CN105850264B - 适合盐碱地雨水收集和排盐的植被恢复方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供一种适合盐碱地雨水收集和排盐的植被恢复方法，在地下设置雨水回收层和排盐层，通过雨水回收灌溉对上层的土壤进行优先治理，高浓度盐水通过排盐层排出，随着时间的推移，使下层的土壤的含盐量逐步降低。本发明的有益效果是对盐碱地进行逐步治理，能耗少，成本低，治理效果好。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种适合盐碱地雨水收集和排盐的植被恢复方法。
背景技术
现有滨海盐碱地植被恢复，首先需要降低土壤含盐量，通常采用暗管排盐技术,利用大水压盐，盐水通过排盐管排出，实现盐碱地脱盐过程。再种植耐忍盐碱景观植物，实现基本盐碱地植被恢复。
现有滨海盐碱地植被恢复的模式是单一深层回收系统，尤其在粘重盐碱土排盐中效果不理想，土壤整体脱盐时间长，植被恢复系统实施受阻，植被成活率前期偏低。滨海盐碱地植被恢复环节目前还没有考虑在雨季收集雨水再次灌溉。其缺陷是能耗大，成本高，脱盐周期长。
发明内容
海盐碱地土壤黏重，土壤入渗速率低5×10-5cm/s，易形成地面径流，减去蒸发和径流部分，入渗的雨水不到50％。雨水通过土层渗入到地下1m处的排盐系统中，理想状态是降低淋层以上1m土体通体含盐量。实际上，盐碱地植物移栽成活率关键在于60cm以上栽植土层，这是植被恢复过程移栽缓苗和二次扎根生长的主要层次，降低该层次土壤含盐量是盐碱地植被恢复和营建的工作重点。
本发明要解决的问题是提供一种适合盐碱地雨水收集和排盐的植被恢复方法，采用由浅入深逐步治理的方式，治理初期针对性的快速降低地表以下60cm的土壤含盐量，保证先锋景观植物的移栽成活率，随着治理时间的推移，地表以下1m左右的含盐量随之降低，保证植被根系下扎入更深层土壤内时，其周边土壤的含盐量达到植被根系适应的标准。
为解决上述技术问题，本发明采用的技术方案是：适合盐碱地雨水收集和排盐的植被恢复方法，包括如下步骤：
⑴铺设排盐层，包括如下步骤；
a、平整土体，去除表面的盐碱累积层；
b、每隔5米开槽，所述槽的深度为1m-1.2m，所述槽的宽度为0.8-1.2m，平整完所述槽的底部后，铺入5-10cm厚的陶粒，所述陶粒粒径20mm-30mm；所述槽的底部坡降度为3-5‰，坡降方向朝向市政排水管；
c、所述槽的底部铺设双壁波纹透水管，在所述双壁波纹透水管上铺设粒径20mm-30mm的石硝，所述石硝的厚度为10-20cm；
d、所述双壁波纹透水管与排盐井接通，所述排盐井与所述市政排水管接通；
e、将土壤回填至所述槽内，压实；
⑵铺设雨水回收系统，包括如下步骤：
a、雨水回收系统铺设于灌溉区域的土壤内部，所述雨水回收系统包括多个集水单元和集水箱，每个所述集水单元包括一Y型管道，所述Y型管道包括两个雨水收集支管和与所述两个雨水收集支管连通的总管，各所述集水单元的所述总管之间通过一雨水排水管连通，所述雨水排水管与所述集水箱连通；
所述集水单元上方设置石砾层；
所述集水箱上具有抽水管、泄水管和溢流管，所述溢流管和所述泄水管均与所述市政排水管连通；
⑶治理初期在地表种植耐盐碱先锋景观植物，将所述集水箱内收集的雨水抽出，对地表种植的所述耐盐碱先锋景观植物进行灌溉，灌溉后的水再回流至所述集水箱内反复灌溉，定期检测所述集水箱内水的含盐量，当所述含盐量较高时，通过所述泄水管将所述集水箱内的水排入所述市政排水管；
⑷渗入到所述排盐层的雨水和灌溉水通过所述双壁波纹透水管排出，从而将从地表到地表以下1-1.2m区域土壤内的盐分排出。
