CN105940596A - 改进的开关磁阻电机和用于混合动力汽车的开关磁阻装置 - Google Patents

改进的开关磁阻电机和用于混合动力汽车的开关磁阻装置 Download PDF

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CN105940596A
CN105940596A CN201480062546.8A CN201480062546A CN105940596A CN 105940596 A CN105940596 A CN 105940596A CN 201480062546 A CN201480062546 A CN 201480062546A CN 105940596 A CN105940596 A CN 105940596A
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查尔斯·汉普顿·佩里
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02KDYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K1/00Details of the magnetic circuit
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/10Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines
    • B60L50/16Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines with provision for separate direct mechanical propulsion
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02KDYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K19/00Synchronous motors or generators
    • H02K19/02Synchronous motors
    • H02K19/10Synchronous motors for multi-phase current
    • H02K19/103Motors having windings on the stator and a variable reluctance soft-iron rotor without windings
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02KDYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K37/00Motors with rotor rotating step by step and without interrupter or commutator driven by the rotor, e.g. stepping motors
    • H02K37/02Motors with rotor rotating step by step and without interrupter or commutator driven by the rotor, e.g. stepping motors of variable reluctance type
    • H02K37/04Motors with rotor rotating step by step and without interrupter or commutator driven by the rotor, e.g. stepping motors of variable reluctance type with rotors situated within the stators
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02P25/00Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of AC motor or by structural details
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    • H02P25/08Reluctance motors
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2200/00Type of vehicles
    • B60L2200/18Buses
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • B60L2200/40Working vehicles
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2220/00Electrical machine types; Structures or applications thereof
    • B60L2220/10Electrical machine types
    • B60L2220/18Reluctance machines
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2220/00Electrical machine types; Structures or applications thereof
    • B60L2220/40Electrical machine applications
    • B60L2220/44Wheel Hub motors, i.e. integrated in the wheel hub
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2220/00Electrical machine types; Structures or applications thereof
    • B60L2220/50Structural details of electrical machines
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2260/00Operating Modes
    • B60L2260/20Drive modes; Transition between modes
    • B60L2260/28Four wheel or all wheel drive
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2270/00Problem solutions or means not otherwise provided for
    • B60L2270/10Emission reduction
    • B60L2270/14Emission reduction of noise
    • B60L2270/145Structure borne vibrations
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02KDYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K2213/00Specific aspects, not otherwise provided for and not covered by codes H02K2201/00 - H02K2211/00
    • H02K2213/03Machines characterised by numerical values, ranges, mathematical expressions or similar information
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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  • Control Of Electric Motors In General (AREA)

Abstract

本发明提供一种改进的具有开关磁阻轮毂电机的混合驱动装置。该开关磁阻电机通过在未被使用时关闭现有技术中使用的电机的存在的磁场来消除由该磁场造成的任何阻力。它还更清洁并且运行更有效,因为当磁场被关闭时,在运行期间被吸引来的任何磁路灰尘或碎片掉落或被排斥。一种改进的开关磁阻电机可以被使用,设计有定子环和转子环,所以低磁阻通量路径并不穿过转子或转子条的整个直径。

