CN1056411C - 球形固定化细胞/酶粒子的制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种固定化生物催化剂的制备方法。该方法是以无毒的聚乙烯醇复合材料为载体,先将其制成混合水溶胶,并按比例加入微生物细胞或酶,均匀混合后在多价金属离子溶液中初步形成规则的球形粒子,粒子再经多次冷冻与部分风干过程,然后再置于低浓度的致孔剂中,便可得到所需的固定化细胞或酶粒子。按本方法所制成的固定化生物催化剂粒子,酶活高、机械强度好、耐磨损、抗挤压、内部具有丰富网状结构,应用时通透性好,传质阻力小。
Description
本发明涉及一种固定化生物催化剂的制备方法,更确切地说是一种固定化细胞或酶的制备方法。
采用包埋法制备固定化细胞或酶所用的载体有两类。一类是天然高分子材料,如明胶、琼脂和海藻酸钙等,由于其机械强度一般都较差,难以适用于生物反应器中,尤其是流化床类型生物反应器中长期地连续运转。另一类是合成高分子材料,如聚丙烯酰胺等,主要由于其单体往往对菌体或酶有毒性,或者在制备过程中条件相对苛刻,易于损伤酶的活性,且一般亦难以制成球形颗粒,以适应流化床生物反应器操作。近几年来,不少专利文献报导了用聚乙烯醇(PVA)作为载体,在将聚乙烯醇水溶胶凝胶化,改进成形技术使之成为球形,提高凝胶化粒子机械强度,缓和微生物细胞包埋时载体凝胶化工艺条件以及减少酶活力损失方面已取得显著成果。如日本特许昭61-100193A采用硼酸成形方法使聚乙烯醇水溶胶凝胶化,制得了球形的固定化细胞或酶粒子,且机械强度好。但是该过程使用了对细胞或酶具有毒性的硼酸,势必将损伤细胞或酶的活性,因此不适宜PH呈弱酸性范围的微生物细胞或酶的固定化。最近中国专利文献CN1076488报导对该硼酸法进行了改进,采用了硼酸-磷酸的二阶段成形的方法,缩短了细胞或酶与硼酸的接触时间,但还是摆脱不了硼酸,且所用的磷酸盐浓度也较高,约在3~20%。此外,迄今为止所发表的专利文献中都未提及固定化微生物催化剂制备过程中有关孔隙率的调节,使之适应不同大小细胞或酶和不同底物的要求,致使所制备的固定化生物催化剂通透性好,传质阻力小,机械强度高。
本发明的目的在于提供一种球形固定化细胞或酶粒子的制备方法。依此方法制备的固定化细胞或酶,具有规则的球形颗粒,有弹性与韧性,机械强度高,耐磨,其内部有丰富的网状结构,且孔隙率大小可以进行调整,用在生化反应过程中通透性好,传质阻力小,固定化细胞或酶活力高。
为了达到上述目的,本发明是通过下述技术方案加以实现的。采用无毒聚乙烯醇、海藻酸钙、硅溶胶复合材料,将其制成混合水溶胶,并按比例加入微生物细胞或酶,均匀混合后在成形剂中初步形成规则的球形凝胶粒子,凝胶粒子再经2次的先冷冻后解冻、部分风干过程后,再置于低浓度的致孔剂中,放置一定时间后便可得到所需的固定化细胞或酶粒子。上述制备过程中其特征在于:1.使用的无毒聚乙烯醇复合载体,它是由聚乙烯醇、海藻酸钙及硅溶胶所制成的复合物凝胶,它们在水溶胶中的重量百分数为:聚乙烯醇6~15%,海藻酸钙为0.5~1.5%,硅溶胶为0.3~5.0%;2.所使用的成形剂为CaCl2水溶液,其浓度为0.1~0.5M;3.所使用的致孔剂是重量浓度为0.03~0.55%的磷酸,或者是重量浓度为0.03~0.55%的磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钠、磷酸氢二钾、磷酸二氢钾的四种水溶液中的一种。
本发明的具体实施过程是:首先将聚乙烯醇、海藻酸钙和硅溶胶按照上述比例制成混合水溶胶后,高压灭菌消毒。然后加入微生物细胞湿菌体,其含量一般为1~10%(重量),充分混匀,再将含有该微生物细胞的混合水溶胶在CaCl2溶液中初步制成规则的球形颗粒。制粒方式可以采用离心式制粒或多喷嘴压力式制粒,实验室可采用蠕动泵滴加制粒。CaCl2水溶液浓度一般为0.1~0.5M。初具球形颗粒的固定化细胞粒子在CaCl2水溶液中需保持2~6小时,随后将这些球形粒子置于-10~-30℃下冷冻10~12小时,然后在室温下解冻风干,脱除部分水份,如此冷冻、解冻和部分风干两次以上,再用生理盐水洗涤后,浸于含有0.03~0.55%(重量)的磷酸或磷酸盐(如磷酸氢二钠)的缓冲溶液中,使之进一步形成所需要的具有一定孔隙率的固定化细胞粒子。
