CN105848759B - 使用防积垢反渗透膜使含有纳米大小的粒子的水性混合物脱盐 - Google Patents
使用防积垢反渗透膜使含有纳米大小的粒子的水性混合物脱盐 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105848759B CN105848759B CN201480070908.8A CN201480070908A CN105848759B CN 105848759 B CN105848759 B CN 105848759B CN 201480070908 A CN201480070908 A CN 201480070908A CN 105848759 B CN105848759 B CN 105848759B
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Abstract
一种用于处理包含至少2ppm阴离子型纳米粒子的含有NaCl的水性混合物的方法,其包含以下步骤:使所述混合物通过螺旋卷绕的元件,产生渗透物流和浓缩物流,其中所述浓缩物流的纳米粒子浓度比所述渗透物流相对更高,其中所述螺旋卷绕的元件包括复合聚酰胺膜,所述复合聚酰胺膜包含多孔载体和薄膜聚酰胺层,并且其中所述膜的特征在于以下∶i)当在25℃、pH 8和1mPa(150psi)下用含有2000ppm NaCl和2ppm阴离子型纳米粒子的水溶液测试时NaCl阻挡和纳米粒子阻挡为至少99%;以及ii)如通过卢瑟福背散射(RBS)测量,在pH 9.5下解离羧酸根含量为每公斤聚酰胺至少0.3摩尔。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及处理含有纳米大小的粒子的水性混合物。
背景技术
许多工业工艺需要极纯的水,例如所谓“超纯水”(UPW)应用。电子行业是一个此类实例。甚至痕量的杂质也会干扰制造工艺,(又参见伽内什(Ganesh)等人,纳米粒子对水回收的潜在影响(Potential Impacts of Nanoparticles on Water Reclamation))。并且虽然许多当前可获得的反渗透膜去除令人满意的水平的进料物质,例如各种盐,但是这些膜往往积垢。举例来说,许多工业工艺中使用的进料水具有相对较低的pH值,例如低于5或甚至3。在此类低pH值下,市售薄膜聚酰胺复合膜具有靠近中性的电荷。因此,进料中存在的纳米大小的粒子往往会聚结在膜表面上。举例来说,纳米大小的二氧化硅粒子具有约3的等电点,而市售薄膜聚酰胺复合膜具有大约5-7的等电点。因此,在较低pH值下,阴离子型纳米大小的粒子不与膜静电排斥。
发明内容
本发明包括使用新的防积垢反渗透聚酰胺复合膜使含有纳米大小的阴离子型粒子(例如二氧化硅粒子)的水性混合物脱盐。此类粒子是已知的积垢物。在一个实施例中,本发明包括一种用于处理包含至少2ppm阴离子型纳米粒子的含有NaCl的水性混合物的方法,其包含以下步骤:使所述混合物通过螺旋卷绕的元件,产生渗透物流和浓缩物流,其中所述浓缩物流的纳米粒子浓度比所述渗透物流相对更高,其中所述螺旋卷绕的元件包括复合聚酰胺膜,所述复合聚酰胺膜包含多孔载体和薄膜聚酰胺层,并且其中所述膜的特征在于以下:i)当在25℃、pH 8和1mPa(150psi)下用含有2000ppm NaCl和2ppm阴离子型纳米粒子的水溶液测试时NaCl阻挡和纳米粒子阻挡为至少99%;以及ii)如通过卢瑟福背散射(RBS)测量,在pH 9.5下解离羧酸根含量为每公斤聚酰胺至少0.3摩尔。标的膜具有高阴离子电荷,其提供优良水通量和盐阻挡,同时阻止通常与含有阴离子型纳米大小的粒子的水性烃混合物相关的积垢。
具体实施方式
本发明中适用的水性进料混合物含有溶解盐(例如至少2000ppm NaCl并且通常至少5000ppm)以及2到400ppm未溶解的纳米大小的粒子。此类粒子的实例包括在1nm到20μm的个别或聚结尺寸范围并且更优选100nm到1000nm的聚结尺寸和5到50nm的个别尺寸的二氧化硅、氧化铁、氧(氢氧)化铁、粘土、氧化锌、二氧化钛、CeO2、LiCoO2等。其他污染物也可能存在于水性混合物,包括硼。纳米粒子优选具有低于pH 4的等电点。在多个实施例中,水性混合物的pH值等于或小于5、4或甚至3。
在通过一个或多个螺旋卷绕的元件前,水性进料混合物可预处理(例如经受微过滤或超过滤、pH值调整等)。在一个优选实施例中,阴离子型聚合物添加至水性混合物中,接着通过螺旋卷绕的元件。优选的聚合物浓度为1到50ppm。优选的聚合物是水溶性的。实例包括:聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚丙烯酸酯聚(氧化乙烯)、聚(丙烯酸)、聚(甲基丙烯酸)、聚(丙烯酰胺)、聚(乙烯亚胺)、聚(4-乙烯基吡啶)和水溶性纤维素材料。一种优选的物质是Mw为600到1000,000克/摩尔的聚乙烯醇。
