CN105732842A - High-bioactivity chitin and preparing method thereof - Google Patents
High-bioactivity chitin and preparing method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN105732842A CN105732842A CN201610099240.0A CN201610099240A CN105732842A CN 105732842 A CN105732842 A CN 105732842A CN 201610099240 A CN201610099240 A CN 201610099240A CN 105732842 A CN105732842 A CN 105732842A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0006—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid
- C08B37/0024—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid beta-D-Glucans; (beta-1,3)-D-Glucans, e.g. paramylon, coriolan, sclerotan, pachyman, callose, scleroglucan, schizophyllan, laminaran, lentinan or curdlan; (beta-1,6)-D-Glucans, e.g. pustulan; (beta-1,4)-D-Glucans; (beta-1,3)(beta-1,4)-D-Glucans, e.g. lichenan; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0027—2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-glucans; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/003—Chitin, i.e. 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-(beta-1,4)-D-glucan or N-acetyl-beta-1,4-D-glucosamine; Chitosan, i.e. deacetylated product of chitin or (beta-1,4)-D-glucosamine; Derivatives thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0003—General processes for their isolation or fractionation, e.g. purification or extraction from biomass
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Abstract
The invention provides high-bioactivity chitin and a preparing method thereof. The preparing method comprises the steps of washing, drying and smashing an organism containing beta-chitin into powder; pouring the powder obtained through smashing into mixed base solution with the concentration of 0.5-10 M to be stirred for alkali treatment deproteinization; adding diluted hydrochloric acid solution into the product obtained after alkali treatment deproteinization, regulating the pH value to be 5-7, standing at 20-30 DEG C, removing inorganic salt, and conducting filtration to obtain beta-chitin. The chitin obtained by means of the technical scheme has the advantages of being high in molecular weight, high in adsorption capacity, high in amidogen remaining quantity, excellent in adsorbability, moisture absorbability and moisture retentivity, ultrahigh in beta-chitin deacetylation degree and the like, so that the product has quite high bioactivity and can be widely applied to the field of biological materials.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of biological material, particularly relate to a kind of high bioactivity chitin and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Presently commercially available native biopolymer material chitin is isolatable from shrimp and crab shells, abundance.The most existing multiple
Method is chitin extraction from shrimp and crab shells, including taking chemical treatment and mechanical lapping-ultrasonic-centrifuging, heterogeneous synthesis
The method such as method, freeze-thaw.The composition of shrimp and crab shells is mainly chitin, torpescence on these chitin chemistries, no
Change with body fluid, to can not organizing foreign body reaction, nontoxic, there is antithrombotic, the feature such as high temperature-resistant disinfected.By
Chitin and derivant thereof prepared by chitin have extraordinary biocompatibility, biodegradability, anti-inflammation
Etc. characteristic, have been widely used for artificial cornea's support, tissue engineering comea, tissue engineering bracket, artificial glass at present
The biomedical sectors such as glass body and selfreparing.
Chemical treatment and mechanical lapping-ultrasonic-centrifuging, heterogeneous synthetic method, freeze-thaw etc. are included at present
Method is chitin extraction from shrimp and crab shells, but more or less there are some problems:
1, it is relatively low that mechanical lapping-ultrasonic-centrifuging prepares chitin yield;
2, multi-phases process utilizes high-concentration alkali liquor to alkalize, and molecular weight product degraded is serious, and environmental pollution is big;
3, multi-phases process is dissolving and is easily making state of aggregation mechanism be destroyed in process of setting, the chitin mechanics obtained
Performance is weak and crisp, limits the chitin application as membrane material;
4, freeze-thaw method prepares that chitin solution is time-consuming, power consumption, is not suitable for large-scale production;
5, can be dissolved in diluted acid with highly active amino, occur chemical reaction, generation to have under given conditions
The derivant of different performance;
6, high deacetylized α-chitin has higher amino reserved, and these amino can be under certain condition by proton
Change and make chitin become the natural polymer of positively charged, participate in the anion chemical combination such as Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions, fatty acid
Thing.But our research indicate that, when the deacetylation of α-chitin is more than 90%, owing to strand tends to relatively advising
Whole, degree of crystallinity raising causes the amino content in solid-state chitin surface and amorphous regions to reduce, and adsorption effect is suddenly
Reduce.
