CN105910969A - Method for testing blocking degree of pores in porous asphalt mixture - Google Patents
Method for testing blocking degree of pores in porous asphalt mixture Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN105910969A CN105910969A CN201610214078.2A CN201610214078A CN105910969A CN 105910969 A CN105910969 A CN 105910969A CN 201610214078 A CN201610214078 A CN 201610214078A CN 105910969 A CN105910969 A CN 105910969A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- test specimen
- test piece
- pores
- asphalt mixture
- space
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 title abstract description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- JEGUKCSWCFPDGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N h2o hydrate Chemical compound O.O JEGUKCSWCFPDGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009490 roller compaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011384 asphalt concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
- G01N15/088—Investigating volume, surface area, size or distribution of pores; Porosimetry
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Road Paving Structures (AREA)
- Road Repair (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for testing the blocking degree of pores in a porous asphalt mixture. The method is characterized by comprising the following steps: preparing two water samples at first, with one being a clear water sample and the other being a turbid liquid sample; rolling and molding porous asphalt mixture test pieces in a laboratory according to pavement design grading and an asphalt-aggregate ratio, smearing three side surfaces and the bottom surface of the test piece with paraffin so as to seal pores on the surfaces and leaving the rest side surface as a drainage channel; placing the test piece in a drainage coefficient tester, setting testing gradient, testing the drainage coefficient P1 of the test piece by using the clear water sample at first and characterizing initial draining capability of the test piece; changing a new test piece, testing the drainage coefficient P2 of the test piece by using the turbid liquid sample and characterizing final draining capability of the test piece; and calculating the coefficient n of the blocking degree of pores by using P1 and P2 so as to realize evaluation of the blocking degree of pores in the porous asphalt mixture. The method provided by the invention can scientifically evaluate blocking of pores of the porous asphalt mixture by fine grains under the action of rainwater, so bases are provided for designing of the porous asphalt mixture.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to detection and the evaluation field of Asphalt Concrete Pavement Performance, be specifically related to test big
The method of space asphalt mixture gap chocking-up degree.
Background technology
Big space bituminous pavement top voidage is about 20%, it is possible to being internally formed drainage channel at compound will
Rainwater is laterally discharged.Its advantage includes that rainwater can be penetrated into drain function layer by (1), eliminates and causes all multirows
The road table moisture film of car detrimental effect, significantly improves the security of rainy day driving, comfortableness；(2) road surface has many
Pore structure, can be greatly reduced traffic noise；(3) more heat can be put aside in bigger space, is conducive to
Reduce the road surface absorption to sunshine heat, it is to avoid form tropical island effect.
In view of road surface, big space has above plurality of advantages, current this road surface form should by many countries
With.But due to road surface, big space itself use big gap structure, in use space be easily subject to dust,
The blocking of the particles such as tyre rubber powder, badly influences the pavement performance on road surface, big space, make road surface, big space by
Gradually lose draining and the effect of noise reduction, cause be restricted the service life of drainage surface layer.For this problem,
The domestic scholar of having proposes the pressure using washout test machine to act on road surface according to the wheel load on actual road surface
Washing away paves blocks the test specimen upper surface of dust, is deducted by current band by the gross mass blocking dust paved
The quality blocking dust of the quality blocking dust walked and upper surface residual obtains blocking in the resistance within test specimen
The quality of plug dust.But the method only accounts for the mixture gap blocking caused under wheel load effect, does not examines
The space blocking that the dust brought into when considering rain drop erosion causes, designs the most perfect.Scholar is additionally had to propose one
The evaluation method of drainage asphalt mixture space attenuation degree, what in the method, initial freeness number characterized is whole
The drainability of block plate test coupon, containing the draining energy of wheelmark sample after cutting that what end of a period freeness number characterized is
Power, but the decay of the method void causes owing to asphalt structure changes, and general dust
Blocking is not result in Asphalt mix for open-graded friction course structural change, and institute is in this way at test Asphalt mix for open-graded friction course
Space chocking-up degree aspect or Shortcomings.