通过在压力下通过一个或多个螺旋卷绕的元件,处理水性混合物。一部分混合物渗透穿过复合聚酰胺膜,形成盐和粒子含量减少的渗透物流以及盐和粒子浓度增加的浓缩物流。在产生渗透物的步骤期间,元件(“系统”)优选在低于100、75、50、40或甚至30l/m2hr的通量和45%到85%的渗透物回收率下操作。“回收率”被定义为与进入所述元件(或容器)的渗透物相比离开元件(或容器)的渗透物体积。
本发明的螺旋卷绕的模块(“元件”)适合用于反渗透(RO)。此类模块包括围绕渗透物采集管卷绕的一个或多个RO膜包封和进料隔片。用以形成包封的RO膜相对不可渗透几乎所有溶解盐,并且通常阻挡超过约95%的无机分子以及分子量超过大约100AMU(道尔顿)的有机分子。在本发明中,当在25℃、pH 8和1mPa(150psi)下用含有2000ppm NaCl和2ppm阴离子型纳米粒子(分开溶液中或组合溶液中)的水溶液测试时膜优选具有至少99%的NaCl阻挡和纳米粒子阻挡。
螺旋卷绕的膜元件可通过围绕渗透物采集管卷绕一个或多个膜包封和任选的进料通道隔片(“进料隔片”)来形成。每个膜包封优选地包含在渗透物通道隔片(“渗透物隔片”)周围的两个基本上矩形的膜片。这种夹层型结构例如通过密封剂沿着三个边固定在一起,而第四边对接渗透物采集管。渗透物隔片与穿过渗透物采集管的开口处于流体接触。元件的外壳可由各种材料,包括不锈钢、胶带和PVC材料构建。关于螺旋卷绕的元件的不同组件和构造的额外细节提供于文献中,参见例如:描述了用于附接渗透物隔片到渗透物采集管的技术的US 5538642;描述了用于形成插入点密封的UV粘合剂的整平操作和使用的US7951295;描述了可适用的叶片包的US 7875177。
膜片是一种具有通过界面聚合形成的辨别层的复合结构。所述膜包括非编织背衬网(例如非编织织物,例如可购自阿波纸业公司(Awa Paper Company)的聚酯纤维织物)的背层(背侧)、包含典型厚度为约25-125μm的多孔载体的中间层和包含厚度优选为0.01到0.1μm的薄膜聚酰胺层的顶部辨别层(前侧)。背衬层不受特定限制,但优选地包含包括可定向的纤维的非编织织物或纤维网。替代地,可使用例如帆布等编织织物。代表性实例描述于US 4,214,994;US 4,795,559;US 5,435,957;US 5,919,026;US 6,156,680;US 2008/0295951和US 7,048,855。多孔载体优选是具有一定孔径的聚合材料,其孔径具有足以准许渗透物基本上不受限制地通过的尺寸,但并未大到足以干扰上面形成的薄膜聚酰胺层的桥接。举例来说,载体的孔径优选在约0.001到0.5μm范围内。多孔载体的非限制性实例包括由以下制成的多孔载体:聚砜、聚醚砜、聚酰亚胺、聚酰胺、聚醚酰亚胺、聚丙烯腈、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)、聚乙烯、聚丙烯以及各种卤化聚合物(例如聚偏二氟乙烯)。
如US 4277344和US 6878278中所描述,聚酰胺层优选通过在多孔载体表面上多官能胺单体与多官能酰基卤单体之间的界面缩聚反应来制备。更确切地说,聚酰胺膜层可以通过在多孔载体的至少一个表面上使多官能胺单体与多官能酰基卤单体(其中每个术语意图指使用单一物质或多种物质两者)进行界面聚合来制备。如本文所用,术语“聚酰胺”是指酰胺键(-C(O)NH-)沿着分子链存在的聚合物。多官能胺和多官能酰基卤单体最常借助于涂布步骤由溶液施用到多孔载体,其中所述多官能胺单体通常由水类或极性溶液涂布并且所述多官能酰基卤由有机类或非极性溶液涂布。尽管涂布步骤无需遵循特定顺序,但多官能胺单体优选地首先涂布在多孔载体上,然后涂布多官能酰基卤。涂布可通过喷雾、涂膜、辊涂或通过使用浸渍罐连同其它涂布技术而实现。过量溶液可通过气刀、干燥器、烘箱等从载体去除。由于其相对较薄,所以聚酰胺层常常根据其在多孔载体上的涂层覆盖率或负载加以描述,例如每平方米多孔载体表面积约2到5000mg聚酰胺并且更优选约50到500mg/m2。
多官能胺单体包含至少两个伯胺基团并且可为芳香族(例如间苯二胺(mPD)、对苯二胺、1,3,5-三氨基苯、1,3,4-三氨基苯、3,5-二氨基苯甲酸、2,4-二氨基甲苯、2,4-二氨基苯甲醚和二甲苯二胺)或脂肪族(例如乙二胺、丙二胺、环己烷-1,3-二胺和三(2-二氨基乙基)胺)。一种特别优选的多官能胺是间苯二胺(mPD)。多官能胺单体可呈极性溶液形式施用到多孔载体。极性溶液可含有约0.1重量%到约10重量%并且更优选约1重量%到约6重量%多官能胺单体。在一组实施例中,极性溶液包括至少2.5wt%(例如2.5到6wt%)多官能胺单体。一旦涂布在多孔载体上,可以任选地去除过量溶液。
