CN105875501B - 一种莱芜黑猪优质猪肉的饲喂方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种莱芜黑猪优质猪肉的饲喂方法,首先将莱芜黑猪生长发育分为保育期:15‑30kg,生长期:30‑60kg,育肥期:60‑90kg;根据不同的时期设置氨基酸模型,保育期:能蛋比为19.98‑21.54,DE/赖氨酸为296‑409,DE/蛋氨酸为900‑1701,DE/蛋氨酸+胱氨酸为450‑850,DE/苏氨酸为415‑785,DE/色氨酸为1500‑2835,生长期:能蛋比为21.11‑22.79,DE/赖氨酸为326‑464,DE/蛋氨酸为1004‑1378,DE/蛋氨酸+胱氨酸为525‑624,DE/苏氨酸为488‑581,DE/色氨酸为1693‑2268,育肥期:能蛋比为22.40‑24.25,DE/赖氨酸为362‑534,DE/蛋氨酸为1116‑1456,DE/蛋氨酸+胱氨酸为563‑651,DE/苏氨酸为518‑624,DE/色氨酸为1915‑2485;将模型中氨基酸之间的比例设计配方,配置日粮,分阶段饲喂即可。本发明的方法提高黑猪的瘦肉率,并改善猪肌间脂肪含量,提高产肉量以及猪肉的评价得分。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种莱芜黑猪优质猪肉的饲喂方法。
背景技术
莱芜黑猪的历史饲养至少可以追溯到新时期时代的原始社会,作为山东省具特色的地方品种之一,“莱芜黑”具有繁殖力高、哺育力强、肉味浓郁香鲜、抗逆性强、杂交优势明显等特点,被联合国粮农组织列为重点保护畜品种资源,农业部列为国家级畜品遗传资源保护品种,是目前猪肉市场的特色品种。从上世纪50年代末到70年代中期,无计划地引进新品种猪与莱芜黑猪杂交改良,纯种莱芜猪不断被淘汰。到上世纪70年代末,纯种莱芜黑猪濒临绝境。莱芜猪缺点是肥育能力和胴体性能稍差,增重慢,体成熟晚,饲料报酬低,皮厚、膘厚、眼肌面积和后腿比例小,瘦肉率低。如何改进莱芜黑猪的饲喂方式,目前还没有统一的标准,以杂交黑猪的饲喂方式不适合纯种莱芜黑猪的肉质的改善。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种莱芜黑猪优质猪肉的饲喂方法,本配方在较低的能量蛋白水平下,可有效提高瘦肉率,改善猪肉肌间脂肪含量,并提高产肉量。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种莱芜黑猪优质猪肉的饲喂方法,包括以下步骤:(1)根据莱芜黑猪的体重将莱芜黑猪生长发育分为三个时期,分别是保育期:15-30kg,生长期:30-60kg,育肥期:60-90kg;(2)根据不同的时期设置氨基酸模型,分别是保育期:能蛋比为19.98-21.54,DE/赖氨酸为296-409,DE/蛋氨酸为900-1701,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为450-850,DE/苏氨酸为415-785,DE/色氨酸为1500-2835,生长期:能蛋比为21.11-22.79,DE/赖氨酸为326-464,DE/蛋氨酸为1004-1378,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为525-624,DE/苏氨酸为488-581,DE/色氨酸为1693-2268,育肥期:能蛋比为22.40-24.25,DE/赖氨酸为362-534,DE/蛋氨酸为1116-1456,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为563-651,DE/苏氨酸为518-624,DE/色氨酸为1915-2485;(3)按步骤(2)所述的模型中氨基酸之间的比例设计配方,配置日粮,分阶段饲喂即可,其中DE是所有饲料原料的消化能总和。参考NRC1998,结合山东养猪实践。
优选:所述步骤(2)中保育期:能蛋比为19.98,DE/赖氨酸为296,DE/蛋氨酸为900,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为450,DE/苏氨酸为415,DE/色氨酸为1500,生长期:能蛋比为21.11,DE/赖氨酸为326,DE/蛋氨酸为1004,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为525,DE/苏氨酸为488,DE/色氨酸为1693,育肥期:能蛋比为22.40,DE/赖氨酸为362,DE/蛋氨酸为1116,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为563,DE/苏氨酸为518,DE/色氨酸为1915。