进一步，当地表至地表以下60cm之间区域内土壤的含盐量快速降低至符合非耐盐碱先锋景观植物生长标准时，即可在原种植的所述耐盐碱先锋景观植物中适当种植部分边缘景观树种。
进一步，在步骤⑴中的所述石硝上铺设5cm的黑炭颗粒层，所述黑炭颗粒层上铺设复合土工布。
进一步，所述复合土工布包括无纺布层、涤纶棉过滤层、多孔陶瓷净化层、支撑层和活性炭层，所述无纺布层设置在所述复合土工布的最上层和最下层，所述涤纶棉过滤层贴合所述无纺布层，所述多孔陶瓷净化层贴合所述涤纶棉过滤层，所述支撑层设置在所述多孔陶瓷净化层之间，由数片蜂窝单边薄皮组成，每个所述蜂窝单边薄皮包括多个沟槽和多个连接部，任意两个所述沟槽之间通过所述沟槽底部之间的固定连接形成蜂窝孔，所述活性炭层充满所述支撑层的空隙。
进一步，还包括渗透增强柱，步骤⑵中将地表打孔至所述雨水收集支管处，将所述渗透增强柱的一端伸入地表以下与所述雨水收集支管连通，另一端置于地表处；
所述渗透增强柱包括可伸缩变形的软管，所述软管的管壁具有小孔，所述软管内填充陶砾、沙子和颗粒保水剂。
进一步，地表15-20cm处铺设5cm厚的细沙层。
进一步，所述细沙层内沙粒的直径为2mm。
进一步，步骤⑵中所述雨水排水管与所述集水箱之间设置沉沙井。
本发明具有的优点和积极效果是：本发明为上下两层地下结构，第一层为雨水回收层，第二层为排盐层。不仅考虑盐碱地修复环节土壤脱盐排盐需求，同时考虑到盐碱地雨水集水回用功能，提高雨水利用效率和加速根层淋层脱盐的效果。通过对土壤由浅入深的逐步治理，达到优化土壤结构的目的，成本大大减少，治理效果好。
附图说明
图1是本发明的整体结构示意图；
图中：1-雨水收集支管；2-雨水排水管；3-景观植物；4-沉沙井；5-集水箱；6-抽水管；7-市政排水管；8-排盐井；9-双壁波纹透水管；10-石硝；11-复合土工布；12-黑炭颗粒层；13-渗透增强柱；14-细沙层；15-溢流管；16-土壤；17-石砾层；18-泄水管。
具体实施方式
如图1所示，本发明提供一种适合盐碱地雨水收集和排盐的植被恢复方法，包括如下步骤：
⑴铺设排盐层：
a、平整土体，去除表面原有5cm的盐碱累积层；
b、每隔5米开槽，槽的深度为1m-1.2m，槽的宽度为0.8-1.2m，平整完槽的底部后，铺入5-10cm厚的陶粒，陶粒粒径20mm-30mm；槽的底部坡降度为3-5‰，坡降方向朝向市政排水管7；
c、槽的底部铺设双壁波纹透水管9，在双壁波纹透水管9上铺设粒径20mm-30mm的石硝10，石硝10的厚度为10-20cm；
d、双壁波纹透水管9与排盐井8接通，排盐井8与市政排水管7接通；排盐井8的设置可以防止市政排水管网内水位过高时倒灌入土壤中；
e、将土壤16回填至槽内，压实；
排盐层位于地表以下1-1.2m处，渗透入地表的雨水或灌溉水将从地表到地表以下1-1.2m之间区域土壤内的盐分溶解后通过双壁波纹透水管9排出土壤以外；
⑵铺设雨水回收系统，包括如下步骤：
a、雨水回收系统铺设于灌溉区域的土壤16内部，雨水回收系统包括多个集水单元和集水箱5，每个集水单元包括一Y型管道，Y型管道包括两个雨水收集支管1和与两个雨水收集支管1连通的总管，各集水单元的总管之间通过一雨水排水管2连通，雨水排水管2与集水箱5连通(需要说明的是，其中Y型管道为平行于地面铺设的，而非如图中所示的垂直于地面方向，图中是为了表明Y型管道的的结构特征而画的示意图)；
集水单元上方设置石砾层17；石砾层17位于地表以下60cm处，石砾层17为由石硝填充而成，其厚度为10cm，石硝的直径为3～5cm，石砾层17不仅防止土壤进入到Y型管道中，而且防止了Y型管道中的水反渗到土壤中，集水箱5上具有抽水管6、泄水管18和溢流管15，溢流管15和泄水管18均与市政排水管7连通；