多官能酰基卤单体包含至少两个酰基卤基团并且优选无羧酸官能团,并且可由非极性溶剂涂布,不过多官能酰基卤可替代地由气相传递(例如,对于具有足够蒸气压的多官能酰基卤)。多官能酰基卤不受特别限制并且可使用芳香族或脂环族多官能酰基卤以及其组合。芳香族多官能酰基卤的非限制性实例包括:均苯三甲酰基氯、对苯二甲酸酰基氯、间苯二甲酸酰基氯、联苯二甲酸酰基氯和萘二甲酸二氯化物。脂环族多官能酰基卤的非限制性实例包括:环丙烷三甲酸酰基氯、环丁烷四甲酸酰基氯、环戊烷三甲酸酰基氯、环戊烷四甲酸酰基氯、环己烷三甲酸酰基氯、四氢呋喃四甲酸酰基氯、环戊烷二甲酸酰基氯、环丁烷二甲酸酰基氯、环己烷二甲酸酰基氯和四氢呋喃二甲酸酰基氯。一种优选的多官能酰基卤为均苯三甲酰基氯(TMC)。多官能酰基卤可以在约0.01wt%到10wt%范围内,优选地在0.05wt%到3%wt%范围内溶解于非极性溶剂中,并且可以作为连续涂布操作的一部分递送。在多官能胺单体浓度小于3重量%的一组实施例中,多官能酰基卤小于0.3重量%。
合适的非极性溶剂是能够溶解多官能酰基卤并且与水不可混溶的那些溶剂;例如烷烃(例如己烷、环己烷、庚烷、辛烷、十二烷)、异烷烃(例如ISOPARTML)、芳香族化合物(例如SolvessoTM芳香族流体、VarsolTM非脱芳香族流体、苯、烷基化苯(例如甲苯、二甲苯、三甲苯异构体、二乙苯))以及卤化烃(例如FREONTM系列、氯苯、二氯苯和三氯苯)或其混合物。优选的溶剂包括对臭氧层几乎不造成威胁并且在闪点和可燃性方面安全到足以在不采用特殊防护措施的情况下进行常规加工的溶剂。一种优选溶剂是可购自埃克森化学公司(ExxonChemical Company)的ISOPARTM。非极性溶液可包括额外成分,包括共溶剂、相转移剂、增溶剂、络合剂以及除酸剂,其中个别添加剂可提供多个功能。代表性共溶剂包括:苯、甲苯、二甲苯、均三甲苯、乙苯-二乙二醇二甲醚、环己酮、乙酸乙酯、丁基卡必醇TM乙酸酯(butylcarbitolTM acetate)、月桂酸甲酯和丙酮。代表性除酸剂包括N,N-二异丙基乙胺(DIEA)。非极性溶液还可以包括少量水或其它极性添加剂,但是浓度优选低于其在非极性溶液中的溶解度极限。
极性和非极性溶液中的一种或两种优选地包括如由式I表示的磷酸三烃酯化合物。
式(I)
其中“P”为磷,“O”为氧并且R1、R2和R3独立地选自氢和包含1到10个碳原子的烃基,其限制条件为R1、R2和R3中至多一者为氢。R1、R2和R3优选独立地选自脂肪族基和芳香族基。可适用的脂肪族基包括分支与未分支种类,例如甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基、戊基、2-戊基、3-戊基。可适用的环状基团包括环戊基和环己基。可适用的芳香族基包括苯基和萘基。环状基团和芳香族基可藉助于例如甲基、乙基等脂肪族键联基团键联到磷原子。前述脂肪族基和芳香族基可以是未被取代或被取代的(例如,被甲基、乙基、丙基、羟基、酰胺、醚、砜、羰基、酯、氰化物、腈、异氰酸酯、氨基甲酸酯、β-羟基酯等取代);然而,具有3到10个碳原子的未被取代的烷基是优选的。磷酸三烃酯化合物的特定实例包括:磷酸三丙酯、磷酸三丁酯、磷酸三戊酯、磷酸三己酯、磷酸三苯酯、磷酸丙酯联苯酯、磷酸二丁酯苯酯、磷酸丁酯二乙酯、磷酸氢二丁酯、磷酸氢丁酯庚酯和磷酸丁酯庚酯己酯。所选特定化合物应在其所施用的溶液中至少部分可溶。其它实例为如US 6878278、US 6723241、US 6562266和US6337018中所述的此类化合物。
在一个优选类别的实施例中,非极性溶液优选地包括0.001重量%到10重量%并且更优选地0.01重量%到1重量%的磷酸三烃酯化合物。在另一个实施例中,非极性溶液包括与多官能酰基卤单体呈1:5到5:1并且更优选1:1到3:1摩尔(化学计量)比的磷酸三烃酯化合物。
在一个优选子组的实施例中,非极性溶液可另外包括含酸单体,所述含酸单体包含被至少一个羧酸官能团或其盐和至少一个选自酰基卤、磺酰基卤和酸酐的胺反应性官能团取代的C2-C20烃部分,其中所述含酸单体与所述多官能酰基卤单体不同。在一组实施例中,含酸单体包含芳烃部分。非限制性实例包括以上提及的包括两个到三个酰基卤基团的多官能酰基卤单体的单水解和二水解对应物以及包括至少四个胺反应性部分的多官能卤化物单体的单水解、二水解和三水解对应物。一种优选的物质包括3,5-双(氯羰基)苯甲酸(即单水解均苯三甲酰基氯或“mhTMC”)。单体的其它实例描述于WO 2012/102942和WO2012/102943中(参见式III,其中所述胺反应性基团(“Z”)选自酰基卤、磺酰基卤和酸酐)。包括芳烃部分和单个胺反应性基团的特定物质包括:3-羧基苯甲酰氯、4-羧基苯甲酰氯、4-羧基邻苯二甲酸酐和5-羧基邻苯二甲酸酐和其盐。其它实例由式II表示:
式(II):
