CN105745115A - 机动车辆的电能存储器的充电装置和方法 - Google Patents

机动车辆的电能存储器的充电装置和方法 Download PDF

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CN105745115A
CN105745115A CN201480061872.7A CN201480061872A CN105745115A CN 105745115 A CN105745115 A CN 105745115A CN 201480061872 A CN201480061872 A CN 201480061872A CN 105745115 A CN105745115 A CN 105745115A
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E·布达尔
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PSA Automobiles SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
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    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
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    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种机动车辆的充电装置，所述充电装置包括电连接部件(208)，所述电连接部件为用于与车辆外部的配电网络联接的界面。所述充电装置还包括：第一电能存储器(200)，所述第一电能存储器在其接线柱处的最大电压大于50V；以及第一电压转换器(206)，所述第一电压转换器适用于在电连接部件(208)与第一电能存储器(200)之间转移能量。电连接部件(208)的接线柱处的额定功率小于2300W。

Description

机动车辆的电能存储器的充电装置和方法
技术领域
本发明涉及机动车辆的电能存储器的充电装置和方法，以及设置有这种充电装置的机动车辆。
本发明属于“插电式”车辆(例如可充电的电动车辆或混合动力车辆)的领域。
背景技术
包括至少一个电能存储器(在下文中也称为电池)的车辆被称为“插电式”车辆，所述至少一个电能存储器可通过与该车辆外部的配电网络的联接来充电。该配电网络例如为在110V或230V的电压下提供交流电的家用电网。
通常，电池包括所有工艺类型的电化学电池、又或电容器。这些电化学电池或电容器被重新集合成一个或多个模块并且彼此之间串联或并联连接。
插电式车辆通常包括两个电池：辅助电池和牵引电池。
辅助电池能够为低功率(通常大约几瓦特)的车辆耗电构件供电。辅助电池发送直流电，并且所述辅助电池在其接线柱处的电压相对较低，通常为12V。
牵引电池能够为用于驱动车辆主动轮的电机供电。该电池在较高电压(通常在36V与400V之间)下发送直流电。
图1示出了现有技术中已知的用于为插电式车辆充电的装置。
在车辆外部的配电网络包括电插座116。电插座理解为使一个或多个耗电仪器能够与电压源联接的公插头和母插头。
电插座116可借助于充电电缆110而与车辆的电插座108联接。充电电缆110在其端部处设置有电插座112和114。
该车辆还包括第一电能存储器100(称为牵引电池)和第二电能存储器102(称为辅助电池)。
第一电压转换器106与牵引电池100以及与辅助电池102电气连接。该第一电压转换器能够在牵引电池100与辅助电池102之间适配电压以及交换电能。
第二电压转换器104与插座108连接，以在该插座108与牵引电池100之间适配电压以及交换电能。
电压转换器104的尺寸定为能够使用等于3600W的额定功率来为车辆电池充电。额定功率理解为可由转换器104持久发送的功率。这种充电装置因此具有极高的成本。
另外，上述充电装置具有的质量和体积使这种装置难以集成在车辆中。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于弥补现有技术的上述缺点。
为此目的，本发明提供了一种机动车辆的充电装置，该充电装置包括：
-电连接部件，所述电连接部件为用于与所述车辆外部的配电网络联接的用户界面；
-第一电能存储器，所述第一电能存储器在其接线柱处的最大电压大于50V；
-第一电压转换器，所述第一电压转换器适用于在所述电连接部件与所述第一电能存储器之间转移能量；
该装置的特征在于所述电连接部件在其接线柱处的额定功率小于2300W。
因此，根据本发明的充电装置具有减小的成本。
根据特定特征，所述电连接部件在其接线柱处的额定功率小于1000W。
根据特定特征，该额定功率小于250W。
根据特定特征，该装置还包括第二电能存储器和用于将能量转移到所述第二电能存储器的第二电压转换器。
本发明因此能够以较小的成本为第二电能存储器充电。
在第一特定实施例中，第二转换器包括保护部件，所述保护部件适用于将在所述电连接部件中流通的电流的强度限制在小于32A的值。
在第一特定实施例中，根据特定特征，第二转换器适用于将能量转移到所述电连接部件。
在另一个特定实施例中，第二转换器适用于在所述电连接部件与所述第二电能存储器之间转移能量。
根据特定特征，第一电压转换器的额定功率小于150W。
本发明的目的还在于提供一种机动车辆的充电方法，该方法的特征在于其包括适用于应用如上面简要描述的装置的步骤。
该方法的优点与该装置的优点类似，此处不再描述。
为了相同的目的，本发明还旨在提供一种机动车辆，所述机动车辆包括如上面简要描述的充电装置。
附图说明
通过阅读以下作为非限制性示例给出的特定实施例的详细描述和附图，本发明的其它特征和优点将更加清楚，在附图中：
-已被描述的图1为机动车辆的传统充电装置的示意图；
-图2为本发明的机动车辆充电装置的第一特定实施例的示意图；以及
-图3为本发明的机动车辆充电装置的实施变型的示意图。
具体实施方式
图2示出了本发明的机动车辆充电装置的第一特定实施例。
该装置包括充电插座208和称为牵引电池的第一电能存储器200。
充电插座208能够使车辆与车辆外部的配电网络连接。
牵引电池200能够借助于换流器(未示出)来为电机(未示出)供电，以驱动车辆的主动轮(未示出)。例如使用锂离子工艺的该牵引电池200发送直流电。牵引电池200的接线柱处的电压大于36V，通常小于400V，例如在180V至260V的运行范围中。牵引电池200的最大电压大于50V。