In sum, simulation is only considered about the method testing Asphalt mix for open-graded friction course space chocking-up degree at present
Wheel pressure friction test specimen, does not takes into account the pore plugging caused by rain drop erosion, big space therefore can be caused to drip
The design of blue or green compound optimum mix is not accurate enough, will fall flat after being applied to road surface.Thus have
Necessity is designed a kind of in view of the method for testing causing space to block under rain drop erosion effect, thus with existing side
Method combines the design improving Asphalt mix for open-graded friction course optimum mix.
Summary of the invention
Present invention aims to problem that at present big space, road surface, space is easily blocked by dust and existing
The deficiency of evaluation method, designs a kind of method testing Asphalt mix for open-graded friction course space chocking-up degree, is used for
In Asphalt mix for open-graded friction course gradation design and pavement performance evaluation procedure, play slow down space, road surface, big space block up
The effect of plug.
The freeness number tester that this method relates to is made up of catch basin and base, if the base plate of catch basin is arranged
Dry through hole, the side of catch basin is provided with spilled water hole, and described base is provided with upper plate and lower shoe, described on
Base plate and lower shoe one end are with being articulated and connected, and the other end is provided with arrangement for adjusting height, and arrangement for adjusting height changes
The gradient of upper plate.
The method of test Asphalt mix for open-graded friction course space chocking-up degree, comprises the steps of
Step one: preparing two kinds of each 9000g of water sample, portion is running water water sample, and portion is suspension water sample.
Step 2: according to Pavement Design grating and bitumen aggregate ratio, four pieces of big space pitches of roller-compaction in laboratory
Compound test specimen, and paraffin is smeared in three sides of each test specimen and a bottom surface, seal surface void, be not coated with
Smearing the side of paraffin as drainage channel, one piece of test specimen is for clear water water sample, and three pieces of test specimens are for suspension water sample.
Step 3: put in freeness number tester device by one piece of test specimen, according to road surface horizontal wall inscription situation, passes through
It is 1% that arrangement for adjusting height arranges the test gradient；Close catch basin valve, injected clear water water sample in catch basin
3000g, opens catch basin valve and starts timer simultaneously, the water yield of test specimen drainage channel discharge in record time t,
T according to seepage velocity from Row sum-equal matrix.It is repeated three times, takes the mean value of three displacement as initial draining
Amount is designated as N1, with initial freeness numberCharacterize the initial drainability of asphalt.
Step 4: use instead in another block test specimen embedding device, the test gradient is set according to road surface horizontal wall inscription situation.Close
Close catch basin valve, in catch basin, inject suspension 3000g, open catch basin valve and start timer simultaneously,
Record the suspension volume that test specimen drainage channel is discharged in identical time t.It is repeated three times, takes three drainings
The mean value of amount is designated as N as end of a period displacement2, with freeness number of endingSign asphalt is eventually
Drainability.
Step 5: use space silt indexCharacterize the blocking of Asphalt mix for open-graded friction course space
Degree, n the biggest explanation bitumen mixture specimen space chocking-up degree is the most serious.
Improve further, add 0～0.075mm during suspension consists of every 100g clear water in described step one thin
Grain 50g, 0.075～0.15mm particulate 100g, 0.15～0.3mm particulate 50g, wherein particulate is loam.
Compared with prior art, its beneficial effect has the present invention:
(1) two kinds of water samples of design are as a comparison, characterize space chocking-up degree with space chocking-up degree coefficient, more
Image, present the stopping state in space under asphalt rainwater effect intuitively；
(2) can study affect under compound rainwater effect from the material of asphalt and match ratio angle
The stopping state in space, road surface drainage performance reasonable in design before road pavement and performance of anti-blockage；
(3) different external condition such as water velocity, dust granules particle diameters etc. can be analyzed to big space asphalt road
The impact effect of face blocking, material and match ratio for asphalt provide reasonable reference.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is freeness number tester device schematic diagram.
Detailed description of the invention
Method to test Asphalt mix for open-graded friction course space of the present invention chocking-up degree below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings
It is described in further detail.