其中A选自:氧(例如-O-);胺基(-N(R)-),其中R选自具有1到6个碳原子的烃基,例如被取代或未被取代的芳基、环烷基、烷基,但优选是具有或不具有如卤素和羧基等取代基的具有1到3个碳原子的烷基);酰胺(-C(O)N(R)-),其碳或氮连接到芳环上并且其中R如先前所定义;羰基(-C(O)-);磺酰基(-SO2-);或不存在(例如,如在式III中所表示);n是1到6的整数,或整个基团是芳基;Z是选自酰基卤、磺酰基卤和酸酐(优选地,酰基卤)的胺反应性官能团;Z'选自由Z所描述的官能团以及氢和羧酸。Z和Z'可独立地位于环上A取代基的间位或邻位。在一组实施例中,n是1或2。在又一组实施例中,Z和Z'都是相同的(例如都是酰基卤基团)。在另一组实施例中,A选自具有1到3个碳原子的烷基和烷氧基。非限制性代表性物质包括:2-(3,5-双(氯羰基)苯氧基)乙酸、3-(3,5-双(氯羰基)苯基)丙酸、2-((1,3-二氧代-1,3-二氢异苯并呋喃-5-基)氧基)乙酸、3-(1,3-二氧代-1,3-二氢异苯并呋喃-5-基)丙酸、2-(3-(氯羰基)苯氧基)乙酸、3-(3-(氯羰基)苯基)丙酸、3-((3,5双(氯羰基)苯基)磺酰基)丙酸、3-((3-(氯羰基)苯基)磺酰基)丙酸、3-((1,3-二氧代-1,3-二氢异苯并呋喃-5-基)磺酰基)丙酸、3-((1,3-二氧代-1,3-二氢异苯并呋喃-5-基)氨基)丙酸、3-((1,3-二氧代-1,3-二氢异苯并呋喃-5-基)(乙基)氨基)丙酸、3-((3,5-双(氯羰基)苯基)氨基)丙酸、3-((3,5-双(氯羰基)苯基)(乙基)氨基)丙酸、4-(4-(氯羰基)苯基)-4-氧代丁酸、4-(3,5-双(氯羰基)苯基)-4-氧代丁酸、4-(1,3-二氧代-1,3-二氢异苯并呋喃-5-基)-4-氧代丁酸、2-(3,5-双(氯羰基)苯基)乙酸、2-(2,4-双(氯羰基)苯氧基)乙酸、4-((3,5-双(氯羰基)苯基)氨基)-4-氧代丁酸、2-((3,5-双(氯羰基)苯基)氨基)乙酸、2-(N-(3,5-双(氯羰基)苯基)乙酰胺基)乙酸、2,2'-((3,5-双(氯羰基)苯基氮烷二基)二乙酸、N-[(1,3-二氢-1,3-二氧代-5-异苯并呋喃基)羰基]-甘胺酸、4-[[(1,3-二氢-1,3-二氧代-5-异苯并呋喃基)羰基]氨基]-苯甲酸、1,3-二氢-1,3-二氧代-4-异苯并呋喃丙酸、5-[[(1,3-二氢-1,3-二氧代-5-异苯并呋喃基)羰基]氨基]-1,3-苯二甲酸和3-[(1,3-二氢-1,3-二氧代-5-异苯并呋喃基)磺酰基]-苯甲酸。
另一实施例由式III表示。
式(III):
其中羧酸基可位于苯环上的间位、对位或邻位。
其中烃部分为脂肪族基的代表性实例由式IV表示:
式(IV):
其中X为卤素(优选是氯)并且n是整数1到20,优选2到10。代表性物质包括:4-(氯羰基)丁酸、5-(氯羰基)戊酸、6-(氯羰基)己酸、7-(氯羰基)庚酸、8-(氯羰基)辛酸、9-(氯羰基)壬酸、10-(氯羰基)癸酸、11-氯-11-氧代十一酸、12-氯-12-氧代十二酸、3-(氯羰基)环丁烷甲酸、3-(氯羰基)环戊烷甲酸、2,4-双(氯羰基)环戊烷甲酸、3,5-双(氯羰基)环己烷甲酸和4-(氯羰基)环己烷甲酸。虽然酰基卤和羧酸基团显示在末端位置,但一者或两者可以位于沿着脂肪族链的替代位置。虽然式(IV)中未显示,但含酸单体可包括其它羧酸和酰基卤基团。
含酸单体的代表性实例包括至少一个酸酐基团和至少一个羧酸基团,包括:3,5-双(((丁氧基羰基)氧基)羰基)苯甲酸、1,3-二氧代-1,3-二氢异苯并呋喃-5-甲酸、3-(((丁氧基羰基)氧基)羰基)苯甲酸和4-(((丁氧基羰基)氧基)羰基)苯甲酸。
含酸单体的上限浓度范围可受其在非极性溶液内的溶解性限制并且取决于磷酸三烃酯化合物的浓度,即相信磷酸三烃酯化合物充当含酸单体在非极性溶剂内的增溶剂。在大部分实施例中,浓度上限小于1重量%。在一组实施例中,含酸单体以至少0.01重量%、0.02重量%、0.03重量%、0.04重量%、0.05重量%、0.06重量%、0.07重量%、0.08重量%、0.1重量%或甚至0.13重量%的浓度提供于非极性溶液中,同时保持在溶液中可溶。在另一组实施例中,非极性溶液包含0.01重量%到1重量%、0.02重量%到1重量%、0.04重量%到1重量%或0.05重量%到1重量%的含酸单体。在多官能胺与酰基卤单体之间的界面聚合期间包括含酸单体产生性能改进的膜。并且,与在薄膜聚酰胺层表面上可能进行的水解后反应不同,认为在界面聚合期间包括含酸单体产生在整个薄膜层中有益地改性的聚合物结构。