优选:保育期:能蛋比为20.52,DE/赖氨酸为326,DE/蛋氨酸为1089,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为544,DE/苏氨酸为502,DE/色氨酸为1814,生长期:能蛋比为21.71,DE/赖氨酸为362,DE/蛋氨酸为1198,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为577,DE/苏氨酸为535,DE/色氨酸为1921,育肥期:能蛋比为23.07,DE/赖氨酸为407,DE/蛋氨酸为1306,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为611,DE/苏氨酸为581,DE/色氨酸为2074。
优选:保育期:能蛋比为21.06,DE/赖氨酸为363,DE/蛋氨酸为1344,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为672,DE/苏氨酸为620,DE/色氨酸为2239,生长期:能蛋比为22.26,DE/赖氨酸为403,DE/蛋氨酸为1360,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为616,DE/苏氨酸为571,DE/色氨酸为2080,育肥期:能蛋比为23.66,DE/赖氨酸为464,DE/蛋氨酸为1434,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为641,DE/苏氨酸为612,DE/色氨酸为2422。
优选:保育期:能蛋比为21.54,DE/赖氨酸为409,DE/蛋氨酸为1701,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为850,DE/苏氨酸为785,DE/色氨酸为2835,生长期:能蛋比为22.79,DE/赖氨酸为464,DE/蛋氨酸为1378,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为624,DE/苏氨酸为581,DE/色氨酸为2268,育肥期:能蛋比为24.25,DE/赖氨酸为534,DE/蛋氨酸为1456,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为651,DE/苏氨酸为624,DE/色氨酸为2485。
所述日粮是指玉米、次粉、豆粕、玉米DDGS和大豆油的混合。
优选:上述日粮各原料之间的质量比例如下:玉米:次粉:豆粕:玉米DDGS:大豆油=(55-65):(10-22):(5-10):(0.5-1.5)。
更优选:保育期日粮各原料之间的质量比例如下:玉米:次粉:豆粕:玉米DDGS:大豆油=59:10:18:8:1。
生长期日粮各原料之间的质量比例如下:玉米:次粉:豆粕:玉米DDGS:大豆油=59:13:15:8:1。
育肥期日粮各原料之间的质量比例如下:玉米:次粉:豆粕:玉米DDGS:大豆油=59:16.5:12:8:1。
本发明的氨基酸模式在关注氨基酸平衡的同时,特别注意满足黑猪日粮中的氨基酸需要量,有效促进黑猪的生长发育,改善黑猪的健康状况,提高猪的免疫力,增加猪的食欲,提高黑猪的瘦肉率,并改善猪肌间脂肪含量,提高产肉量以及猪肉的评价得分。
具体介绍模型中各种氨基酸的作用:
赖氨酸是一种碱性氨基酸,作为猪日粮中的第一限制性氨基酸,是合成脑神经、生殖细胞核蛋白质及血红蛋白的必需物质,可促进精氨酸和钙的吸收,具有增强猪食欲、提高抗病力及促进外伤、骨折和化脓疮的治愈等作用,还可以改善猪的肉质,提高瘦肉率。
蛋氨酸是一种甲基供体,通过甲基转移,参与肾上腺素、胆碱和肌酸的合成,是猪日粮中的第二限制性氨基酸,在肝脏脂肪代谢中,蛋氨酸参与脂蛋白的合成,将脂肪输出肝外,防止产生脂肪肝,降低胆固醇,蛋氨酸能够促进发育,增加日增重。
色氨酸是猪日粮中的第三限制性氨基酸,参与血浆蛋白的更新,并与血红蛋白、烟酸的合成有关,它能促进维生素B2作用的发挥,并具有神经冲动的传递功能,是仔猪生长发育和成年猪繁殖、泌乳所必需的氨基酸。
苏氨酸是猪日粮中的第四限制性氨基酸,可调整饲料中氨基酸平衡,促进生长、改善肉质、改善氨基酸消化率低的饲料原料的营养价值、节约蛋白质资源、可降低饲料原料成本、降低猪粪便和尿液中的含氮量,猪舍中氨气浓度及释放速度。
胱氨酸能促进细胞氧化还原功能,使肝脏功能旺盛,并能中和毒素、促进白细胞增生、阻止病原菌发育。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
