CN105579403B - 高孔隙度气凝胶 - Google Patents
高孔隙度气凝胶 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105579403B CN105579403B CN201480039393.5A CN201480039393A CN105579403B CN 105579403 B CN105579403 B CN 105579403B CN 201480039393 A CN201480039393 A CN 201480039393A CN 105579403 B CN105579403 B CN 105579403B
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- aerogel
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- acid
- cotton
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于生产高孔隙度气凝胶的方法,尤其是绞捻碳纤维(TCF)和碳微带(CMB)气凝胶,其中提供碳原料并在惰性气体氛围和减压下将所述碳原料加热至900°C。本发明还包括由此获得的气凝胶及其用途,尤其是用于处理废水。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于高孔隙度碳气凝胶及其合成和应用的领域,尤其是用于处理废水。
背景技术
碳基气凝胶由于密度低、电导率高、孔隙度高、比表面积高和化学稳定性高而深受瞩目,其对于去除污染物和分离油水呈现出巨大潜力。通常,有三种制造碳气凝胶的方法。传统方法是在惰性氛围中热解有机气凝胶,这仅能产生高密度的易碎碳气凝胶。通过化学气相沉积(CVD)制备的碳纳米管(CNT)海绵或其衍生海绵具有对油和有机溶剂的高度吸收能力。但是,昂贵的前体和复杂的设备极大地阻碍了这种碳基气凝胶进行用于现实世界应用的大规模生产。氧化石墨烯 (GO)是石墨烯前体,其可以大规模生产,并可以通过自凝胶作用组装为三维结构。这些气凝胶呈现出高吸收能力和良好的循环利用性。但是,GO生产方法中的化学品大量使用和酸性垃圾产生并不令人满意。
天然材料,由于成本低、来源丰富且无毒,在生产碳基材料中得到越来越多注意。例如,原棉纤维所含主要成分为纤维素,且含有极少量杂质,例如蛋白质材料、蜡、果胶,和少量有机酸和产酸无机材料。已有对原棉纤维吸收染料、重金属和重油的研究。但是,据观察,存在多种缺陷,例如浮力性质差,油吸附能力相对低,疏水性低,且循环利用性差。这些缺点阻碍了其在去除污染物和分离水油中的应用。
因此,需要寻求一种简便且节约的途径,用于生产具有高吸收能力和疏水性的高孔隙度气凝胶。
发明内容
本发明的第一方面中,提供用于生产高孔隙度气凝胶的方法,所述方法包括:
(i)提供碳原料;和
(ii)在惰性气体氛围和减压下将所述碳原料加热到至多900℃。
本发明的又一方面中,提供根据在此公开的方法所获得的高孔隙度气凝胶。
本发明的又一方面中,涉及所述高孔隙度气凝胶在治理废水中的用途。
本发明的又一方面中,涉及用于处理废水的方法,包括:
(i)令此述的高孔隙度气凝胶与废水接触;和
(ii)从所述气凝胶分离处理后的废水。
附图说明
图1:A)棉的高倍放大图像和B)含有绞捻纤维结构的TCF气凝胶的高倍放大图像。
图2:TCF气凝胶对各种有机液体的吸收效率。增重定义为吸收物与干燥TCF气凝胶的重量比。
图3:CMB对各种有机液体的吸收效率。增重定义为吸收物与干燥CMB气凝胶的重量比。
具体实施方式
本发明基于发明人令人吃惊的发现,即在惰性气体氛围和减压下将所述碳原料(尤其是棉)加热到至多900℃,能够得到具有高比表面的多孔疏水无毒气凝胶。因其疏水性,所得气凝胶吸附范围广泛的有机溶剂和油,且能够通过蒸馏、燃烧或挤压法进行极佳的循环使用。所述气凝胶在循环5次后仍具有高吸附能力。制备所述气凝胶的途径,如此所述,方便且具有环境可持续性,因其无需昂贵复杂的纯化步骤,且生产中不产生垃圾。此外,初始材料,例如棉和废纸,容易获取且性价比高。