在一个优选实施例中,薄膜聚酰胺层的特征在于如通过卢瑟福背散射(RBS)测量技术测量,在pH 9.5下每千克聚酰胺的解离羧酸根含量为至少0.3摩尔、0.4摩尔并且在一些实施例中至少0.45摩尔。更确切地说,样品膜(1英寸×6英寸)在去离子水(800mL)中煮沸30分钟,接着放置在甲醇和水的50/50w/w溶液(800mL)中浸泡过夜。然后,将这些膜的1英寸×1英寸大小的样品浸没在pH值调节到9.5的20mL 1×10-4M AgNO3溶液中30分钟。用胶带缠绕含有银离子的容器以限制曝光。在用银离子溶液浸泡后,通过将膜浸泡在2个干净的20mL等分试样的无水甲醇中各5分钟来去除未结合的银。最后,使膜在氮气氛围中干燥最少30分钟。将膜样品安装在导热并导电的双面胶带上,然后安装到充当散热片的硅晶片。胶带优选是固美丽导热双面胶(Chromerics Thermattach)T410或3M铜胶带。RBS测量结果是使用范德格拉夫加速器(Van de Graff accelerator)(马萨诸塞州伯林顿的高电压工程公司(High Voltage Engineering Corp.,Burlington,MA));直径3mm、入射角22.5°、出射角52.5°、散射角150°和40毫微安(nAmp)射束电流的2MeV He+室温射束而获得。将膜样品安装到在测量期间不断移动的可移动样品台上。此移动使得离子通量保持在3×1014He+/cm2下。使用市售模拟程序对从RBS获得的光谱进行分析。关于其用于由RO/NF膜的RBS分析推导元素组成的用途的描述是由康奈尔(Coronell)等人《膜科学杂志(J.of MembraneSci.)》2006,282,71-81和《环境科学与技术(Environmental Science&Technology)》2008,42(14),5260-5266描述。可使用模拟程序获得数据以拟合两层系统(厚聚砜层在薄聚酰胺层下方),并且拟合三层系统(聚砜、聚酰胺和表面涂层)可以使用相同方法。首先通过XPS测量两层(在添加聚酰胺层之前的聚砜和最终TFC聚酰胺层的表面)的原子分数组成以提供拟合值的界限。由于XPS无法测量氢,所以使用聚合物的建议分子式的H/C比,聚砜使用0.667并且聚酰胺使用0.60-0.67的范围。虽然用硝酸银滴定的聚酰胺仅仅引入少量的银,但是银的散射横截面基本上高于其它低原子数元素(C、H、N、O、S)并且峰的大小相对于其它值不成比例地大,尽管是以低得多的浓度存在,因此提供了优良的敏感性。在中使用两层建模方法,通过固定聚砜的组成并且拟合银峰值,同时保持聚酰胺层(层2,使用XPS预先确定范围)的窄窗组成来确定银的浓度。由模拟确定聚酰胺层中元素(碳、氢、氮、氧和银)的摩尔浓度。银浓度是在测试条件pH值下可用于结合银的羧酸根摩尔浓度的直接反映。每单位面积膜的羧酸基团的摩尔数指示通过物质穿过膜可见的相互作用的数目,并且较大数目将因此有利地影响盐通过。此值可以通过测量得到的羧酸根含量乘以测量得到的厚度并且乘以聚酰胺密度计算得到。
在pH 9.5下测定薄膜聚酰胺膜的每单位面积膜的解离羧酸根数目的一种优选方法如下。膜样品在去离子水中煮沸30分钟,接着放置在甲醇的50重量%水溶液中浸泡过夜。然后,将膜样品浸没在pH值用NaOH调节到9.5的1×10-4M AgNO3溶液中30分钟。在银离子溶液中浸泡之后,通过将膜浸泡在无水甲醇中30分钟两次而去除未结合的银。每单位面积的银的量优选地如魏(Wei)所述通过灰化并且再溶解用于进行ICP测量来测定。在pH 9.5下每平方米膜的解离羧酸根数目优选大于6×10-5、8×10-5、1×10-4、1.2×10-4、1.5×10-4、2×10-4或甚至3×10-4mol/m2。
在另一个优选实施例中,在650℃下薄膜聚酰胺层热解使得来自火焰离子化检测器的在212m/z和237m/z下产生的片段小于2.8并且更优选小于2.6的反应比率。在212和237m/z下产生的片段分别由式V和VI表示。
认为此片段比率指示提供改善通量、盐通过或完整性的聚合物结构(尤其对于羧酸含量相对较高,例如在pH 9.5下每千克聚酰胺的解离羧酸根含量为至少0.18、0.20、0.22、0.3,并且在一些实施例中至少0.4摩尔的膜)。研究已经展示,在热解温度低于500℃期间主要形成二聚体片段212m/z,而在热解温度高于500℃下主要形成二聚体片段237m/z。此表明二聚体片段212来源于其中仅仅进行单一结合裂解的末端基团并且二聚体片段237基本上来源于其中发生多个键裂解和还原的主体材料。因此,二聚体片段212与237的比率可以用作相对转化率的量度。
一种优选的热解方法是使用气相色谱法质谱分析联合质谱检测进行,例如安装在Agilent 7890GC上的前线实验室(Frontier Lab)2020iD热解器,其中使用LECO飞行时间(TruTOF)质谱仪进行检测。使用火焰离子化检测器(FID)检测峰面积。热解通过以单一发射模式将聚酰胺样品杯放入设定在650℃下的热解烘箱中6秒来进行。使用来自瓦里安(Varian)的30M×0.25mm id柱(法科图福(FactorFour)VF-5MS CP8946)以及1μm 5%苯基甲基硅酮内相进行分离。通过将片段峰的相对保留时间与用LECO飞行时间质谱仪进行的相同分析匹配(或任选地通过将质谱与NIST资料库或来自文献的参考文献匹配)来鉴别组分。使用能够测量到0.001mg的梅特勒(Mettler)E20微天平将膜样品称量到前线实验室二氧化硅内衬的不锈钢杯中。