为了验证本发明的氨基酸模型对莱芜黑猪的饲用效果,申请人公司技术部于2015年2月在莱芜黑猪原种场对120头黑猪进行了饲喂试验。把莱芜黑猪生长周期分为15-30kg、30-60kg和60-90kg三个阶段,按照以下氨基酸模型设计配方,配置成全价饲料,自由采食到出栏。
实施例1
保育期:能蛋比为19.98,DE/赖氨酸为296,DE/蛋氨酸为900,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为450,DE/苏氨酸为415,DE/色氨酸为1500,生长期:能蛋比为21.11,DE/赖氨酸为326,DE/蛋氨酸为1004,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为525,DE/苏氨酸为488,DE/色氨酸为1693,育肥期:能蛋比为22.40,DE/赖氨酸为362,DE/蛋氨酸为1116,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为563,DE/苏氨酸为518,DE/色氨酸为1915。
实施例2
保育期:能蛋比为20.52,DE/赖氨酸为326,DE/蛋氨酸为1089,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为544,DE/苏氨酸为502,DE/色氨酸为1814,生长期:能蛋比为21.71,DE/赖氨酸为362,DE/蛋氨酸为1198,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为577,DE/苏氨酸为535,DE/色氨酸为1921,育肥期:能蛋比为23.07,DE/赖氨酸为407,DE/蛋氨酸为1306,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为611,DE/苏氨酸为581,DE/色氨酸为2074。
实施例3
保育期:能蛋比为21.06,DE/赖氨酸为363,DE/蛋氨酸为1344,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为672,DE/苏氨酸为620,DE/色氨酸为2239,生长期:能蛋比为22.26,DE/赖氨酸为403,DE/蛋氨酸为1360,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为616,DE/苏氨酸为571,DE/色氨酸为2080,育肥期:能蛋比为23.66,DE/赖氨酸为464,DE/蛋氨酸为1434,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为641,DE/苏氨酸为612,DE/色氨酸为2422。
实施例4
保育期:能蛋比为21.54,DE/赖氨酸为409,DE/蛋氨酸为1701,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为850,DE/苏氨酸为785,DE/色氨酸为2835,生长期:能蛋比为22.79,DE/赖氨酸为464,DE/蛋氨酸为1378,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为624,DE/苏氨酸为581,DE/色氨酸为2268,育肥期:能蛋比为24.25,DE/赖氨酸为534,DE/蛋氨酸为1456,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为651,DE/苏氨酸为624,DE/色氨酸为2485。
实施例5
保育期:能蛋比为20.0,DE/赖氨酸296,DE/蛋氨酸900,DE、蛋+胱为450,DE/苏氨酸415,DE/色氨酸1500,玉米59%,次粉10%,豆粕18%,玉米DDGS 8%,大豆油1%。其中,赖氨酸0.47%,蛋氨酸0.10%,苏氨酸0.09%,色氨酸0.03%。生长期:能蛋比为21.1,DE/赖氨酸326,DE/蛋氨酸1004,DE、蛋+胱为525,DE/苏氨酸488,DE/色氨酸1693,玉米59%,次粉13%,豆粕15%,玉米DDGS 8%,大豆油1%。其中,赖氨酸0.42%,蛋氨酸0.08%,苏氨酸0.08%,色氨酸0.04%。育肥期:能蛋比为22.4,DE/赖氨酸362,DE/蛋氨酸1116,DE、蛋+胱为563,DE/苏氨酸518,DE/色氨酸1915,玉米59%,次粉16.5%,豆粕12%,玉米DDGS 8%,大豆油1%。其中,赖氨酸0.37%,蛋氨酸0.06%,苏氨酸0.08%,色氨酸0.03%。
实施例6