Summary of the invention
For above technical problem, the invention discloses a kind of high bioactivity chitin and preparation method thereof, obtain
Chitin have high, the excellent adsorptivity of molecular weight height, high adsorption capacity, amino reserved and moisture absorbability and moisture retentivity and
The characteristics such as the deacetylation of the β-chitin of superelevation so that product has the highest biological activity, can extensively apply
Antimycotic antiseptic deodorizer, medical operation line, wound adjuvant, food preservative, disease resistance breeding feed, wetting agent with
The fields such as man-made support material.
To this, the technical solution used in the present invention is:
A kind of high bioactivity chitin, described high bioactivity chitin is β-chitin, and described β-chitin uses
Following steps prepare:
Step S1: will wash containing β-chitinous organism, be dried, be ground into powder;
Step S2: the powder after pulverizing is poured stirring in the mixed ammonium/alkali solutions that concentration is 0.5M~10M into and carried out alkali process
Deproteinization, and to make the volume ratio of solid and liquid be 1: 5~1: 50, mixing speed is 50~3000rpm, and temperature is
30 DEG C~150 DEG C, mixing time 0.5~24h,;Wherein, described mixed ammonium/alkali solutions comprises component and weight percent thereof
Ratio is: sodium hydroxide 2-20wt%, potassium hydroxide 2-20wt%, Polyethylene Glycol 0-5wt%, carbamide 2-10wt%, remaining
Amount is water;
Step S3: dilute hydrochloric acid solution joins step S2 and processes in Deproteinated product through alkali, regulation pH value is extremely
5~7, stand at 20~30 DEG C, acid-base neutralization removes inorganic salt, is filtrated to get β-chitin.Preferably, in 20~30 DEG C
Lower standing 8~16h;It is further preferred that stand 12h at 20~30 DEG C.
Using this technical scheme, the deacetylation of the β-chitin obtained and molecular weight are high, and its deacetylation is not less than
95%, amino content is not less than 9.5%, and under guarantee is high deacetylized, keeps high amino content, do not affect height
Active amino;Additionally molecular weight can reach more than 150,000, and high can be up to 350,000, significantly larger than prior art
The molecular weight of chitin;And along with the raising of molecular weight, its absorbability is also improved.
As a further improvement on the present invention, in step S3, regulation pH value is to 6.
As a further improvement on the present invention, described is squid cartilage containing β-chitinous organism.
As a further improvement on the present invention, also include step S4: repeatedly rinse β-chitin with deionized water the most neutral,
Drying and grinding obtains the pure β-chitin product with high bioactivity.
As a further improvement on the present invention, in described step S2, stirring is additionally added inorganic matter porogen and stirs
Mix.
As a further improvement on the present invention, described inorganic matter porogen is NaCl, KCl, CaCl2In at least one,
The consumption of described inorganic matter porogen is 0.05-1wt%.
As a further improvement on the present invention, in step S1, described powder is the fibrous powder of 10 μm~2mm.
The invention also discloses the preparation method of a kind of high bioactivity chitin as above, comprise the following steps:
Step S1: will wash, be dried, be ground into the fibrous powder of 10 μm~2mm containing β-chitinous organism
End;Preferably, described is squid cartilage containing β-chitinous organism;
Step S2: the powder after pulverizing is poured stirring in the mixed ammonium/alkali solutions that concentration is 0.5M~10M into and carried out alkali process
Deproteinization, and to make the volume ratio of solid and liquid be 1: 5~1: 50, mixing speed is 50~3000rpm, and temperature is
30 DEG C~150 DEG C, mixing time 0.5~24h,;Wherein, described mixed ammonium/alkali solutions comprises component and weight percent thereof
Ratio is: sodium hydroxide 2-20wt%, potassium hydroxide 2-20wt%, Polyethylene Glycol 0-5wt%, carbamide 2-10wt%, remaining
Amount is water;And add inorganic matter porogen and be stirred;Wherein, described inorganic matter porogen is NaCl, KCl, CaCl2
In at least one, the consumption of described inorganic matter porogen is 0.05-1wt%;
Step S3: dilute hydrochloric acid solution joins step S2 and processes in Deproteinated product through alkali, regulation pH value is extremely
5~7, at 20~30 DEG C, stand 8~16h, acid-base neutralization removes inorganic salt, is filtrated to get β-chitin;Preferably,
Stand 12h.