样品重量目标为200ug+/-50ug。气相色谱条件如下:安捷伦6890GC(SN:CN10605069),使用30M×0.25mm、1μm5%二甲基聚硅氧烷相(瓦里安法科图福VF-5MSCP8946);注射端口320℃,检测端口:320℃,50:1的分流注射器流动比率,GC烘箱条件:以每分钟6℃,40℃到100℃,以每分钟30℃,100℃到320℃,320℃下8分钟;氦气载气,0.6mL/min的恒定流速,提供5.0psi的背压。LECO TruTOF质谱仪参数如下:电子电离源(正离子EI模式),扫描速率每秒20次扫描,扫描范围:14-400m/z;检测器电压=3200(比调节电压高400V);MS获取延迟=1分钟;发射电压-70V。将片段212m/z和片段237m/z的峰面积相对于样品重量标准化。标准化的峰面积用于确定片段212m/z与237m/z的比率。此外,片段212m/z的标准化峰面积除以所有其它片段的标准化峰面积的总和,得到m/z 212片段相对于聚酰胺的分数,并且通常通过乘以100记为组成%。优选地,此值小于12%。
在又一个优选实施例中,薄膜层的等电点(IEP)小于或等于5、4.3、4.2、4.1、4、3.8、3.6、3.5或在一些实施例中3。可使用德赛纳米HS仪器(Desal Nano HS instrument)通过电泳光散射(ELS),通过石英电池使用标准ξ电位技术测定等电点。举例来说,首先将膜样品(2英寸×1英寸)在去离子水中煮沸20分钟,接着用室温去离子水充分冲洗并且在室温下储存在新鲜去离子水溶液中过夜。接着按照以下参考文献装载样品:2008年由贝克曼库尔特(Beckmann Coulter)提出的同一仪器的“《关于DelsaTM纳米亚微米粒度和ζ电位的使用者手册(User's Manual for the DelsaTMNano Submicron Particle Size and ZetaPotential)》”和“《课前阅读(Pre-Course Reading)》”。完成在pH 10到pH 2的范围内的pH滴定,并且在ζ电位变为零的pH下测定等电点。
一旦彼此接触,多官能酰基卤单体和多官能胺单体即在其表面界面处反应,形成聚酰胺层或膜。此层常常称为聚酰胺“辨别层”或“薄膜层”,给复合膜提供了其用于使溶质(例如盐)与溶剂(例如水性进料)分离的主要构件。多官能酰基卤和多官能胺单体的反应时间可小于一秒,但是接触时间通常介于约1秒到60秒范围内。可通过用水冲洗膜并且接着在例如约40℃到约120℃的高温下干燥实现过量溶剂的去除,不过可使用在环境温度下的空气干燥。然而,出于本发明的目的,优选地不使膜干燥,仅用水冲洗(例如浸渍)并且任选地储存在湿润状态中。
随后用多官能芳烃化合物处理聚酰胺层,所述多官能芳烃化合物包括1或2个(优选地1个)共同被以下取代的苯环(其可以是稠合的;或由环之间的直接键、包含1到6个碳原子的亚烷基以及包含1到6个碳原子的氧基亚烷基连接(L)):
i)选自以下的第一官能团(w):-NR4R5(胺)和-OH(羟基),
ii)选自以下的第二官能团(x):-NR4R5(胺)、-OH(羟基)、-COOH(羧酸)和-SO3H(磺酸),以及
iii)选自以下的第三官能团(y):-H(氢)、-NR4R5(胺)、-OH(羟基)、-COOH(羧酸)和-SO3H(磺酸),
iv)选自以下的第四官能团(z):-H(氢)、-CH3(甲基)、-NR4R5(胺)、-OH(羟基)、-COOH(羧酸)和-SO3H(磺酸);
其中(R4)和(R5)独立地选自:-H和包括1到10个碳原子的烃基(优选是具有1到4个碳原子的烷基)。苯环可进一步被包括上文关于(w)、(x)、(y)和(z)所列的官能团在内的其它官能团或例如甲基、乙基和卤素等其它基团取代。取代基(w)、(x)、(y)和(z)彼此可以位于间位、邻位或对位。可适用的多官能芳烃化合物由式VII-IX表示:
其中(L)选自:环之间的直接键、包含1到6个碳原子的亚烷基和包含1到6个碳原子的氧基亚烷基。
在优选的另一组实施例中并且继续参考式VII-IX:
i)(w)选自:-NR4R5和-OH,
ii)(x)选自:-COOH和-SO3H,
iii)(y)选自:-H、-COOH和-SO3H,并且
iv)(z)选自:-H、-CH、-COOH和-SO3H。
在另一组优选的实施例中,多官能芳烃化合物是交联剂,其中:
a)(w)选自:-NR4R5,
b)(x)选自:-OH,
c)(y)选自:-H、-COOH和-SO3H,并且
d)(z)选自:-H、-CH、-COOH和-SO3H。
在另一个优选子组的实施例中,如由式X和XI所表示,(y)选自:-COOH和-SO3H(即具有酸官能团的交联剂),并且(z)是-H。
在又一组优选的实施例中,(W)和(x)选自:胺(-NR4R5,其中R4和R5独立地选自:其中(R4)和(R5)独立地选自:-H和包括1到10个碳原子的烃基(优选是具有1到4个碳原子的烷基);并且(y)和(z)是氢。可适用的物质如下表示:
