the fixed low-angle of the rotation of half-wave plate 4 is driven, is changed backward
Echo-signal.After each rotation angle, angle rotation, two channel signals are measured.Two channel photomultipliers 13 acquisition 5000
A laser pulse signal repeats above two steps, obtains the signal in multiple angles.
Data processing is carried out by computer 15.Signal is handled using 5.625 meters to 6 kms as calibration region,
Obtain the Depolarization Ratio functional value changed with 4 rotation angle of half-wave plate and Depolarization Ratio change rate functional value, to function Diff functions into
Row least square fitting obtains Jones matrix constant εi, calculated according to formula (7)It willBring formula into
(5) in, 4 rotation angle of half-wave plate is calculated, fixes the angle, when carrying out long-range detection, keeps half-wave plate rotation angle not
Become, use backscattering echo of the Jones matrix amendment from two channel photomultiplier of polarization lidar in receiving light path
Signal, so as to correct Depolarization Ratio.
Claims (5)
1. the polarization lidar scaling method based on Jones matrix, this method is used to correct the Depolarization Ratio of polarization lidar；
It is characterized in that, this method changes the polarization direction of transmitting laser using half-wave plate, by the angulation change to half-wave plate, obtain
With the depolarization ratio of half-wave plate angle change and Depolarization Ratio rate of change value, Depolarization Ratio function and Depolarization Ratio change rate letter are compared in foundation
Several Diff functions are fitted Diff functions with least square method, the Jones matrix constant of the system are obtained, according to fine jade
This matrix constant obtains corresponding half-wave plate optimization rotation angle；When polarization lidar carries out long-range detection, half-wave is kept
Piece optimization rotation angle is constant, using the Jones matrix constant and using the Jones matrix in receiving light path, to Depolarization Ratio into
Row is corrected；The Diff functions are：Diff=[Dep ' ()-Dep ()] 2 ；WhereinDep ' ()For Depolarization Ratio change rate function,Dep ()For Depolarization Ratio function.
2. scaling method according to claim 1, which is characterized in that include the following steps：
（1）The laser transmitting laser of polarization lidar, successively after beam expanding lens, linear polarizer, half-wave plate and speculum,
Vertically into air, backscatter signal is received by telescope, and received signal enters after speculum, collimating mirror, optical filter
The light of both direction that beam splitter decomposition is orthogonal, respectively enters horizontal channel and vertical channel, the echo of two channel receptions
Signal carries out data acquisition by photoelectric detecting system；
（2）One low-angle is rotated to half-wave plate, half-wave plate is carried out and fixes, half-wave plate often rotates an angle according to photodetection
The data of system acquisition obtain corresponding depolarization ratio, repeatedly convert half-wave plate rotation angle and measure, obtain with half-wave plate
The Depolarization Ratio function of angle change obtains Depolarization Ratio change rate function according to Depolarization Ratio function, generates Depolarization Ratio functional image, root
It determines to carry out least square fitting to the Diff functions according to image, obtains Jones matrix constantε i , it is calculated corresponding
The rotation angle of half-wave plate optimization；When carrying out long-range detection using polarization lidar, half-wave plate keeps the rotation of the optimization
Angle is constant, using echo-signal of the Jones matrix amendment from two channels in reception system, so as to correct Depolarization Ratio.
3. a kind of polarization lidar using scaling method described in claim 1, which is characterized in that including：
Emission system, for emitting polarization laser signal, including laser, beam expanding lens, linear polarizer, half-wave plate, rotation angle
Spend control device and speculum；Laser emits laser, successively after beam expanding lens, linear polarizer, half-wave plate and speculum, hangs down
It is straight enter air；The rotating angle control device is connected with the half-wave plate；
Reception system, for receiving the echo-signal that atmospheric backscatter signal forms orthogonal both direction, including telescope,
Speculum, collimating mirror, optical filter and beam splitter；The backscatter signal that laser enters air is received by telescope, the letter of reception
Enter the echo-signal of both direction that beam splitter decomposition is orthogonal after speculum, collimating mirror, optical filter number successively, respectively into
Enter horizontal channel and vertical channel；
Photoelectric detecting system, the echo-signal for the system of reception to be formed are converted to electric signal and carry out data processing, including
Photomultiplier, photon counter and computer；The photomultiplier is two, is respectively used to receive the reception system
Horizontal channel and the echo-signal of vertical channel；The computer by photon counter respectively with two photomultiplier phases
Even.
4. polarization lidar according to claim 3, which is characterized in that the rotating angle control device includes stepping
Motor and machine carousel；The shaft of the machine carousel is connected with the output shaft transmission of the stepper motor；The half-wave plate with
The machine carousel is connected.
5. polarization lidar according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the rotating angle control device further includes master
Moving gear and driven gear；The output axis connection driving gear of the stepper motor, machine carousel periphery are equipped with the driven tooth
Wheel；The driving gear and driven gear are meshed；Groove is equipped at the center of the machine carousel, half-wave plate is set on groove
It is interior.
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| CN106597414B (en) * | 2016-10-18 | 2020-01-10 | 浙江大学 | Method for calibrating gain ratio of polarization laser radar |
| CN106569228B (en) * | 2016-11-15 | 2019-04-05 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | Atmosphere depolarization profile detection device from the side CCD to laser radar detection method |
| CN109061668B (en) * | 2018-06-25 | 2023-02-10 | 南京信息工程大学 | Multi-field-of-view polarized laser radar detection system and method for detecting ice cloud |
| CN110471047B (en) * | 2019-08-30 | 2022-04-15 | 南京信息工程大学 | Calibration method of polarization laser radar |
| CN112698354B (en) * | 2020-12-04 | 2022-03-18 | 兰州大学 | Atmospheric aerosol and cloud identification method and system |
| CN112596046A (en) * | 2020-12-23 | 2021-04-02 | 北京遥测技术研究所 | High-precision calibration processing method for satellite-borne atmospheric sounding laser radar |
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