称为辅助电池的第二电能存储器202被安装在车辆中，以用于为消耗较低功率的车辆电构件供电。例如，辅助电池202为L3/76A.h(安.小时)类型的。辅助电池202中的能量等级可由充电测量器(未示出)来监视。辅助电池202的接线柱处的电压能够根据车辆行驶状况而变化并且通常在6V与16V之间。当电池202未被请求使用(solliciter)时该电压例如等于12.3V，当车辆移动时通常等于14.4V。
有利地，辅助电池202的接线柱处的电压被第二转换器204限制在最大16V的值，以避免损坏由该电池供电的构件的电零件。此外，大于16V的电压具有使该电池202损坏以及加速老化的风险。
插座208借助于电缆而与辅助电池202电气连接。因此在充电时，辅助电池202的接线柱处的电压等于电池插座208的接线柱处的电压，该电缆中的线路电损耗几乎没有。
第一电压转换器206被安装在车辆中，以用于使辅助电池202与牵引电池200电气连接。第一转换器206能够在辅助电池202与牵引电池200之间转移能量以及在这两个电池之间适配电压。
第一转换器206还能够在充电插座208与牵引电池200之间转移能量。
牵引电池200与第一转换器206可每个都包括电子控制计算机。
例如，第一转换器206的控制计算机监视该转换器的接线柱处的电压和/或电流，牵引电池200的控制计算机监视该电池的接线柱处的电压和/或电流。
车辆外部的配电网络包括联接插座216。该配电网络例如为在110V或230V的电压下发送最大16A(安)的交流电的家用网络。
插座216可与充电插座208联接，该充电插座为借助于充电电缆210而使车辆与配电网络联接的用户界面。充电电缆210设置有第二电压转换器204并且包括在所述充电电缆的端部处的电插座212和214。
第二电压转换器204能够借助于充电插座208而在配电网络的插座216与辅助电池202之间转移能量。
对于牵引电池200和辅助电池202的充电，充电电缆210与配电网络的插座216以及与车辆的插座208连接。
第二转换器204可包括软件型和/或材料型的保护部件，以用于将插座208的接线柱处的电压限制在小于16V的值。
第二电压转换器204在电压u1下将直流电i1发送到辅助电池202的接线柱处，该电压的最大值严格小于50V。
为了避免在充电断路时的金属的喷射(projection)，第二转换器204的保护部件可将电流i1的强度限制在小于32A的值。
由转换器204发送的电流i1能够为辅助电池202充电并且为第一转换器206提供用于为牵引电池200充电的电流。
图3示出了本发明的机动车辆充电装置的另一个特定实施例。
该装置包括牵引电池200、辅助电池202和第一电压转换器206，与图2中描述的相关牵引电池、辅助电池和第一电压转换器相同。
充电插座308能够使车辆与车辆外部的配电网络连接。
第二电压转换器304被安装在车辆中以用于使充电插座308与辅助电池202电气连接。第二转换器304因此能够在配电网络与辅助电池202之间转移能量以及在这两个元件之间适配电压。
插座308还可为其它未示出的电构件供应电流。
此外，借助于第二转换器304，第一转换器206能够在充电插座308与牵引电池200之间转移能量。
配电网络的插座216可与充电插座308联接，该充电插座为借助于充电电缆310而使车辆与配电网络联接的用户界面。充电电缆310包括在其端部处的电插座312和314。
对于牵引电池200和辅助电池202的充电，充电电缆310与配电网络的插座216以及与车辆的插座308连接。
第二电压转换器304在电压u2(最大值小于50V)下将直流电i2发送到辅助电池202的接线柱处。
由转换器304发送到辅助电池202位置处的电流i2能够为该电池充电并且为第一转换器206提供用于为牵引电池200充电的电流。
电压和电流的以下限制可应用于图2和图3上所示的充电装置。
为了避免损坏辅助电池202，可将辅助电池202的接线柱处的电压u1或u2限制在16V的值。例如，电压u1或u2可在9V与15V之间。
在辅助电池202放电的特定情况下，电压u1或u2较小。该电压可例如在6V与10V之间。
在变型中，第二转换器204或304可在严格小于50V的电压下将交流电发送到插座208或308。
为了避免损坏辅助电池202，电流i1和i2取决于车辆的充电功率并且不应超过该电池的电容安培数(ampéragecapacitive)的20％至25％。例如，对于L3/76A.h类型的辅助电池，可将第二转换器204或304的电流i1和i2限制在17.3A。
功率的以下限制可应用于图2和图3上所示的充电装置。
按照本发明，施加在插座208或308的接线柱上的额定功率(即可在208或308位置处持久发送的最大功率)小于2300W。
有利地，小于1000W的额定功率能够为车辆的电池200和202充电2至6小时(例如在夜间)。电池200和202的可用能量通常在50W.h与3000W.h(瓦.小时)之间。
有利地，对于具有较少可用能量的电池的充电，小于250W的额定功率足够了。
为了满足车辆的其它电需求，该额定功率在一些情况下可在250W与2300W之间。
一部分充电功率用于为辅助电池202充电，在一些情况下，第一转换器206的额定功率可被限制在150W，这足够为牵引电池200充电。
对符合本发明的充电方法的以下描述对于图2和图3上所示的充电装置是相同的。
当使用者连接电缆210或310以用于为车辆充电时，车辆起动钥匙处的接触被证实不存在，之后第一电压转换器206被启动。
当牵引电池200和/或第一转换器206包括计算机时，所述计算机在充电期间被启动。
车辆的其它计算机的供电被切断以用于限制与这些计算机的电子零件的老化相关联的风险。事实上，这些零件运行的使用寿命大约为10000小时，小于大约为50000小时的车辆累积充电寿命。
换流器的供电和因此牵引电机的供电被切断，以用于避免车辆在充电期间移动。
充电时长被限定为使辅助电池202的最大能量等级在充电期间持久不被超过。例如，对于L3/76A.h类型的辅助电池，等于6小时的充电时长很合适。
在充电时，转换器204、304和206以及电池200和202使用受限制的功率运行并且因此不需要由启动的冷却系统(即功率消耗器)冷却。
例如，考虑到在第一电压转换器206中150W的功率和90％的效率，电损失大约为15W。这些损失很容易通过转换器206的自然对流而以热量的形式被排放到环境空气中。
为了限制转换器204、304和206的发热，降级(英语为“derating”)系统可被集成在这些转换器中。该“降级”系统在达到温度阈值时限制这些转换器中的电流。
因此，根据本发明的机动车辆充电装置或方法具有减小的成本。