Figure includes arrangement for adjusting height 1, catch basin 2, test specimen standing groove 3, and Asphalt mix for open-graded friction course tries
Part 4, rhone 5, osculum 6, hinge 7, lower shoe 8, upper plate 9 technical characteristic such as grade.
Preferably arrangement for adjusting height is screw.
(1) prepared by water sample
First preparing two kinds of each 9000g of water sample standby, one is running water, and one is suspension, the most suspended
In liquid, every grade of particulate proportion of composing is as shown in table 1, and particulate selects loam.
Each shelves fine particle content in the every 100g water of table 1
| Particle size (mm) | 0～0.075 | 0.075～0.15 | 0.15～0.3 |
| Quality (g) | 50 | 100 | 50 |
(2) shaping of the board-like test specimen of Asphalt mix for open-graded friction course
The test specimen of 4 pieces of Asphalt mix for open-graded friction course of roller-compaction in laboratory, test specimen is board-like test specimen, every piece
Sample dimensions is long 300mm × wide 300mm × thickness 50mm, and the grating of employing is as shown in table 2, its target empty
Gap rate is 20%, and this asphalt is used for highway upper layer, and horizontal wall inscription is 1%.Mix according to big space pitch
Material mixing proportion design method, is finally determined the bitumen aggregate ratio of Asphalt mix for open-graded friction course by wax deposition volume and dispersion test
It is 4.9%, deposits the demoulding after 24h at normal temperatures.
The grating of table 2 Asphalt mix for open-graded friction course
In selection plate test coupon, the rectangular surfaces of three 300mm × 50mm of size is with a 300mm × 300mm's
Facing, uses paraffin to be applied in four surfaces, sealing mixed material surface void, unused seals with wax
300mm × 300mm rectangular surfaces is as road table infiltration face, and the rectangular surfaces of 300mm × 50mm is as transverse drainage
Face.
(3) setting of freeness number tester
Catch basin in Fig. 1 is put the draw-in groove to device, the Asphalt mix for open-graded friction course test specimen of good seal is put into row
The test specimen standing groove of water coefficient tester, according to road horizontal wall inscription design specification requirement, rotation device base upper plate
The screw of catch basin side, regulates upper and lower bottom plate difference in height a=4.72mm, device width b=472mm, slope
Degree i=1%, upper plate required regulation height a are calculated by formula (1).
A=b × i (1)
(4) initial freeness number P is measured1
Tighten the screw at head control hole, 3000g clear water is added in catch basin, by adjusting means
The spilled water hole height regulation flow intensity of catch basin side, opens the 3rd spilled water hole, and its distance negative height is
19cm, corresponding water velocity is 21.2ml/s m2, press timer simultaneously, collect from osculum discharge
Clear water, closes the 3rd spilled water hole and stops collecting, read with graduated cylinder and collect volume of water sample record after 30s.Weight
Repetition measurement is fixed is respectively as follows: 1268ml, 1274ml, 1257ml three times, takes at the beginning of the mean value of three displacement draws
Beginning displacement N1=1266ml, uses formula (2) to calculate initial freeness number P1=42.21ml/s.
(5) end of a period freeness number P is measured2
Take out from freeness number tester device and measure test specimen used by initial freeness number, clean freeness number and survey
Examination instrument.The test specimen taking the untapped good seal of another block is put in test specimen standing groove, is added by 3000g suspension
Enter in catch basin, open the 3rd spilled water hole and start timer simultaneously, collect the suspension discharged from osculum,
Close the 3rd spilled water hole after 30s to stop collecting, the suspension volume that record is collected.Take out test specimen, cleaning device
Device removes in instrument after the particulate of residual, again takes the test specimen of the untapped good seal of another block and puts into test specimen and put
Putting in groove, repeat the above steps measures the suspension volume of collection again.Altogether measure three times, be respectively as follows:
726ml, 781ml, 749ml, the mean value taking three volumes draws end of a period displacement N2=752ml, with
End of a period freeness number P2Characterize the initial drainability of asphalt, use formula (3) to calculate
P2=25.07ml/s.