对于某些应用,例如锂离子电池和超级电容器,水分解,化学和生物感应,纳米器件和反应催化,所得气凝胶可以进一步以纳米材料改性,例如使用2D材料,如石墨烯;金属二硫氧化物,包括MoS2,TiS2,WS2,TaS2,WSe2,TiSe2和TaSe2;金属颗粒和合金,例如Au,Ag,Pt,Pd, Cu,AuAg合金和PtPd合金;和金属氧化物颗粒,例如氧化镍,氧化镁,氧化铁,氧化锌和 TiO2。
对于储能装置和环境保护中的应用,尤其是废水处理,所述气凝胶的使用可以不经过进一步改性和纯化。
不受特定理论束缚地,认为上述列举的气凝胶优越性质归因于在此所述的特定生产方法,尤其是减压和惰性气体氛围的特征,以及对所用碳原料的选择。
根据所述发现,在本发明的第一方面中,涉及用于生产高孔隙度气凝胶的方法,所述方法包括:
(i)提供碳原料;和
(ii)在惰性气体氛围和减压下将所述碳原料加热到至多900℃。
本发明所称术语“高孔隙度气凝胶”涉及基于具有开孔和高孔隙度(多至约99.5%)的化学元素碳的气凝胶,其为柔性且具有海绵状质地。所得气凝胶的结构取决于用作初始材料的碳原料。若用棉作为碳原料,所得气凝胶具有互连绞捻碳纤维结构(TCF)结构。所述TCF气凝胶中的纤维直径为5至10微米,具有捻距范围10至20微米的绞捻形态。所述纤维为交联。若用纸作为碳原料,所得气凝胶的结构域TCF气凝胶相同,但所得气凝胶的纤维呈不绞捻的带状。大多数所述带状纤维为5至10微米宽且相互交联,得到更有利的机械性质,例如刚度。此类气凝胶在此称为碳微带(CMB)气凝胶,且通过使用纸和/或废纸作为碳原料获得。所述气凝胶因其结构和孔隙度而具有大表面积,使其尤为适合用于本发明的用途。
本发明所称术语“碳原料”指的是在此公开的气凝胶的初始材料。在各个实施例中,碳水化合物,尤其是多糖,用作碳原料。本发明的各个实施例中,碳原料为纤维素材料。一般而言,本发明所称术语“纤维素材料”指的是纤维素和各种纤维素衍生物及其混合物。
纤维素是一种具有由β(1,4)连接的右旋葡萄糖单位组成的直链多糖,其具有以下式(I)
其中,n为25至10000,优选为50至5000,且每个R1均为氢。
本发明所称的术语“纤维素衍生物”涉及式(I)的有机化合物,其中n为25至50000,且各单元中的每个R1独立选自:氢,1~6个碳原子的取代或未取代的直链或支链烷基,和-N(Ra)(Rb),其中至少一个R1不为氢。每个Ra和Rb独立选自1~6个碳原子的直链或支链烷基。在一个优选实施例中,每个R1独立选自甲基或乙基。在又一个优选实施例中,-N(Ra)(Rb)的每个Ra和Rb独立选自甲基或乙基。在各个实施例中,n为50至5000。
可选地,在又一实施例中,所述多糖可以是海藻酸。海藻酸是一种直链共聚物,其同聚嵌段分别为(1,4)-连接β-D-甘露糖醛及其C-5差向异构体α-L-古洛糖醛酸盐残基,在不同序列或嵌段中共价相连。海藻酸具有式(II)
其中m和o独立选自1至25000。海藻酸广泛分布于褐藻细胞壁中,在其中与水共同形成粘胶。在本发明中,可以使用所有以纤维素或纤维素材料为主要成分的碳原料。本发明上下文中所称的“主要成分”,是指在各种实施例中,纤维素/纤维素材料构成所述碳原料的至少75重量%。因此,在各种实施例中,所述碳原料选自棉,纸,废纸,大麻纤维,纸浆,淀粉,褐藻及其混合物。
在本发明中,棉可以用作碳原料。棉是从棉属(Gossypium)种子植物的毛状纤维中获得的天然纤维。棉含有纤维素作为主要成分,还含有其他成分如蛋白质、蜡和其他植物杂质。此述的棉,可以使用天然的棉,或可选地使用通过常规化学和/或机械方法进行处理后的棉。优选地,使用天然、未处理的棉。
在其它实施例中,纸可以用作碳原料。纸是将潮湿纤维(通常是从木材,碎布或草得到的纤维素纸浆)压制成片,随后干燥所述片而得到的柔性片。可选地,纸还可以包括胶水和填料,并且可以原样包括纸,例如,在书籍,纸,报纸,纸板中使用过的纸等等。
此外,在本发明中,废纸可以被用作碳原料。本发明所称的“废纸”,涉及如上定义的已被使用后丢弃的纸张,例如来自丢弃的图书,报纸,包装等。
在更进一步的实施例中,大麻纤维可以用作碳原料。这些纤维来自大麻的韧皮,大麻是一种开花植物属,包括单一品种大麻(Cannabis sativa)。