Claims (8)

1.一种机动车辆的充电装置，所述充电装置包括：
-电连接部件(208；308)，所述电连接部件为用于与所述车辆外部的配电网络联接的界面；
-第一电能存储器(200)，所述第一电能存储器在其接线柱处的最大电压大于50V；
-第一电压转换器(206)，所述第一电压转换器适用于在所述电连接部件(208；308)与所述第一电能存储器(200)之间转移能量；
其特征在于，所述充电装置还包括第二电能存储器(202)和用于将能量转移到所述第二电能存储器(202)的第二转换器(204；304)，所述第二转换器(204；304)将小于2300W的额定功率施加到所述电连接部件(208；308)的接线柱处。
2.根据权利要求1所述的充电装置，其特征在于，所述额定功率小于1000W。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的充电装置，其特征在于，所述额定功率小于250W。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的充电装置，其特征在于，所述第二转换器(204)包括保护部件，所述保护部件适用于将在所述电连接部件(208)中流通的电流的强度限制在小于32A的值。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的充电装置，其特征在于，所述第二转换器(204)适用于将能量转移到所述电连接部件(208)。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的充电装置，其特征在于，所述第二转换器(304)适用于在所述电连接部件(308)与所述第二电能存储器(202)之间转移能量。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的充电装置，其特征在于，所述第一电压转换器(206)的额定功率小于150W。
8.一种机动车辆，其特征在于，所述机动车辆包括根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的充电装置。
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