Description

改进的开关磁阻电机和用于混合动力汽车的开关磁阻装置
本申请要求2013年9月16日提交的编号为5 61/878135的美国临时专利申请的权益以及优先权,并且有权享有该申请日作为优先权日。编号61/878135的美国临时专利申请的说明书、附图以及完整的公开内容在此通过用于各种目的的具体参考被包含在内。
技术领域
本发明总地涉及混合动力汽车领域。更具体地,本发明涉及一种用于使用开关磁阻电机的内燃-电力混合汽车的汽车动能的增大、储存和守恒的装置。
附图说明
图1示出了依据本发明的实施例的一种系统的视图;
图2示出了依据本发明的实施例的一种装置的视图;
图3示出了一种具有中心转子的开关磁阻电机的视图,该中心转子具有转子条(rotor bar);
图4示出了一种具有转子环的开关磁阻电机的视图;
图5示出了图4中的部分的近视图;
图6示出了图4的开关磁阻电机的转子移动至第二位置的视图;
图7示出了一种具有转子环的开关磁阻电机的可替换配制;
图8示出了一种具有转子环的开关磁阻电机的另外的可替换配制。
具体实施方式
美国专利2012/0215389(Perry等,用于汽车动能的增加、储存和守恒的机器)公开了一种能够被改造和被安装在内燃机驱动汽车上用于向汽车增加电动力和功率并且因此将该汽车转换成混合动力车的电机-发电机设备,该专利在此通过用于各种目的的具体参考被包含在内。更早的混合驱动系统在编号4,165,795的美国专利(Lynch等)和编号4,335,429的美国专利(Kawakatsu)中被公开,其也在此通过用于各种目的的具体参考被包含在内。
本发明是一种改进的包括开关磁阻轮毂电机的混合驱动装置,如图1和图2中所示。通过使用开关磁阻电机,本发明具有通过在未被使用时关闭现有技术中使用的电机的存在的磁场来消除由该磁场造成的任何阻力的优点。本发明还具有更清洁并且运行更有效的优点,其中在磁场被关闭时,运行期间被吸引来的任何磁路灰尘或碎片掉落或被排斥。
该开关磁阻电机是一种磁阻电机(即,通过磁阻转矩来运行的电动机)。和常见的直流电机类型不同,电力被传递给定子中的绕组而不是转子。因为电力不需要被传递给运动部分,这大大简化了机械设计。然而,一些种类的开关系统需要被用来向不同的绕组传递电力。
在一些实施例中,该开关磁阻电机具有绕制的磁场线圈。然而,转子没有附接的磁体或线圈。它典型地包括由软磁材料(例如,层压钢)构成的实心凸极转子(具有突出的磁极)。当电力被施加给定子绕组时,转子的磁阻生成一个力来尝试将转子极与最近的定子极对齐。为了维持旋转,电子控制系统依次接通连续的定子极的绕组,所以定子的磁场“引导”转子极,将其向前推。该开关磁阻电机使用电子位置传感器来确定转子轴的角度和使用固态电子技术来切换定子线圈,这也为脉冲定时和成形的动态控制提供了机会,而不是如同传统电机中的使用机械换向器来切换绕组电流。
一个开关磁阻电机的示例在图3中示出。开关磁阻电机被设计来利用磁路中减少的磁阻。通常地,具有多个转子条102的转子100在定子环110内部旋转。定子的内部包括多个铁磁定子极112,该定子极112可以通过在该极周围的磁线圈114被激励,从而临时地生成北极磁体和单极磁体。开关磁阻电机中的转子由铁磁性材料组成,该铁磁性材料将产生从定子极到定子极的低磁阻路径。磁通量路径是穿过相应的转子条102从被激励的北极到被激励的南极。
以下是该开关磁阻电机的一个运转示例。定子极在90度和270度位置(Al,A2)通过铁磁极周围的磁线圈被激励从而生成磁体的南极和北极。磁通量路径穿过转子条(B)从北极到南极,与定子极(Al,A2)成直线,是低磁阻路径。该磁通量的路径是圆形的,从定子环的圆周周围的一个定子极到另一个定子极,并且返回通过相应的转子条。
控制电路关闭流向定子极(Al,A2)的电流,并且激励在315度和135度位置(Cl,C2)处的定子极。可编程控制电路和机制是本领域众所周知的,并且容易获得。转子条(D)稍微从定子极(Cl,C2)偏移,然后被刚刚激励的北极定子极和南极定子极(Cl,C2)牵引在逆时针方向旋转。当转子条(D)达到与定子极(Cl,C2)成直线的新位置时,控制电路关闭该电流并且接通0度和180度定子极位置的电流(El,E2),导致转子条(F)在逆时针方向中被牵引。在不同情况下,存在于两个被激励的定子极之间的高磁阻通过与该定子极精确对齐的转子条被降低,就如在水平的转子条(B)和定子极(Al,A2)的情况下。通过电力地顺时针地激励定子极,转子条逆时针地旋转,从而生成电机活动。当然,激励方向(并且因此,旋转方向)可以是反向的。
如上讨论的,开关磁阻电机的显著优点是电机并不需要永磁体(如DC无刷电机中的永磁体)。因而,它在脏的或包括铁磁性粉尘颗粒的环境中建造简单和经济并且运行良好。然而,开关磁阻电机并不需要控制电路来在正确的时间激励定子极,这可能是复杂的并且需要转子位置反馈,例如光学传感器或其他适当的方法。而且,开关磁阻电机可能因为相对的定子极被激励和关闭而易于产生噪音,这是由于施加在定子环上的周期交替的开/关力以可闻频率振动。