在另一实施例中,纸浆可以用作碳原料。本发明所称的术语“纸浆”,是指从木材或废纸中经化学和机械分离的以纤维素为主要成分的纤维浆。典型地,该浆料是水性浆料。
在另一些实施例中,淀粉可以用作碳原料。淀粉是碳水化合物,由大量通过糖苷键连接的葡萄糖单元组成。这种多糖尤其可由植物产生,大量包含在马铃薯,玉米,小麦和水稻中。
在更进一步的实施例中,褐藻可用作碳原料。褐藻是一个多为海洋多细胞藻类的大类,包括较冷北半球水域中的许多海藻,例如巨藻(Macrocystis),马尾藻(Sargassum)和泡叶藻 (Ascophyllum nodosum)。这些藻类含有大量褐藻酸。
碳原料的选择取决于气凝胶的期望性质。在此公开的所有碳原料原则上适合于提供具有高疏水性和孔隙度的气凝胶,但所得气凝胶的分子结构可以变化。
在本文所述方法的步骤(i)中,提供了一种碳原料。此步骤可以包括为碳原料在步骤(ii)中加热做准备的必要处理。因此,该提供步骤可以例如包括洗涤和干燥所述原料。因此,在本发明的一个优选实施例中,该提供步骤(i)包括洗涤和/或干燥该碳原料。该碳原料可以用适合于从所述原料除去多余化合物和物质(例如但不限于污染物)的任何溶剂或溶剂混合物进行洗涤。本发明所称的洗涤包括,通过例如浸润、漂洗或浸渍,令材料与洗涤剂(包括水)接触。洗涤碳原料的目的是从碳原料除去可能在随后的步骤中产生负面影响(例如,降低孔隙率或干扰气凝胶形成) 的化合物和物质。待去除的化合物和材料包括任何种类的污垢、灰尘和/或无机或有机污染物。在一个优选实施例中,碳原料用去离子水洗涤。根据需要,该洗涤可以在高温下进行。
如果如上所述的污染物质是挥发性的,则也可以通过加热来纯化有机原料。能够通过加热步骤中除去的此类污染物可以包括,例如,有机溶剂。加热温度可以根据实际污染物进行调整。
在各种实施例中,对洗涤后的碳原料进行干燥,并除去洗涤溶剂。在一个优选的实施例中,步骤 (i)中的干燥在约10℃至约200℃的温度下进行。在更优选的实施例中,步骤(i)中的干燥在约20℃至约150℃温度下进行,且在一个更优选的实施例,所述干燥在约40℃至约90℃温度下进行。
可选地,步骤(i)中的干燥可以在减压下进行,例如,当碳原料对温度敏感时。因此,步骤(i) 中的干燥可以在手套箱中进行。
作为另一种选择,步骤(i)中的干燥步骤可通过冷冻干燥来进行。
本发明所称的“约”,是指涉及的数值±10%。
在此公开的方法的步骤(ii)中,所述碳原料在惰性气体氛围和减压下加热。一般情况下,本发明所称的“惰性气体”,指的是在给定的反应条件下不与碳原料发生化学反应的气体。因此,满足此要求的所有气体原则上都可以使用,包括但不限于惰性气体,如氦气或氩气,和氮气。优选地,使用氮气或氩气。
在碳原料加热前,将碳原料插入到适于执行步骤(ⅱ)的反应容器中。该反应容器必须是气密且可加热的反应容器、腔室、炉等等。例如,气密熔炉可以用作反应容器。优选地,使用管状炉。一般地,步骤(ii)中的加热可以通过所有已知的方法、技术和设备进行。碳原料进行加热前,以所用惰性气体对反应容器进行至少一次冲洗,例如2,3,4,5,或甚至更多次,以确保没有空气,特别是氧,或水滞留在反应容器中。此类技术和方法是本领域已知的。在各种实施例中,步骤(ⅱ)的反应温度在约200℃至约900℃之间。优选地,步骤(ⅱ)的反应温度为约400℃至约900℃,更优选为约600℃至约900℃或为约700℃至约900℃。在一个更优选的实施例中,步骤(ⅱ)的反应温度为约750℃至约850℃。
进一步地,步骤(ii)在减压下进行。本发明所称的的术语“减压”,是指压力远低于1013 mbar。在本发明的一个优选实施例中,所述压力为约0.1mbar至约500mbar。在更优选的实施例中,步骤(ii)在约0.25mbar至约250mbar的压力下进行。在最优选的实施例中,步骤 (ii)中,如此所述,在约0.5mbar进行至约100mbar的压力下进行。压力可以在加热之前或期间降低,优选在步骤(ii)中保持减压,例如通过将合适的真空泵连接到反应室中。由于不存在氧和水,碳原料发生热化学分解,且防止所述材料的燃烧。减压支持热解,且分解过程中产生的分子可以从形成的气凝胶中分离。
在各种实施例中,步骤(i)和(ii)在同一反应容器中进行。