Step S4: repeatedly rinsing β-chitin with deionized water the most neutral, drying and grinding obtains having high bioactivity
Pure β-chitin product.
Compared with prior art, the invention have the benefit that
First, use technical scheme, the deacetylation of the β-chitin obtained and molecular weight high, its de-second
Acyl degree is not less than 95%, and amino content is not less than 9.5%, and under guarantee is high deacetylized, keeps high amino content,
Do not affect high activity amino;Additionally molecular weight can reach more than 150,000, and high can be up to 350,000, is significantly larger than
The molecular weight (about 100,000) of presently commercially available chitin;And along with the raising of molecular weight, its absorbability is also carried
High.
Second, use technical scheme, by adding the material such as carbamide, Polyethylene Glycol, contribute to increasing first
The stability of shell element, promotes its physical property;Reaction gentleness, destroys little to chitin molecule, in acid treatment except inorganic
During salt, regulation pH value is 5~about 7, and amino reserved is high so that product has the highest biological activity;When β-
When the deacetylation of chitin is up to 100%, produce impact all without on high activity amino;By adding perforating agent shape
Become many hollow structures, enable product preferably realizing being combined with other compositions.
3rd, technical scheme, raw material sources are extensive, production process is simple, clean environment firendly, with low cost,
It is suitable for industrialized production;The chitin of the high bioactivity obtained has water-soluble, excellent adsorptivity and moisture absorbability and moisture retentivity,
The cultivation of antimycotic antiseptic deodorizer, medical operation line, wound adjuvant, food preservative, disease resistance can be extensively applied to raise
The fields such as material, wetting agent and man-made support material.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is an embodiment of the present invention escherichia coli aqueous suspension culture fluid showing before adding high bioactivity chitin
Micro mirror figure.
Fig. 2 is that the present invention adds after the high bioactivity chitin of embodiment 13 in escherichia coli aqueous suspension culture fluid
Hour microscope figure.
Fig. 3 is that the present invention adds after the high bioactivity chitin of embodiment 23 in escherichia coli aqueous suspension culture fluid
Hour microscope figure.
Fig. 4 is that the present invention adds after the chitin of comparative example 13 hours in escherichia coli aqueous suspension culture fluid
Microscope figure.
Detailed description of the invention
Below the preferably embodiment of the present invention is described in further detail.
Embodiment 1
A kind of high bioactivity chitin, described high bioactivity chitin is β-chitin, taking off of described β-chitin
Acetyl degree is more than 95%, and amino content is more than 9.5%;Employing following steps prepare:
Step S1: by containing β-chitinous squid cartilage is scrubbed, be dried, be ground into the fiber of 10 μm~2mm
Sprills;
Step S2: alkali process deproteinization:
Powder after step S1 being pulverized is poured stirring in the mixed ammonium/alkali solutions that concentration is 0.5M into and is carried out alkali process deproteinization,
And to make the volume ratio of solid and liquid be 1: 50, mixing speed is 1000rpm, and temperature is 80 DEG C, mixing time 18h;
Wherein, described mixed ammonium/alkali solutions comprises component and percentage by weight thereof be: sodium hydroxide 2wt%, potassium hydroxide 2wt%,
Polyethylene Glycol 1wt%, carbamide 2wt%, surplus is water;And add inorganic matter porogen and be stirred, to form porous
Structure;Wherein, described inorganic matter porogen is NaCl, and the consumption of described NaCl is 1wt%;
Step S3: through acid treatment except inorganic salt:
Dilute hydrochloric acid solution is joined above-mentioned process through alkali and Deproteinated product regulates pH value to 5.0, at 25 DEG C
Stand 12h and remove inorganic salt, be filtrated to get β-chitin;
Step S4: repeatedly rinsing β-chitin with deionized water the most neutral, drying and grinding obtains having high bioactivity
Pure β-chitin product.