被设计来处理这些缺陷的一种改进的开关磁阻电机如下描述。在一些实施例中,该改进的电机包括转子中的修改的磁通量路径,如图4中所见。该转子是转子环200,并且在定子环210内旋转。该转子环包括放置在外圆周上的多个转子极202。定子环包括多个铁磁的定子极212,该定子极212可以通过在该极周围的磁线圈214被激励,从而临时地生成北极电磁体和单极电磁体。相对的定子极不成对地一起被激励;相反地,北极和南极通过激励在定子环的相同区域中的定子极来生成。被降低的磁阻的磁通量路径因而从一个被激励的极行经穿过定子环上的短距离到其他的定子极,然后穿过两个相应的转子极穿过转子环,如图4和图5中所见。
以下是该改进的开关磁阻电机的一个运转示例。定子极(H)被其相应线圈激励来产生北极电磁体,并且定子极(I)类似地被激励来产生南极电磁体。转子极(F)和(G)与定子极(H)和(I)分别成直线,有磁路流经穿过。转子环(A)中被降低的磁阻的路径通过箭头(J)来示出,而定子环(D)中的路径通过箭头(K)来示出。要注意的是定子对的激励围绕定子环重复,所以许多低磁阻磁路(在该配置中是15个)可以围绕电机的圆周生成。定子极电磁体对可以围绕该环交替北极和南极指向。
控制电路关闭流向定子极(H,I)(和围绕该环的其他的被激励的定子极对)的电流,并且激励定子极(N,O)。这使转子极(L,M)与定子极(N,O)成直线,如图6中所见,形成新的穿过L、N、O、M以及介于中间的定子环部分和转子环部分的低磁阻路径。需注意的是,新的低磁阻磁路随着类似的定子对的激励,围绕电机的圆周生成。
当那些定子极被再次激励时,定子的这个运动将转子极(P,Q)移动到随后与定子极(H,I)成直线的位置。这描述了两相开关磁阻电机,具有包括第一相的(H,I)的激励,以及包括第二相的(N,O)的激励。在这个配置中,每隔一个定子极同时被激励(即,在被激励的对中的每个被激励的定子极之间存在有未被激励的定子极)。需注意,根据极的间隔和激励的定时,电机还可以包括三相配置,或更多相的配置。
图7示出了一种三相开关磁阻电机的示例,其中存在依次被激励的三对定子极。每隔两个定子极同时被激励(即,在被激励的对中的每个被激励的定子极之间存在有两个未被激励的定子极)。
中心区(R)可以是转子环的机械支撑,并且包括非铁磁材料,例如,但不限于,铝、黄铜、碳纤维或其他适合的材料。它将转子相对于定子极放置在正确的位置,并且帮助提供围绕通过转子组件的中心的轴的旋转。
转子极和定子极的数量能够改变。在图4中所示的实施例中,有45个被放置在转子环的外圆周上的转子极,和30个在定子环的内圆周上的定子极。每个的数量都能够改变,如图7中所见的,其中有60个转子极和36个定子极。定子极和转子极的数量存在许多种组合以能够被配置来使转子中的圆形磁通量路径工作,如图8中所见。如本文中所公开的定子极和转子极的数量仅仅是三种配置的示例。
本设计将允许非常简单的驱动系统,在该系统中单相变频交流信号将驱动该电机。驱动该具有单相交流信号的电机的能力并不限于将定子极和转子极布置来驱动具有单相交流、两相交流或三相交流的定子极电磁体的选项。
这个配置能够通过正弦波、方形波或其他适合的波形的单相交流信号交替地激励该定子极来驱动。定子极(H,N,I,O)组成完整集合用于该电机的360度电周期的完整集合。电机的360度电周期是完整的电周期已完成并且电气操作重复自身的转子旋转的角度。在如图4中所示的电机设计中,在转子环旋转24度中存在有完整的360度电周期。这意味着在360度的转子环旋转中,存在360度电旋转的15个周期。四个定子极允许两相的完整周期来作用于转子极。该电机将随着北极-南极中的定子极(H)和(I)的激励运行,然后随后随着北极-南极中的定子极(N)和(O)的激励运行。两组定子极之间依次地交替将导致转子环依次地随着仅四个定子极顺时针地或逆时针地旋转。该开关磁阻电机的改进设计从而允许有部分数量的极在定子环上。现有技术中没有开关磁阻电机具有这个能力。
本设计的另一个应用是开关磁阻步进电机的作用。在图4中,如上讨论的,转子极(F)和(G)与定子极(H)和(I)成直线,并且转子极(L)和(M)在将被牵引至与定子极(N)和(O)成直线的位置处。如果定子极(H)和(I)中的电流是DC电流,转子将被保持在一个固定位置中。如果定子极(H)和(I)中的DC电流被关闭,并且DC电流被施加给定子极(N)和(O),则转子将逆时针旋转4度并且停止。由于转子极和定子极的适当的间距和几何结构,以及恰当定时的电流的适当应用,该开关磁阻电机能够用作步进电机以及可变速电机。
虽然图4和图5示出了径向通量路径,但本发明包括其中通量通路并不穿过转子或转子条的整个直径的其他的可能的配置。例如,图2示出了具有轴向通量配置的开关磁阻电机。在这个实施例中的转子极是磁性钢并且不是永久性磁体(表示显著优于DC无刷设计的优点,如本文中他处所描述的)。
以上描述的该改进的开关磁阻电机设计特别地适合用于低转速(例如,约2000rpm或以下)、高扭矩应用,包括,但不限于,轮毂电机。转速较低因为电机直接驱动车轮。高起动扭矩是期望的。
依据本发明的改进的开关磁阻电机设计所产生的噪音将低于现有技术的设计。作用在定子上的力将一直恒定,因为被激励的定子极和相应的转子极之间的磁吸引力将因为电机的运转方式永远不会彻底地归零。这将减少定子环中振动的倾向。
因此,应当理解的是本文中所描述的实施例和示例已被选择和描述以便最佳地说明本发明的原理及其实际应用,从而使本领域的普通技术人员能够最好地将本发明运用在各种实施例中和作出适合于预期的特定用途的各种修改。尽管本发明的特定的实施例已进行了描述,但是实施例并未穷尽。多种变化对于本领域的技术人员来说是显而易见的。