保育期:能蛋比为20.5,DE/赖氨酸326,DE/蛋氨酸1089,DE、蛋+胱为544,DE/苏氨酸502,DE/色氨酸1814,玉米59%,次粉10%,豆粕18%,玉米DDGS 8%,大豆油1%。其中,赖氨酸0.36%,蛋氨酸0.04%,苏氨酸0.03%,色氨酸0.02%。生长期:能蛋比为21.7,DE/赖氨酸362,DE/蛋氨酸1198,DE、蛋+胱为577,DE/苏氨酸535,DE/色氨酸1921,玉米59%,次粉13%,豆粕15%,玉米DDGS 8%,大豆油1%。其中,赖氨酸0.31%,蛋氨酸0.03%,苏氨酸0.03%,色氨酸0.02%。育肥期:能蛋比为23.1,DE/赖氨酸407,DE/蛋氨酸1306,DE、蛋+胱为611,DE/苏氨酸581,DE/色氨酸2074,玉米59%,次粉16.5%,豆粕12%,玉米DDGS 8%,大豆油1%。其中,赖氨酸0.26%,蛋氨酸0.02%,苏氨酸0.02%,色氨酸0.02%。
实验结果见表1-表4。
表1瘦肉率
眼肌面积,cm<sup>2</sup> | 瘦肉率,% | |
实施例1 | 7.5 | 38.7 |
实施例2 | 8.4 | 37.4 |
实施例3 | 6.7 | 38.0 |
实施例4 | 5.9 | 36.9 |
眼肌面积:胸腰结合处背最长肌的横断面积。按高×宽×0.7系数即为眼肌面积。瘦肉率:将胴半剖分为瘦肉、脂肪及皮和骨四部分(注:剖分时肌内、肌间脂肪不剔除算作瘦肉,皮肌不剔除算作脂肪,尽量剔净骨头上的肌肉),瘦肉重量占这四种成分总重的比例即为瘦肉率,单位:%;瘦肉率=瘦肉重量/(骨骼重+皮重+脂肪重+瘦肉重)×100%。
表2肌肉脂肪含量,%
臀肌 | 前腿 | 背肌 | |
实施例1 | 8.70 | 15.20 | 12.58 |
实施例2 | 9.82 | 11.82 | 19.78 |
实施例3 | 9.18 | 14.55 | 20.15 |
实施例4 | 4.13 | 12.99 | 22.33 |
表3猪肉评价得分情况,(得分按照GB/T 22210-2008标准)
色泽 | 肉粗细 | 香味 | 嫩度 | 口感 | 综合 | |
实施例1 | 3.88 | 2.52 | 2.65 | 2.42 | 3.70 | 2.61 |
实施例2 | 3.85 | 2.50 | 2.63 | 2.50 | 3.90 | 2.64 |
实施例3 | 4.02 | 2.50 | 2.53 | 2.56 | 3.66 | 2.61 |
实施例4 | 3.83 | 2.33 | 2.44 | 2.29 | 3.60 | 2.49 |
表4产肉量(左半胴体),kg
臀肌重 | 前腿重 | 背肌重 | 五花肉重 | 总肉重 | |
实施例1 | 6.91 | 4.69 | 1.99 | 8.31 | 21.90 |
实施例2 | 6.89 | 4.65 | 1.86 | 9.79 | 23.19 |
实施例3 | 5.96 | 4.01 | 2.23 | 9.31 | 21.50 |
实施例4 | 5.56 | 3.70 | 1.72 | 10.04 | 21.01 |
通过本发明的饲喂方法,可以使莱芜黑猪的瘦肉率达到38.7%,眼肌面积能够达到8.4%,莱芜黑猪肉质好,肌肉颜色深红,肌肉大理石纹明显,肌间脂肪含量高(10%左右),本方法氨基酸模型饲养的莱芜黑猪,脂肪含量显著大于10%,眼肌面积和后退比例相对于现有的饲喂方法明显增大。
上述虽然对本发明的具体实施方式进行了描述,但并非对本发明保护范围的限制,所属领域技术人员应该明白,在本发明的技术方案的基础上,本领域技术人员不需要付出创造性劳动即可做出的各种修改或变形仍在本发明的保护范围以内。
Claims (8)
1.一种莱芜黑猪优质猪肉的饲喂方法,其特征是:包括以下步骤:
(1)根据莱芜黑猪的体重将莱芜黑猪生长发育分为三个时期,分别是保育期:15-30kg,生长期:30-60kg,育肥期:60-90kg;
(2)根据不同的时期设置氨基酸模型,分别是保育期:能蛋比为19.98-21.54,DE/赖氨酸为296-409,DE/蛋氨酸为900-1701,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为450-850,DE/苏氨酸为415-785,DE/色氨酸为1500-2835,生长期:能蛋比为21.11-22.79,DE/赖氨酸为326-464,DE/蛋氨酸为1004-1378,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为525-624,DE/苏氨酸为488-581,DE/色氨酸为1693-2268,育肥期:能蛋比为22.40-24.25,DE/赖氨酸为362-534,DE/蛋氨酸为1116-1456,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为563-651,DE/苏氨酸为518-624,DE/色氨酸为1915-2485;