Embodiment 2
A kind of high bioactivity chitin, described high bioactivity chitin is β-chitin, and described β-chitin uses
Following steps prepare:
Step S1: will wash, be dried, be ground into the threadiness of 10 μm~2mm containing β-chitinous squid cartilage
Powder;Preferably, described is squid cartilage containing β-chitinous organism;
Step S2: the powder after pulverizing is poured stirring in the mixed ammonium/alkali solutions that concentration is 10M into and carried out alkali process deproteinization,
And to make the volume ratio of solid and liquid be 1: 5, mixing speed is 3000rpm, and temperature is 150 DEG C, mixing time 0.5h,;
Wherein, described mixed ammonium/alkali solutions comprises component and percentage by weight thereof be: sodium hydroxide 20wt%, potassium hydroxide
20wt%, Polyethylene Glycol 5wt%, carbamide 10wt%, surplus is water;And add inorganic matter porogen and be stirred;Its
In, described inorganic matter porogen is CaCl2, the consumption of described inorganic matter porogen is 0.05wt%;
Step S3: dilute hydrochloric acid solution joins step S2 and processes in Deproteinated product through alkali, regulation pH value is extremely
6.0, at 20 DEG C, stand 8h, remove inorganic salt, be filtrated to get β-chitin;
Step S4: repeatedly rinsing β-chitin with deionized water the most neutral, drying and grinding obtains having high bioactivity
Pure β-chitin product.
Embodiment 3
A kind of high bioactivity chitin, described high bioactivity chitin is β-chitin, and described β-chitin uses
Following steps prepare:
Step S1: will wash, be dried, be ground into the threadiness of 10 μm~2mm containing β-chitinous squid cartilage
Powder;Preferably, described is squid cartilage containing β-chitinous organism;
Step S2: the powder after pulverizing is poured stirring in the mixed ammonium/alkali solutions that concentration is 5M into and carried out alkali process deproteinization,
And to make the volume ratio of solid and liquid be 1: 20, mixing speed is 500rpm, and temperature is 50 DEG C, mixing time 24h,;
Wherein, described mixed ammonium/alkali solutions comprises component and percentage by weight thereof be: sodium hydroxide 12wt%, potassium hydroxide
15wt%, Polyethylene Glycol 3wt%, carbamide 4wt%, surplus is water;And add inorganic matter porogen and be stirred;Its
In, described inorganic matter porogen is KCl, and the consumption of described inorganic matter porogen is 0.6wt%;
Step S3: dilute hydrochloric acid solution joins step S2 and processes in Deproteinated product through alkali, regulation pH value is extremely
6.5, at 30 DEG C, stand 16h, remove inorganic salt, be filtrated to get β-chitin;
Step S4: repeatedly rinsing β-chitin with deionized water the most neutral, drying and grinding obtains having high bioactivity
Pure β-chitin product.
Comparative example 1
A kind of β-chitin, it uses following steps to prepare:
Step S1: will wash, be dried, be ground into the threadiness of 10 μm~2mm containing β-chitinous squid cartilage
Powder;Preferably, described is squid cartilage containing β-chitinous organism;
Step S2: the powder after pulverizing is poured stirring in the mixed ammonium/alkali solutions that concentration is 1M into and carried out alkali process deproteinization,
And to make the volume ratio of solid and liquid be 1: 10, mixing speed is 2000rpm, and temperature is 30 DEG C, mixing time 24h,;
Wherein, described mixed ammonium/alkali solutions comprises component and percentage by weight thereof be: sodium hydroxide 12wt%, potassium hydroxide
15wt%, Polyethylene Glycol 3wt%, carbamide 4wt%, surplus is water;And add inorganic matter porogen and be stirred;Its
In, described inorganic matter porogen is KCl, and the consumption of described inorganic matter porogen is 0.6wt%;
Step S3: dilute hydrochloric acid solution joins step S2 and processes in Deproteinated product through alkali, regulation pH value is extremely
7.0, at 30 DEG C, stand 16h, remove inorganic salt, be filtrated to get β-chitin;
Step S4: repeatedly rinsing β-chitin with deionized water the most neutral, drying and grinding obtains having high bioactivity
Pure β-chitin product.