在另一个优选实施例中,多官能芳烃化合物选自以下中的至少一种:2-氨基苯甲酸、3-氨基苯甲酸、4-氨基苯甲酸、2-氨基苯磺酸、3-氨基苯磺酸、4-氨基苯磺酸、2-氨基苯酚、3-氨基苯酚、4-氨基苯酚、2-羟基苯甲酸、3-羟基苯甲酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、2-羟基苯磺酸、3-羟基苯磺酸、4-羟基苯磺酸、3,5-二羟基苯胺、2,4-二羟基苯胺、3,5-二氨基苯甲酸、2,4-二氨基苯甲酸、2-羟基-4-氨基苯甲酸、2-羟基-5-氨基苯甲酸、2-羟基-4-氨基苯磺酸、2-羟基-5-氨基苯磺酸、2,4-二氨基苯磺酸、3,5-二氨基苯磺酸、2-羟基-6-氨基苯磺酸、2-羟基-4-甲基-5-氨基苯甲酸、2,6-二羟基-5-氨基苯甲酸、2,4-二羟基-5-氨基苯甲酸、2-羟基-3,5-二氨基苯甲酸、2-羟基-4-氯-5-氨基苯甲酸、2-羟基-5-氨基-6-磺基苯甲酸、3-羟基-5-氨基苯磺酸、3-羟基-4-甲基-5-氨基苯磺酸、2-甲基-3-氨基-5-羟基苯磺酸、2-羟基-4-氨基-6-磺基苯甲酸、4-氨基-5-羟基-2,7-萘二磺酸、8-氨基-4-羟基-2,6-萘二磺酸、3-氨基-8-羟基-1,5-萘二磺酸、3-羟基-8-氨基-1,5-萘二磺酸、4-氨基-5-羟基-1,7-萘二磺酸、4-羟基-6-氨基-2-萘磺酸、4-羟基-5-氨基-2-萘磺酸、2-氨基-5-羟基-1,7-萘二磺酸、4-羟基-7-氨基-2,6-萘二磺酸、4-羟基-6-氨基-2,7-萘二磺酸、4,4'-二氨基联二苯-2-磺酸、4,4'-二氨基联二苯-2,2'-二磺酸、4,4'-二氨基联二苯-2-甲酸、4,4'-二氨基联二苯-2,2'-二甲酸、4,4'-二羟基联苯-2-甲酸、4,4'-二羟基联苯-2,2'-二甲酸、4,4'-二羟基联苯-2-磺酸、4,4'-二羟基联苯-2,2'-二磺酸、1,4,7-三氨基萘、1,4,7-三羟基萘。
用标的多官能芳烃化合物处理聚酰胺层的方法不受特别限制,并且包括由pH范围为3-11的水溶液施用多官能芳烃(例如10-20000ppm),所述水溶液可进一步包括1重量%-20重量%的醇(如甲醇、异丙醇)和极性非质子溶剂(如DMSO、DMF、DMAc、NMP等)以使得多官能芳烃化合物主要保持在聚酰胺层的外表面(与接触多孔载体的表面相对的表面)上;或将聚酰胺层浸泡在含有多官能芳烃化合物的浸渍槽中以使得聚酰胺层被化合物浸透。与将聚酰胺层暴露于亚硝酸中的步骤组合,将多官能芳烃化合物施用到聚酰胺层上(例如,可以在暴露于亚硝酸中之前、期间或之后,但优选地在暴露于亚硝酸中之前,将多官能芳烃化合物施用到聚酰胺层上)。
无论膜是否经标的多官能芳烃化合物处理,膜都优选通过暴露于亚硝酸进行后处理。多种可适用的将聚酰胺层暴露于亚硝酸的技术描述于US 4888116中,并且以引入的方式并入本文中。相信亚硝酸与聚酰胺辨别层(或多官能芳烃化合物)中存在的残余伯氨基反应,形成重氮盐基团。这些重氮盐基团的至少一部分水解形成酚基或经由重氮偶合而偶氮交联。在一个实施例中,将亚硝酸的水溶液施用到薄膜聚酰胺层上。尽管水溶液可包括亚硝酸,但是其优选地包括当场形成亚硝酸的试剂,例如含碱金属亚硝酸盐的酸溶液或亚硝酰硫酸。由于亚硝酸是挥发性的并且易分解,所以其优选地通过含碱金属亚硝酸盐的酸性溶液与聚酰胺辨别层接触的反应而形成。一般来说,如果水溶液的pH值小于约7(优选地小于约5),那么碱金属亚硝酸盐将反应,释放亚硝酸。亚硝酸钠在水溶液中与盐酸或硫酸反应是形成亚硝酸尤其优选的。水溶液可另外包括湿润剂或表面活性剂。亚硝酸在水溶液中的浓度优选地是0.01重量%到1重量%。一般来说,亚硝酸在5℃下比在20℃下可溶性更高,并且略微较高浓度的亚硝酸可在较低温度下操作。只要膜不受有害影响并且可以安全地操纵溶液,较高浓度是可操作的。一般来说,亚硝酸浓度高于约二分之一(0.5)百分比由于操纵这些溶液困难而并非优选的。优选地,亚硝酸由于其在大气压下的有限溶解度而以约0.1重量百分比或更小的浓度存在。膜接触时的温度可在宽范围变化。由于亚硝酸并非特别稳定,所以一般需要使用在约0℃到约30℃范围内的接触温度,其中在0℃到约20℃范围内的温度是优选的。高于这一范围的温度会增加处理溶液上方通风或超大气压的需要。低于优选范围的温度一般会导致反应速率和扩散速率降低。
一旦亚硝酸已经扩散到膜中,亚硝酸与伯胺基团之间的反应将相对快速地发生。扩散和发生所要反应所需的时间将取决于亚硝酸的浓度、膜的任意预湿润、存在的伯胺基团的浓度和发生接触时的温度。接触时间可在数分钟到数天的范围内变化。对于特定膜和处理来说,可容易凭经验确定最优反应时间。