(6) space silt index n is calculated
According to the mensuration initial freeness number P measured1, end of a period freeness number P2, use formula (4) to calculate sky
Gap silt index n=40.61%, is understood the blocking of this asphalt mixture gap by result serious, it should adjust grating
To meet drainage requirement.
Claims (2)
1. the method for test Asphalt mix for open-graded friction course space chocking-up degree, it is characterised in that: comprise following step
Rapid:
Step one: preparing two kinds of each 9000g of water sample, portion is clear water water sample, and portion is suspension water sample；
Step 2: according to Pavement Design grating and bitumen aggregate ratio, four pieces of big space pitches of roller-compaction in laboratory
Compound test specimen, and smear paraffin in three sides of every piece of test specimen and a bottom surface, seal surface void, not
Smear the side of paraffin as drainage channel；
Step 3: in selecting step two, any block test specimen of shaping is put in freeness number tester device, according to
Actual road surface horizontal wall inscription arranges the test gradient；Closing Cistern valve, in water tank, injected clear water water sample 3000g, beats
Boiled water tank valve starts timer simultaneously, and the volume of the water that test specimen drainage channel is discharged in record time t, t is
30s～120s；Being repeated three times, the mean value taking three volumes is designated as N as initial displacement1, with initially
Freeness numberCharacterize the initial drainability of asphalt；
Step 4: use another block test specimen instead and put in freeness number tester device, set according to actual road surface horizontal wall inscription
Put the test gradient, close Cistern valve, in water tank, inject suspension 3000g, open Cistern valve and open simultaneously
Dynamic timer, the suspension volume that record is discharged with test specimen drainage channel in identical time t described in step 3；Weight
Fixed three times of repetition measurement, the mean value taking three volumes is designated as N as end of a period displacement2, with freeness number of endingCharacterize asphalt end of a period drainability；
Step 5: use space silt indexCharacterize the blocking of Asphalt mix for open-graded friction course space
Degree.
Method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: in step one, suspension consists of every 100g
Clear water adds 0～0.075mm particulate 50g, 0.075～0.15mm particulate 100g, 0.15～0.3mm particulate
50g, wherein particulate is loam.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610214078.2A CN105910969A (en) | 2016-04-07 | 2016-04-07 | Method for testing blocking degree of pores in porous asphalt mixture |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610214078.2A CN105910969A (en) | 2016-04-07 | 2016-04-07 | Method for testing blocking degree of pores in porous asphalt mixture |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN105910969A true CN105910969A (en) | 2016-08-31 |
Family
ID=56744654
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610214078.2A Pending CN105910969A (en) | 2016-04-07 | 2016-04-07 | Method for testing blocking degree of pores in porous asphalt mixture |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN105910969A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105954173A (en) * | 2016-06-08 | 2016-09-21 | 山西省交通科学研究院 | Macroporous asphalt mixture pore change law experimental testing device |
| CN108106980A (en) * | 2017-10-25 | 2018-06-01 | 松辽流域水资源保护局松辽水环境科学研究所 | Peat saturated hydraulic conductivity assay method and measurement device |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102507410A (en) * | 2011-10-14 | 2012-06-20 | 河海大学 | Device and method for simultaneously testing water seepage and drainage capacities of asphalt mixture |
| CN103323381A (en) * | 2013-06-09 | 2013-09-25 | 河海大学 | Method for evaluating attenuation degree of porous asphalt mixture void |
| CN104198155A (en) * | 2014-09-17 | 2014-12-10 | 山东大学 | Device and method for approximate simulation of particle transport and permeable pavement blockage under runoff action |
-
2016
- 2016-04-07 CN CN201610214078.2A patent/CN105910969A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102507410A (en) * | 2011-10-14 | 2012-06-20 | 河海大学 | Device and method for simultaneously testing water seepage and drainage capacities of asphalt mixture |