上述雨水回收系统的具体结构可参考申请号为2013200641853的中国专利。
灌溉区域内的雨水渗入土壤后，部分雨水在溶解掉一定的土壤内的盐分后通过集水单元回收至集水箱5中，没有被回收的雨水可继续下渗至排盐层，通过双壁波纹透水管9将土壤内的盐分排出，剩余的雨水将渗入更深的土壤中与地下水汇流，集水箱5中的水可通过水泵抽出，再从地表灌入土壤，对土壤进行反复冲洗，将浅层土壤的盐分带走，当集水箱5内的水中盐分较高时可将回收水通过泄水管18排入市政排水管7，通过上述雨水回收循环再灌溉的过程使得雨水回收系统也可起到排盐作用，加速0-60cm土层排盐效果。通过一段时间的初期治理，浅层地表内土壤的含盐量大大降低；初期可在地表种植耐盐碱性景观植物(如白蜡、国槐、侧柏、紫穗槐、月季、马蔺等)，起到先锋植物的修复盐碱地作用。
当地表至地表以下60cm之间区域内土壤的含盐量快速降低至3‰以下时，即可在原种植的所述耐盐碱先锋景观植物中适当种植部分边缘景观树种(如法桐等)，增加植物群落的多样性和丰度，控制植物密度和乔灌地被的比重。普通植物种植初期，由于浅层土壤内的盐碱成分已经降低，因此普通植物的根系在这种环境中可以很好的生长，随着治理时间的增加，深层土壤中的含盐量也随之降低，普通植物的根系扎入更深的土壤中仍可处于适当的土壤环境中，因此成活率大大提高，土壤成分也得到显著改善，植被群落稳定性提高，植被多样性增加。
在步骤⑴中的石硝10上铺设5cm的黑炭颗粒层12，黑炭颗粒层12上铺设复合土工布11。其目的是避免可能的污染物入渗进入地下水，保护地下水。
复合土工布11包括无纺布层、涤纶棉过滤层、多孔陶瓷净化层、支撑层和活性炭层，无纺布层设置在复合土工布11的最上层和最下层，涤纶棉过滤层贴合无纺布层，多孔陶瓷净化层贴合涤纶棉过滤层，支撑层设置在多孔陶瓷净化层之间，由数片蜂窝单边薄皮组成，每个蜂窝单边薄皮包括多个沟槽和多个连接部，任意两个沟槽之间通过沟槽底部之间的固定连接形成蜂窝孔，活性炭层充满支撑层的空隙。复合土工布的具体结构可参考申请号为201320815411的中国专利。
还包括渗透增强柱13，步骤⑵中将地表打孔至雨水收集支管1处，将渗透增强柱13的一端伸入地表以下与雨水收集支管1连通，另一端置于地表处；
渗透增强柱13包括可伸缩变形的软管，软管的管壁具有小孔，软管内填充陶砾、沙子和颗粒保水剂。渗透增强柱13的设置可加速暴雨期雨水入渗，实现植被恢复过程的雨水收集和管理。渗透增强柱13的具体结构可参考申请号为201320760359.x的中国专利。
地表15-20cm处铺设5cm厚的细沙层14。细沙层14的设置可作为地下水上升毛管水隔断层。
细沙层14内沙粒的直径为2mm。
步骤⑵中雨水排水管2与集水箱5之间设置沉沙井4。沉沙井4可去除入渗水中的细沙，防止细沙堵住集水箱5。
该植被恢复方法统筹考虑滨海盐碱地淡水资源管理，即利用雨水淡水自然入渗洗盐，又实现雨季雨水的收集与再利用，实现盐碱地原土修复和植被恢复。短期內可迅速降低根系层土壤含盐量，移栽后的先锋乡土植物群落能迅速适应环境，进而修复盐碱地，为盐碱地低成本原位修复提供了技术途径。
以上对本发明的实施例进行了详细说明，但所述内容仅为本发明的较佳实施例，不能被认为用于限定本发明的实施范围。凡依本发明申请范围所作的均等变化与改进等，均应仍归属于本发明的专利涵盖范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.适合盐碱地雨水收集和排盐的植被恢复方法，其特征在于：包括如下步骤：
⑴铺设排盐层，包括如下步骤；
a、平整土体，去除表面的盐碱累积层；