一种优选的应用技术涉及使亚硝酸水溶液以连续流经过膜表面。此允许使用相对低浓度的亚硝酸。当亚硝酸从处理介质耗尽时,其可补充并使介质再循环到膜表面以进行额外处理。分批处理也是可操作的。用于施用亚硝酸水溶液的特定技术不受特别限制并且包括喷雾、涂膜、辊涂或通过使用浸渍罐连同其它施用技术。一旦进行处理,膜可以用水洗涤并且在使用前湿润或干燥储存。
薄膜聚酰胺层可任选地在其表面的至少一部分上包括吸湿聚合物。此类聚合物包括聚合物表面活性剂、聚丙烯酸、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚氧化烯化合物、聚(噁唑啉)化合物、聚丙烯酰胺和如US 6280853、US 7815987、US 7918349和US 7905361中概述的相关反应产物。在一些实施例中,此类聚合物可掺合和/或反应并可由常见溶液涂布或以其它方式施用到聚酰胺膜或依次施用。
已经描述了本发明的多个实施例并且在一些情况下,已将某些实施例、选择、范围、成分或其它特征表征为“优选的”。“优选”特征的表征决不应解释为将这类特征视为对本发明来说所需的、必需的或至关重要的。
实例
所有样品膜都是使用中试规模的膜生产线制备的。使用16.5重量%聚砜于DMF中的溶液浇铸聚砜载体,并且随后浸泡在3.5重量%间苯二胺(mPD)水溶液中。所得载体以恒定速度拉出反应台,同时施用一层薄的均一的非极性溶液。非极性溶液包括含于异链烷烃类溶剂(ISOPAR L)内的均苯三甲酰基氯(TMC)和单水解的均苯三甲酰基氯(mhTMC)。用于制备每个样品的非极性溶液的总酰基氯含量保持恒定在0.20%w/v下。mhTMC的浓度在样品之间在0到0.06%w/v范围内变化,而剩余的酰基氯含量仅仅由TMC贡献。非极性溶液亦含有与TMC的化学计量摩尔比为大约1:1.1的磷酸三丁酯。去除过量非极性溶液并且使所得复合膜通过水冲洗槽和干燥烘箱。然后所选的膜在5-15℃下用0.05%NaNO2和0.5%HCl的溶液进行“后处理”15分钟,接着室温水浸泡24小时。pH 9.5下解离羧酸根含量(毫摩尔/克)通过卢瑟福背散射(RBS)测量。在pH 8、25℃、150psi下使用含有2000ppm NaCl的水性进料测量NaCl阻挡。
表1
使用标准平板电池测试装置测试样品膜的防积垢性。从这些膜切割矩形尺寸试片并进行在常规平板电池设备中进行的实验性测试。负载膜试片并在不同操作压力下在pH 8下测量初始水通量。在测量初始纯水渗透性之后,将200ppm Si纳米粒子(7nm)(先与5ppmPVA混合并在水中声波处理)的悬浮液添加到进料溶液中,pH值调整到8,等候1小时并且在各种压力下测量通量。在类似压力下纯水测试与积垢水测试之间的通量差异报导为通量丧失(GFD)。如表2中概述的数据所示,当膜的COOH含量增加时,在宽范围的操作通量内通量丧失减少。另外,进行后处理的膜的通量丧失降低更显著,尤其是在较低pH值下。
表2
Claims (5)
1.一种用于处理pH值等于或小于5并且包含至少2 ppm尺寸为5到50 nm并且等电点小于pH 4的阴离子型二氧化硅纳米粒子的含有NaCl的水性混合物的方法,所述方法包含以下步骤:使所述混合物以小于50 l/m2hr的通量通过螺旋卷绕的元件,产生渗透物流和浓缩物流,其中所述浓缩物流的纳米粒子浓度比所述渗透物流相对更高,其中所述螺旋卷绕的元件包括复合聚酰胺膜,所述复合聚酰胺膜包含多孔载体和薄膜聚酰胺层,并且其中所述膜的特征在于以下∶
i)当在25℃、pH 8和1 MPa下用含有2000 ppm NaCl和5 ppm尺寸为7 nm的二氧化硅纳米粒子的水溶液测试时NaCl阻挡和纳米粒子阻挡为至少99%;以及
ii)通过卢瑟福背散射(RBS)测量,在pH 9.5下解离羧酸根含量为每公斤聚酰胺至少0.3摩尔。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中在通过所述螺旋卷绕的元件前1到50 ppm聚合物添加到所述水性混合物中并且所述聚合物选自以下中至少一种:聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚(氧化乙烯)、聚(丙烯酸)、聚(甲基丙烯酸)、聚(丙烯酰胺)、聚(乙烯亚胺)、聚(4-乙烯基吡啶)和水溶性纤维素材料。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述聚合物包含Mw为600到100,000克/摩尔的聚乙烯醇。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述水性混合物在通过所述螺旋卷绕的元件前pH值等于或小于3。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述膜的特征在于通过卢瑟福背散射(RBS)测量,在pH 9.5下解离羧酸根含量为每公斤聚酰胺至少0.4摩尔。
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