Embodiment 1~3 being detected with comparative example 1, result is as shown in table 1.
Table 1 embodiment 1~3 and the performance test results table of comparative example 1
Comparative result by table 1 is visible, and the β-chitin molecule amount using technical scheme to obtain is the highest
In comparative example 1, particularly when pH=6.0, the molecular weight of the β-chitin obtained may be up to 350,000, and
Embodiment 1~3 deacetylation high with 95% in the case of, amino content can also reach more than 9.5%, and 60 minutes are right
Resistant micro-organism sterilizing rate all can reach 100%, higher than the 90% of comparative example 1, to colibacillary reunion
Act on stronger.
Chitin embodiment obtained joins escherichia coli aqueous suspension culture fluid, and Fig. 1 is the microscope figure before adding,
Fig. 2 is to add embodiment 1 high activity chitin microscope figure after 3 hours, and Fig. 3 is for adding embodiment 2 high activity
Chitin microscope figure after 3 hours, Fig. 4 is the β-chitin adding comparative example 1 microscope after 3 hours
Figure.Being contrasted from Fig. 1~Fig. 4, high activity chitin prepared by the addition present invention is obvious to escherichia coli agglomerating effect,
The especially product agglomerating effect of embodiment 2 preparation is optimal, and compared with comparative example 1, prepared by the present invention high alive
Property chitin has higher adsorption.
Above content is to combine concrete preferred implementation further description made for the present invention, it is impossible to assert
Being embodied as of the present invention is confined to these explanations.For general technical staff of the technical field of the invention,
Without departing from the inventive concept of the premise, it is also possible to make some simple deduction or replace, should be all considered as belonging to this
The protection domain of invention.
Claims (8)
1. a high bioactivity chitin, it is characterised in that: described high bioactivity chitin is β-chitin, and it uses following steps to prepare:
Step S1: will wash containing β-chitinous organism, be dried, be ground into powder;
Step S2: the powder after pulverizing is poured stirring in the mixed ammonium/alkali solutions that concentration is 0.5M~10M into and carried out alkali process deproteinization, and to make the volume ratio of solid and liquid be 1: 5~1: 50, mixing speed is 50~3000rpm, and temperature is 30 DEG C~150 DEG C, mixing time 0.5~24h;Wherein, component and percentage by weight thereof that described mixed ammonium/alkali solutions comprises are: sodium hydroxide 2-20wt%, potassium hydroxide 2-20wt%, Polyethylene Glycol 0-5wt%, carbamide 2-10wt%, surplus is water;
Step S3: the dilute hydrochloric acid solution that concentration is 0.05-1mol/L joins step S2 and processes in Deproteinated product through alkali, regulation pH value, to 5 ~ 7, stands at 20 ~ 30 DEG C, is filtrated to get β-chitin.
High bioactivity chitin the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: in step S3, regulation pH value is to 6.
High bioactivity chitin the most according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterised in that: described is squid cartilage containing β-chitinous organism.
High bioactivity chitin the most according to claim 3, it is characterised in that also include step S4: repeatedly rinsing β-chitin with deionized water the most neutral, drying and grinding obtains the pure β-chitin product with high bioactivity.
High bioactivity chitin the most according to claim 4, it is characterised in that: in described step S2, stirring is additionally added inorganic matter porogen and is stirred.
High bioactivity chitin the most according to claim 5, it is characterised in that: described inorganic matter porogen is NaCl, KCl, CaCl2In at least one, the consumption of described inorganic matter porogen is 0.05-1wt%.