Claims (16)

1.一种开关磁阻电机,包括
具有内圆周的定子环;
位于所述内圆周上的多个定子极,所述定子极被磁线圈激励变成电磁体;
具有外圆周的转子环,所述转子环位于所述定子环内;以及
位于所述转子的外圆周上的多个转子极,所述转子极靠近所述定子极;
其中,低磁阻磁通量路径在定子极对被激励时穿过所述定子极对和邻近的转子极形成;并且
进一步地其中,所述低磁阻磁通量路径穿过所述定子极对之间的所述定子环部分并且穿过所述转子极对之间的所述转子部分形成。
2.根据权利要求1的电机,其中所述低磁阻磁通量路径并不穿过所述转子的中心。
3.根据权利要求1的电机,其中所述低磁阻磁通量路径并不穿过所述转子的直径。
4.根据权利要求1的电机,其中所述电机是两相电机。
5.根据权利要求1的电机,其中所述电机是三相电机。
6.根据权利要求1的电机,其中所述定子极对的激励使所述转子极对与所述定子极对准。
7.根据权利要求1的电机,其中所述定子极对顺序地被激励以使所述转子环旋转。
8.根据权利要求1的电机,其中所述电机是变速电机。
9.根据权利要求1的电机,其中所述电机是步进电机。
10.根据权利要求1的电机,其中所述电机是车辆上的轮毂安装式电机。
11.根据权利要求1的电机,其中所述转子环被布置在所述转子环的中心处的非铁磁体的机械支撑上。
12.根据权利要求1的电机,其中存在45个转子极和30个定子极。
13.根据权利要求12的电机,其中每隔一个的定子极在特定时间被激励。
14.根据权利要求1的电机,其中存在60个转子极和36个定子极。
15.根据权利要求14的电机,其中每隔两个的定子极在特定时间被激励。
16.根据权利要求14的电机,其中所述电机通过单相变频交流信号来驱动。
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