| CN103323381A (en) * | 2013-06-09 | 2013-09-25 | 河海大学 | Method for evaluating attenuation degree of porous asphalt mixture void |
| CN104198155A (en) * | 2014-09-17 | 2014-12-10 | 山东大学 | Device and method for approximate simulation of particle transport and permeable pavement blockage under runoff action |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| 王宏畅等: "基于常水头渗透试验的PAC排水和抗堵塞能力", 《东南大学学报（自然科学版）》 * |
| 蒋玮 等: "多孔沥青混合料的空隙堵塞试验研究", 《建筑材料学报》 * |
| 黎太平等: "大空隙沥青路面渗水性能测试方法和指标分析", 《科技资讯》 * |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105954173A (en) * | 2016-06-08 | 2016-09-21 | 山西省交通科学研究院 | Macroporous asphalt mixture pore change law experimental testing device |
| CN108106980A (en) * | 2017-10-25 | 2018-06-01 | 松辽流域水资源保护局松辽水环境科学研究所 | Peat saturated hydraulic conductivity assay method and measurement device |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN102507410A (en) | Device and method for simultaneously testing water seepage and drainage capacities of asphalt mixture | |
| CN106525689B (en) | Water seepage instrument and method for measuring multidirectional permeability coefficient of large-gap pavement structure | |
| CN105203443B (en) | Osmotic coefficient investigating device and its test method for pervious asphalt concrete track plate test specimen | |
| CN202793990U (en) | Constant head multihole concrete penetrometer | |
| CN103323381A (en) | Method for evaluating attenuation degree of porous asphalt mixture void | |
| CN109682744B (en) | Test device and method for evaluating permeable asphalt pavement gap evolution rule | |
| CN108613914B (en) | Constant head asphalt mixture multidirectional seepage testing device | |
| CN105136647A (en) | Bituminous mixture permeability testing device and method | |
| De Ploey | Some experimental data on slopewash and wind action with reference to Quaternary morphogenesis in Belgium | |
| CN104655468B (en) | Sample preparation device and sample preparation method for sand-soil contact surface test sample as well as osmotic coefficient determination method | |
| CN105717023A (en) | Water permeable structure performance detecting instrument and method | |
| Trautwein | IN-SITU HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY TESTS FOR COMPACTED SOIL LINERS AND CAPS REFERENCE: Trautwein, SJ, and Boutwell, GP," In Situ Hydraulic Conductivity Tests for Compacted Soil Liners and Caps," Hydraulic Conductivity and Waste Contaminant Transport in Soil. ASTM STP 1142 | |
| CN106769775A (en) | Ooze bituminous paving infiltration detection means and method in a kind of dynamic anti-side of water pressurization | |
| CN110130194A (en) | A kind of bituminous pavement integrated evaluating method and device | |
| CN212432925U (en) | Drainage asphalt concrete drainage capability testing arrangement | |
| CN201965079U (en) | Multi-gradient seepage tester | |
| CN105910969A (en) | Method for testing blocking degree of pores in porous asphalt mixture | |
| CN111006986A (en) | Device and method for testing rainwater retention capacity and peak delay effect of permeable pavement | |
| CN104062159A (en) | Porous asphalt mixture gap blocking experiment method | |
| CN101477019B (en) | Asphalt mixture bulk density measuring method based on construction depth | |
| CN110988302A (en) | Model device of vertical isolation engineering barrier based on dry-wet cycle and use method and application thereof | |
| CN107727547B (en) | Permeable concrete void distribution uniformity evaluation method | |
| CN112710592A (en) | Method for establishing relation between porosity and permeability coefficient of permeable pavement material | |
| CN209589782U (en) | A kind of experimental rig for evaluating asphalt paving gap Evolution | |
| CN209280523U (en) | A kind of simulation permeable pavement structure layer pervasion test device |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| CB03 | Change of inventor or designer information |
Inventor after: Yin Xiaojing Inventor after: Tao Sha Inventor after: Hu Chaopeng Inventor before: Yin Xiaojing |
|
| COR | Change of bibliographic data | ||
| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |
Application publication date: 20160831 |
|
| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |