CN105623286B - 高分子树脂材料包封生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的方法及其在路面中的清洁应用 - Google Patents

高分子树脂材料包封生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的方法及其在路面中的清洁应用 Download PDF

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CN105623286B
CN105623286B CN201610135974.XA CN201610135974A CN105623286B CN 105623286 B CN105623286 B CN 105623286B CN 201610135974 A CN201610135974 A CN 201610135974A CN 105623286 B CN105623286 B CN 105623286B
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李菁若
周再江
王琪
洪流
李祖伟
钟宁
蒋立新
季炜
李文旭
刘思明
杨玉飞
闫大海
赵战伟
熊绍武
雷东
杨毅
裴建民
张曼丽
胡旭辉
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Chongqing Sanfeng Environment Group Co., Ltd.
Chongqing Yuqian Expressway Co., Ltd.
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
China Merchants Chongqing Communications Research and Design Institute Co Ltd
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CHONGQING SANFENG ENVIRONMENTAL INDUSTRY GROUP CO LTD
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种高分子树脂材料包封生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的方法，并实现了生活垃圾焚烧飞灰在沥青路面中的资源化清洁应用。将生活垃圾焚烧飞灰与高分子树脂材料按质量比为10:2～3的比例进行混合达到包封目的。高分子树脂材料既可以是热固性高分子材料也可以是热塑性高分子材料。包封后的飞灰可应用于沥青路面的面层和基层。路面在应用过程中，生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属及其化合物浸出毒性合格，不会对环境造成二次污染。铺设的路面路用性能各项指标满足规范要求，实现了生活垃圾焚烧飞灰在沥青路面中的资源化清洁应用。

Description

高分子树脂材料包封生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的方法及其在路面中 的清洁应用
技术领域
本发明涉及一种生活垃圾焚烧飞灰包封方法及其在路面中的清洁应用，属于固体废弃物处理处置与资源化、道路铺面材料及其加工制备技术交叉领域。
背景技术
生活垃圾焚烧飞灰是生活垃圾焚烧厂烟气净化系统的捕集物和烟道及烟囱底部沉降的底灰。研究表明，生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中含有二噁英类及重金属等有毒有害物质，因此，我国将其列为《国家危险废物名录》中的HW18类危险废物，不妥善处置会直接威胁周围环境及人类健康，并会引发公众群体事件进而影响垃圾焚烧行业积极健康发展。生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的毒性和易造成二次污染的特性也是生活垃圾焚烧厂选址受公众质疑的重要原因。
目前，国内生活垃圾焚烧飞灰主要处置方式及缺点有：(1)直接进入危险废物填埋场填埋。处理成本高，无填埋场的区域在远距离运输中存在二次污染风险；(2)螯合剂稳定化或水泥固化后进入卫生填埋场填埋。浸出毒性不合格现象时有发生，二次污染风险高。存在增容量大、占有土地资源等问题。随着垃圾焚烧的普及，卫生填埋场的逐步关停或填埋场容量饱和，生活垃圾焚烧飞灰面临无法填埋的风险；(3)水泥窑协同处置。Cl元素影响水泥质量，会限制水泥使用范围，对设备腐蚀危害较大。
国外发达国家飞灰的处置技术有：德国采用矿井深埋，日本采用高温熔融，美国采用飞灰炉渣混合处置等。考虑到我国国情、投资处置成本以及现行法规限制等，以上发达国家采用的技术均不适宜我国飞灰处置。
因此，开发环境友好、符合我国经济发展的垃圾焚烧飞灰处置技术，从根本上改变飞灰处置现状，突破当前垃圾焚烧行业能源、环境、资源三者之间的矛盾，成为中国垃圾焚烧行业可持续发展的重大战略需求。
传统的沥青固化技术可将生活垃圾焚烧飞灰与沥青按一定比例混合，使飞灰中重金属元素在固化产物中惰化从而降低重金属类元素向环境浸出的技术。理论上，由传统沥青固化技术制成的生活垃圾焚烧飞灰沥青混合料在重金属浸出毒性合格的前提下，可用于铺路。然而，在实际应用中，生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中高含量可溶盐会影响沥青路面的抗水损害能力，降低路面使用性能。因此，传统的沥青固化技术目前无法实际应用于生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的大掺量处置，并实现生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的资源化清洁利用。鉴于上述问题，本发明不断寻找创新的沥青固化技术，使高可溶盐含量下生活垃圾焚烧飞灰沥青混合料的水稳定性指标合格、重金属类物质浸出毒性合格，进而能够实现生活垃圾焚烧飞灰在路面中的资源化清洁应用。
发明内容
有鉴于此，本发明的目的在于提供一种生活垃圾焚烧飞灰包封方法，并实现包封后生活垃圾焚烧飞灰在路面中的清洁应用。采取本发明所述的技术方案有效解决了生活垃圾焚烧飞灰在路面应用中可溶盐溶出对沥青路面水稳定性能的影响，不仅保证了沥青路面的使用性能，而且缓解了生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属类物质的浸出，进而实现生活垃圾焚烧飞灰在路面中的资源化清洁应用。
本发明采取的技术方案如下：
1、一种生活垃圾焚烧飞灰包封方法，将生活垃圾焚烧飞灰与高分子树脂材料按质量比为10:2～3的比例进行混合固化、形成强度，从而达到包封目的；所述高分子树脂材料包括有机胶凝材料及固化剂。
所述生活垃圾焚烧飞灰为经过二噁英低温热降解处理后的飞灰。
优选的，所述有机胶凝材料为热固性高分子材料，先将热固性高分子材料与固化剂混合均匀，然后加入生活垃圾焚烧飞灰，并混合搅拌均匀，放置室温下养生12～24h形成强度即可。
优选的，所述热固性高分子材料为酚醛树脂、脲醛树脂、三聚氰胺树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂、有机硅树脂或聚氨酯。
优选的，所述有机胶凝材料为热塑性高分子材料，在高于热塑性高分子材料熔点的温度下按比例将生活垃圾焚烧飞灰与热塑性高分子材料进行熔融共混，最后冷却形成强度即可。
优选的，所述热塑性高分子材料为聚烯烃及其共聚物、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚甲醛、聚碳酸酯、聚酰胺、丙烯酸类塑料、聚砜、聚苯醚中的一种或几种。
优选的，所述生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的粒径小于1mm，所述包封后生活垃圾焚烧飞灰颗粒的粒径为0～4.75mm。
优选的，所述生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中粒径小于75μm的飞灰质量百分含量大于75％，且处于58～75μm粒径范围的生活垃圾焚烧飞灰质量分数大于70％。
2、所述生活垃圾焚烧飞灰包封方法获得的包封飞灰在路面中的应用。
优选的，按质量百分比计，所述包封飞灰占沥青混合料中矿料质量的4％，将包封飞灰替代部分矿粉或集料加入到沥青混合料中，所述沥青混合料采用SMA-13型级配、SMA-16型级配、AC-20C型级配、AC-25C型级配或ATB-25型级配。
优选的，所述沥青混合料中沥青为SK70#沥青。
本发明的有益效果在于：本发明采用高分子树脂材料对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰进行包封，包封得到的生活垃圾焚烧飞灰颗粒致密无孔、强度高，有效阻断了生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中的可溶盐的溶出与重金属的浸出。将包封后的生活垃圾焚烧飞灰用于路面铺设，其在沥青面层和基层应用效果良好，铺设的路面路用性能各项指标满足规范要求，且生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属浸出毒性合格，不会对环境造成二次污染。本发明在工程上实现了生活垃圾焚烧飞灰在路面中的资源化清洁利用。
具体实施方式
下面对本发明的优选实施例进行详细的描述。实施例中未注明具体条件的实验方法，通常按照常规条件或按照制造厂商所建议的条件。
本发明所用生活垃圾焚烧飞灰来源于重庆某垃圾焚烧厂，为经炉排炉式垃圾焚烧炉的布袋除尘器收集的生活垃圾焚烧飞灰，生活垃圾焚烧飞灰首先进行二噁英低温热降解处理，低温热降解的最佳工艺参数如下：
热降解温度：400℃，
飞灰排出温度：≤150℃，
固相停留时间：1-2h，
气氛：氮气气氛，O2体积浓度≤1％，
脱氯活性介质：CaO，质量浓度≥10％。
在上述工艺条件下二噁英的降解率达95％以上，生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中二噁英的含量降低至10ng TEQ/kg以下；另外，生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中可溶盐含量为20～30％，重金属含量见表1。
表1生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属含量(干基，mg/kg)
生活垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出液重金属浸出浓度见表2。
表2生活垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出液重金属浸出浓度(醋酸缓冲溶液法，mg/L)
危害成分 浸出浓度
Be 未检出
V 未检出
Cr 0.05
Mn 3.92
Co 0.10
Ni 0.19
Cu 3.09
Zn 111.29
As 未检出
Se 未检出
Cd 5.99
Sb 未检出
Ba 2.55
Hg 0.03
Tl 未检出
Pb 1.19
U 未检出
Th 未检出
Ag 未检出
由表中内容可知，生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中含量较高的重金属元素包括Zn、Pb、Ba、Mn、Cu、Cr和Cd，其醋酸缓冲溶液法浸出液中也是Zn、Pb、Mn、Cu、Cd的浓度较高，其中Pb和Cd的浓度超出了《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准(GB16889-2008)》中规定的入场限值。现采用本发明所述方法对该生活垃圾焚烧飞灰进行无害化、资源化利用。
取上述生活垃圾焚烧飞灰与高分子树脂材料按质量比为10:2～3的比例进行混合达到包封目的。所述高分子树脂材料可以为热固性高分子材料及其固化剂，当为热固性高分子材料及其固化剂时，先将热固性高分子材料与其固化剂混合均匀，然后加入生活垃圾焚烧飞灰，并混合搅拌均匀，放置室温下养生12～24h形成强度即可。所述热固性高分子材料可以是酚醛树脂、脲醛树脂、三聚氰胺树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂、有机硅树脂或聚氨酯中的一种或几种。所述高分子树脂材料还可以是热塑性高分子材料，当为热塑性高分子材料时，在高于热塑性高分子材料熔点的温度下按比例将生活垃圾焚烧飞灰与热塑性高分子材料进行熔融共混，最后冷却即可。所述热塑性高分子材料可以是聚烯烃及其共聚物、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚甲醛、聚碳酸酯、聚酰胺、丙烯酸类塑料、聚砜、聚苯醚中的一种或几种。
优选生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的粒径小于1mm，更优选生活垃圾焚烧飞灰粒径小于75μm的含量大于75％，且处于58～75μm粒径范围的生活垃圾焚烧飞灰质量分数大于70％，包封后飞灰粒径为0～4.75mm。
将上述包封方法获得的包封飞灰应用于路面，具体可以采取以下技术方案：
按质量百分比计，包封飞灰在沥青混合料矿料中的质量百分比为4％，将包封飞灰替代部分矿粉或集料加入到沥青混合料中，所述沥青混合料采用SMA-13型级配、SMA-16型级配、AC-20C型级配、AC-25C型级配或ATB-25型级配。沥青混合料中沥青优选为SK70#沥青。将加入包封飞灰的沥青混合料用于铺设路面的表面层、中面层或基层均可，水稳定性试验、高温稳定性检验、低温抗裂性检验以及渗水系数检验均符合《公路沥青路面施工技术规范》(JTG F40-2004)的相关规定。
以AC-20C型级配为例，取包封的生活垃圾焚烧飞灰颗粒，替代部分矿粉与部分细集料，使用SK70#沥青，与一定配比的粗集料、细集料以及矿粉，采用热拌沥青混合料的拌和工艺进行混合料的拌制，获得生活垃圾焚烧飞灰沥青混合料。其中替代矿粉的生活垃圾焚烧飞灰颗粒，加热温度、加热时间、添加次序同矿粉，替代细集料的生活垃圾焚烧飞灰颗粒，加热温度、加热时间、添加次序同细集料。当生活垃圾焚烧飞灰沥青混合料中包封的生活垃圾焚烧飞灰颗粒所占矿料质量百分比为4％时冻融劈裂试验的结果TSR(冻融劈裂强度比)为79％，符合《公路沥青路面施工技术规范》(JTG F40-2004)中沥青混合料要达到劈裂强度比不小于75％的规定。
需要说明的是，本发明中沥青混合料各原料的配比均按相应级配的规范要求添加，制备沥青混合料的条件未给出的数据均按本领域常规操作条件进行，本发明中的名词术语按本领域常规含义理解。
最后说明的是，以上优选实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非限制，尽管通过上述优选实施例已经对本发明进行了详细的描述，但本领域技术人员应当理解，可以在形式上和细节上对其作出各种各样的改变，而不偏离本发明权利要求书所限定的范围。

Claims (7)

1.包封飞灰在路面中的清洁应用，其特征在于，所述路面为沥青路面；所述包封飞灰的包封方法为：将生活垃圾焚烧飞灰与高分子树脂材料按质量比为10:2~3的比例进行混合固化、形成强度，从而达到包封目的；所述高分子树脂材料为热固性高分子材料与固化剂或热塑性高分子材料；所述生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的粒径小于1mm，所述生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中粒径小于75μm的飞灰质量百分含量大于75%，且处于58~75μm粒径范围的生活垃圾焚烧飞灰质量分数大于70%，包封后生活垃圾焚烧飞灰颗粒的粒径为0~4.75mm。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用，其特征在于，先将热固性高分子材料与固化剂混合均匀，然后加入生活垃圾焚烧飞灰，并混合搅拌均匀，放置室温下养生12~24h形成强度即可。
3.根据权利要求2所述的应用，其特征在于，所述热固性高分子材料为酚醛树脂、脲醛树脂、三聚氰胺树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂、有机硅树脂或聚氨酯。
4.根据权利要求1所述的应用，其特征在于，在高于热塑性高分子材料熔点的温度下按比例将生活垃圾焚烧飞灰与热塑性高分子材料进行熔融共混，最后冷却形成强度即可。
5.根据权利要求4所述的应用，其特征在于，所述热塑性高分子材料为聚烯烃及其共聚物、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚甲醛、聚碳酸酯、聚酰胺、丙烯酸类塑料、聚砜、聚苯醚中的一种或几种。
6.根据权利要求1所述的应用，其特征在于，按质量百分比计，所述包封飞灰占沥青混合料中矿料质量的4%，将包封飞灰替代部分矿粉或集料加入到沥青混合料中，所述沥青混合料采用SMA-13型级配、SMA-16型级配、AC-20C型级配、AC-25C型级配或ATB-25型级配。
7.根据权利要求6所述的应用，其特征在于，所述沥青混合料中沥青为SK70#沥青。
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