纵观固定化细胞粒子的形成过程,影响其粒子大小的主要因素在于混合水溶胶的组成和粘度,以及喷嘴的大小和溶胶在喷嘴处的喷出速度。而影响粒子的孔径和孔隙率的因素在于,聚乙烯醇、海藻酸钙及硅溶胶在水溶胶中的含量,培养基或缓冲液中磷酸根离子的浓度和凝胶粒子在该培养基或缓冲液中停留时间,还有凝胶的风干脱水程度等。这些因素也直接影响到固定化细胞粒子的强度。
以本发明所制得的固定化细胞或酶粒子,外观呈规则的球形颗粒,其粒径一般1.5~3.0mm,有弹性、机械强度好、耐磨损、抗挤压,其内部具有丰富网状结构,有利于细胞的附着与生长,在进行生化反应时,通透性好,传质阻力小。在厌氧发酵过程中产生的CO2极易排出。用于连续的流化床或固定床反应器中,固定化细胞粒子无漂浮现象,保证了反应器正常运转,并且在使用中具有酶活高和寿命长的特点。
将用上述方法制得的固定化酵母细胞粒子,置于含有0.04%磷酸培养基中进行细胞增殖,约经过28小时,其内酵母菌浓度达(2~4)×109个细胞/毫升粒子,其粒径约为3mm,然后将其置于二级喷射环流移动床反应器和一个多段固定床反应器串联的反应系统中,以糖蜜为原料进行酒精发酵。该固定化酵母细胞在反应器内无漂浮现象,流动状态好,机械强度高。当底物糖浓度为16%时,空时为5.01时,其终了酒精浓度为8.5%(体积),糖转化率为94.4%,对糖收率为93.4%,生产能力为48.07克酒精/克催化剂·小时。该固定化酵母细胞使用寿命达3个月以上。
下面以实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
实施例一:
聚乙烯醇40克(聚合度为1750±50,醇解度大于97%);
海藻酸钠5克;
硅溶胶40毫升(浓度为28%);
水400毫升;
酵母湿菌体10克;
氯化钙水溶液1升(0.3M)。
将聚乙烯醇、海藻酸钠、硅溶胶与水于85℃~95℃下充分混合制成混合水溶胶,并进行高压灭菌消毒。待该水溶胶冷却至30℃左右,加入已培养好且经过高速离心后的酵母湿菌体,充分混合均匀,然后通过蠕动泵滴入预先配制好的氯化钙水溶液中,成为3~4mm球形颗粒,并在该氯化钙溶液中缓慢搅拌2小时。滤去氯化钙溶液,用生理盐水洗涤一次后,移入冰室,于-25℃条件下冷冻10小时,再取出于28~30℃下解冻风干8小时,如此反复冷冻及风干三次,再将其置于28℃下的含有0.04%(重量)磷酸的液体培养基中进行细胞增殖,经过28小时,便制得所需的固定化酵母细胞粒子,其粒径为3mm,该固定化酵母球形粒子内酵母菌浓度高达(2~4)×109个细胞/毫升粒子,并且有弹性与韧性,耐磨抗压,其结合了合成高分子和天然高分子作为固定化载体的优点。
实施例二:
聚乙烯醇9克(聚合度为1750±50,醇解度大于97%);
海藻酸钠1.2克;
水90毫升;
简单节杆菌湿菌体5克;
氯化钙水溶液200毫升(0.3M浓度)
制备固定化简单节杆菌粒子方法同实施例一。将所制备的固定化简单节杆菌粒子置于含有0.5%磷酸二氢钾的培养基中,温度为32℃,时间为48小时,便制得所需的固定化简单节杆菌球形催化剂,将其用于醋酸可的松脱氢制醋酸强可的松的过程中,其Δ1.2脱氢酶的活力可提高3.8倍。进行摇瓶实验,当底物浓度为10mg/ml时,反应时间仅需13小时便可达到98%的转化率,当底物浓度为20mg/ml时,反应时间也仅需17小时便达到97%的转化率。
Claims (1)
1.一种球形固定化细胞/酶粒子的制备方法,它是以聚乙烯醇复合材料与水混合成水溶胶后,按比例加入微生物细胞或酶,均匀混合后在成形剂中制成初具球形粒子,凝胶粒子再经2次的先冷冻后解冻、部分风干过程后,再置于致孔剂中便可获得外观呈球形,内部呈多孔网状结构的固定化细胞或酶粒子,其特征是:
a.聚乙烯醇复合材料由聚乙烯醇、海藻酸钙及硅溶胶组合而成,它们在水溶胶中的重量百分比分别为6~15%、0.5~1.5%和0.3~5.0%;
b.成形剂为CaCl2水溶液,其浓度为0.1~0.5M;
c.致孔剂是重量浓度为0.03~0.55%的磷酸,或者是重量浓度为0.03~0.55%的磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钠、磷酸氢二钾、磷酸二氢钾四种水溶液中的一种。
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