(3)按步骤(2)所述的模型中氨基酸之间的比例设计配方,配置日粮,分阶段饲喂即可;
所述步骤(3)中所述日粮是指玉米、次粉、豆粕、玉米DDGS和大豆油的混合。
2.如权利要求1所述的饲喂方法,其特征是:所述步骤(2)中保育期:能蛋比为19.98,DE/赖氨酸为296,DE/蛋氨酸为900,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为450,DE/苏氨酸为415,DE/色氨酸为1500,生长期:能蛋比为21.11,DE/赖氨酸为326,DE/蛋氨酸为1004,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为525,DE/苏氨酸为488,DE/色氨酸为1693,育肥期:能蛋比为22.40,DE/赖氨酸为362,DE/蛋氨酸为1116,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为563,DE/苏氨酸为518,DE/色氨酸为1915。
3.如权利要求1所述的饲喂方法,其特征是:所述步骤(2)中保育期:能蛋比为20.52,DE/赖氨酸为326,DE/蛋氨酸为1089,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为544,DE/苏氨酸为502,DE/色氨酸为1814,生长期:能蛋比为21.71,DE/赖氨酸为362,DE/蛋氨酸为1198,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为577,DE/苏氨酸为535,DE/色氨酸为1921,育肥期:能蛋比为23.07,DE/赖氨酸为407,DE/蛋氨酸为1306,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为611,DE/苏氨酸为581,DE/色氨酸为2074。
4.如权利要求1所述的饲喂方法,其特征是:所述步骤(2)中保育期:能蛋比为21.06,DE/赖氨酸为363,DE/蛋氨酸为1344,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为672,DE/苏氨酸为620,DE/色氨酸为2239,生长期:能蛋比为22.26,DE/赖氨酸为403,DE/蛋氨酸为1360,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为616,DE/苏氨酸为571,DE/色氨酸为2080,育肥期:能蛋比为23.66,DE/赖氨酸为464,DE/蛋氨酸为1434,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为641,DE/苏氨酸为612,DE/色氨酸为2422。
5.如权利要求1所述的饲喂方法,其特征是:所述步骤(2)中保育期:能蛋比为21.54,DE/赖氨酸为409,DE/蛋氨酸为1701,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为850,DE/苏氨酸为785,DE/色氨酸为2835,生长期:能蛋比为22.79,DE/赖氨酸为464,DE/蛋氨酸为1378,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为624,DE/苏氨酸为581,DE/色氨酸为2268,育肥期:能蛋比为24.25,DE/赖氨酸为534,DE/蛋氨酸为1456,DE/(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)为651,DE/苏氨酸为624,DE/色氨酸为2485。
6.如权利要求1所述的饲喂方法,其特征是:所述保育期日粮各原料之间的质量比例如下:玉米:次粉:豆粕:玉米DDGS:大豆油=59:10:18:8:1。
7.如权利要求1所述的饲喂方法,其特征是:所述保育期生长期日粮各原料之间的质量比例如下:玉米:次粉:豆粕:玉米DDGS:大豆油=59:13:15:8:1。
8.如权利要求1所述的饲喂方法,其特征是:所述保育期育肥期日粮各原料之间的质量比例如下:玉米:次粉:豆粕:玉米DDGS:大豆油=59:16.5:12:8:1。
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