High bioactivity chitin the most according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterised in that: in step S1, described powder is the fibrous powder of 10 μm~2mm.
8. the preparation method of a high bioactivity chitin as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
Step S1: will wash, be dried, be ground into the fibrous powder of 10 μm~2mm containing β-chitinous organism;
Step S2: the powder after pulverizing is poured stirring in the mixed ammonium/alkali solutions that concentration is 0.5M~10M into and carried out alkali process deproteinization, and to make the volume ratio of solid and liquid be 1: 5~1: 50, mixing speed is 50~3000rpm, and temperature is 30 DEG C~150 DEG C, mixing time 0.5~24h;Wherein, component and percentage by weight thereof that described mixed ammonium/alkali solutions comprises are: sodium hydroxide 2-20wt%, potassium hydroxide 2-20wt%, Polyethylene Glycol 0-5wt%, carbamide 2-10wt%, surplus is water;And add inorganic matter porogen and be stirred;Wherein, described inorganic matter porogen is NaCl, KCl, CaCl2In at least one, the consumption of described inorganic matter porogen is 0.05-1wt%;
Step S3: the dilute hydrochloric acid solution that concentration is 0.05-1mol/L joins step S2 and processes in Deproteinated product through alkali, regulation pH value, to 5 ~ 7, stands at 20 ~ 30 DEG C, is filtrated to get β-chitin;
Step S4: repeatedly rinsing β-chitin with deionized water the most neutral, drying and grinding obtains the pure β-chitin product with high bioactivity.
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Cited By (4)
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CN110452316A (en) * | 2019-09-26 | 2019-11-15 | 浙江海洋大学 | A method of extracting β-chitin from squid cartilage |
CN111683973A (en) * | 2017-12-15 | 2020-09-18 | 昆虫公司 | Chitin and method for chemically obtaining chitin and/or chitosan |
CN112301080A (en) * | 2020-12-22 | 2021-02-02 | 荣成广润水产食品有限公司 | Preparation method of squid cartilage beta-chitosan oligosaccharide |
CN117209623A (en) * | 2023-04-14 | 2023-12-12 | 江西师范大学 | Extraction method and application of chitin in shrimp shells |
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CN102372795A (en) * | 2010-08-25 | 2012-03-14 | 浙江科技学院 | Method for preparing beta-chitin by utilizing squid theca |
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CN104693318A (en) * | 2015-03-24 | 2015-06-10 | 中国科学院海洋研究所 | Beta-chitosan preparation method |
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CN1408729A (en) * | 2002-09-19 | 2003-04-09 | 青岛海洋大学 | Process for preparing non-derivative low deacetylation water soluble chitin |
CN102372795A (en) * | 2010-08-25 | 2012-03-14 | 浙江科技学院 | Method for preparing beta-chitin by utilizing squid theca |
CN102875694A (en) * | 2011-07-15 | 2013-01-16 | 浙江科技学院 | Method for preparing water soluble chitosan oligosaccharide from squid sheath and bioactivity of chitosan oligosaccharide |
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Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN111683973A (en) * | 2017-12-15 | 2020-09-18 | 昆虫公司 | Chitin and method for chemically obtaining chitin and/or chitosan |
US11673973B2 (en) | 2017-12-15 | 2023-06-13 | Ynsect | Chitin and method for chemically obtaining chitin and/or chitosan |
CN111683973B (en) * | 2017-12-15 | 2023-08-29 | 昆虫公司 | Chitin and method for chemically obtaining chitin and/or chitosan |
CN110452316A (en) * | 2019-09-26 | 2019-11-15 | 浙江海洋大学 | A method of extracting β-chitin from squid cartilage |
CN112301080A (en) * | 2020-12-22 | 2021-02-02 | 荣成广润水产食品有限公司 | Preparation method of squid cartilage beta-chitosan oligosaccharide |
CN117209623A (en) * | 2023-04-14 | 2023-12-12 | 江西师范大学 | Extraction method and application of chitin in shrimp shells |
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