b、每隔5米开槽，所述槽的深度为1m-1.2m，所述槽的宽度为0.8-1.2m，平整完所述槽的底部后，铺入5-10cm厚的陶粒，所述陶粒粒径20mm-30mm；所述槽的底部坡降度为3-5‰，坡降方向朝向市政排水管；
c、所述槽的底部铺设双壁波纹透水管，在所述双壁波纹透水管上铺设粒径20mm-30mm的石硝，所述石硝的厚度为10-20cm；
d、所述双壁波纹透水管与排盐井接通，所述排盐井与所述市政排水管接通；
e、将土壤回填至所述槽内，压实；
⑵铺设雨水回收系统，包括如下步骤：
a、雨水回收系统铺设于灌溉区域的土壤内部，所述雨水回收系统包括多个集水单元和集水箱，每个所述集水单元包括一Y型管道，所述Y型管道包括两个雨水收集支管和与所述两个雨水收集支管连通的总管，各所述集水单元的所述总管之间通过一雨水排水管连通，所述雨水排水管与所述集水箱连通；
所述集水单元上方设置石砾层；
所述集水箱上具有抽水管、泄水管和溢流管，所述溢流管、所述泄水管均与所述市政排水管连通；
⑶治理初期在地表种植耐盐碱先锋景观植物，将所述集水箱内收集的雨水抽出，对地表种植的所述耐盐碱先锋景观植物进行灌溉，灌溉后的水再回流至所述集水箱内反复灌溉，定期检测所述集水箱内水的含盐量，当所述含盐量较高时，通过所述泄水管将所述集水箱内的水排入所述市政排水管；
⑷渗入到所述排盐层的雨水和灌溉水通过所述双壁波纹透水管排出，从而将从地表到地表以下1-1.2m区域土壤内的盐分排出。
2.根据权利要求1所述的适合盐碱地雨水收集和排盐的植被恢复方法，其特征在于：当地表至地表以下60cm之间区域内土壤的含盐量快速降低至符合非耐盐碱先锋景观植物生长标准时，即可在原种植的所述耐盐碱先锋景观植物中适当种植部分边缘景观树种。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的适合盐碱地雨水收集和排盐的植被恢复方法，其特征在于：在步骤⑴中的所述石硝上铺设5cm的黑炭颗粒层，所述黑炭颗粒层上铺设复合土工布。
4.根据权利要求3所述的适合盐碱地雨水收集和排盐的植被恢复方法，其特征在于：所述复合土工布包括无纺布层、涤纶棉过滤层、多孔陶瓷净化层、支撑层和活性炭层，所述无纺布层设置在所述复合土工布的最上层和最下层，所述涤纶棉过滤层贴合所述无纺布层，所述多孔陶瓷净化层贴合所述涤纶棉过滤层，所述支撑层设置在所述多孔陶瓷净化层之间，由负数片蜂窝单边薄皮组成，每个所述蜂窝单边薄皮包括多个沟槽和多个连接部，任意两个所述沟槽之间通过所述沟槽底部之间的固定连接形成蜂窝孔，所述活性炭层充满所述支撑层的空隙。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的适合盐碱地雨水收集和排盐的植被恢复方法，其特征在于：还包括渗透增强柱，步骤⑵中将地表打孔至所述雨水收集支管处，将所述渗透增强柱的一端伸入地表以下与所述雨水收集支管连通，另一端置于地表处；
所述渗透增强柱包括可伸缩变形的软管，所述软管的管壁具有小孔，所述软管内填充陶砾、沙子和颗粒保水剂。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的适合盐碱地雨水收集和排盐的植被恢复方法，其特征在于：地表15-20cm处铺设5cm厚的细沙层。
7.根据权利要求6所述的适合盐碱地雨水收集和排盐的植被恢复方法，其特征在于：所述细沙层内沙粒的直径为2mm。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的适合盐碱地雨水收集和排盐的植被恢复方法，其特征在于：步骤⑵中所述雨水排水管与所述集水箱之间设置沉沙井。
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