在各种实施例中,步骤(ⅱ)的反应时间为约0.1小时至约12小时。反应时间也可以是约0.1小时至约8小时或约0.25小时至约6小时。优选地,步骤(ⅱ)的反应时间为约0.5小时至约4小时,更优选为约1小时至约3小时,且更优选为约2小时。本发明所称的术语“反应时间”,涉及保持期望反应条件(即升温和减压)的时间段。但是,达到期望反应温度所需的任何升温阶段,不包括在给定的反应时间内。
在本发明各种的实施例中,步骤(ii)中的加热速率是约0.1℃/分钟至约20℃/分钟。该加热速率也可为约1℃/分钟至约15℃/分钟。优选地,步骤(ii)中的该加热速率是约1.5℃/min到约 10℃/分钟或约2℃/分钟至约8℃/分钟。更优选地,所述步骤(ii)中的加热速率是约4℃/分钟至约6℃/分钟,最优选为约5℃/分钟。
棉纤维天然具有绞捻结构,每毫米长度的捻度为3.9至6.5[1]。本发明方法提高所述捻度的密度,其中,5℃/分钟的加热速率比15℃/分钟产生的捻度更高。但是,15℃/分钟的加热速率能缩短制造过程,从而节省能源费用。由此一来,可以基于个体偏好选择加热速率。通常,生成的捻度越高,所得到的气凝胶刚性越高,机械稳定性越高。
此外,有利的是,在该方法中,尤其是在步骤(ii)中,加热过程中产生的副产物被连续除去。低压热解中持续去除副产物是理想的。已经证明,在氩气氛围下热解,生成所述绞捻结构。理想的情况下,氩气应连续流动通过反应室,例如从进口到出口,并具有足够的流速,以增加扩散速率和除去产生的副产物。另一方面,气体的流速不宜太高,因为气体的流动会在纤维表面引起不希望的温度波动。
在本发明的一个优选实施例中,所述方法包括预处理所述碳原料。在一个优选实施例中,用水和/ 或水溶液对碳原料进行预处理。所述水溶液可包含酸。所述酸可以选自盐酸,硫酸,磷酸,硝酸,乙酸,及其混合物。优选地,所述酸是盐酸。可选地,预处理可以包括用水和含酸水溶液处理至少一次。预处理的时间可以根据碳原料变化。在各种的实施例中,所述预处理进行约0.1小时至约80小时,约1小时至约72小时或约6小时至约60小时。
当碳原料选自纸,废纸及其混合物时,所述碳原料优选为用含酸水溶液进行预处理。优选地,所用的酸是盐酸。在一个优选的实施例中,纸和/或废纸进行约6小时至约24小时的预处理。所述预处理过程软化原料,并溶解纸和/或废纸的某些成分,例如填料,胶和除纤维素以外的其他配料。随后,从预处理溶液中分离纤维素,并且可选地,在以在此公开的步骤(i)进一步处理预处理后的原料之前,干燥所述纤维素。所述预处理还可以包括一个或多个用水洗涤步骤。根据需要,每个预处理步骤可以重复数次。例如,所述原材料可以经过酸溶液处理两次,水处理,及后续的干燥步骤。
本发明还包括由如本文所述的方法获得的高孔隙度气凝胶。
在优选实施例中,所述高孔隙度气凝胶是绞捻碳纤维(TCF)气凝胶。
在另一个优选的实施例中,所述高孔隙度气凝胶是碳微带(CMB)气凝胶。该CMB气凝胶可以吸收范围广泛的有机溶剂和油类,其最大吸附容量高达原始CMB气凝胶重量的188倍。此外, CMB气凝胶表现出优异的循环利用性(5次),可以在经过甚至五个蒸馏或挤压循环后仍保持高吸附能力。
如本文所述,所得气凝胶的类型取决于所使用的碳原料。
在进一步的方面中,本发明涉及使用高孔隙气凝胶处理废水的用途,或用于处理废水的方法,包括使用在此所述的气凝胶。
本发明所称的术语“废水”,是指被任何有机材料污染的水,其在标准条件(20℃,1013 mbar)下可以是液体。虽然原则上可以使用水和有机污染物的任何重量比,但在各种实施例中,水和有机污染物的重量比为约1:1至约1000000:1或更高。在本发明的一个优选实施例中,所述废水包含水和有机液体。所述有机液体可以是任何因其疏水性而适合于渗入气凝胶的任何疏水性有机液体,其包括,但不限于,液体烃类,例如(粗品)油和油基产品,如精制油产品,包括煤油、汽油等。其它例子包括但不限于氯仿,苯甲醇,DMF,甲苯,十八烯,己烷,庚烷,丙酮,乙醇,石油,泵油,菜籽油和橄榄油。
本发明涉及废水处理时所称的“处理”,包括:通过分离从废水中吸附到气凝胶上的污染物,来至少部分地净化废水,由此,在从处理过的水分离所述气凝胶后,提供至少部分纯化的水,即已除去至少部分污染物的水。所述污染物优选为液体有机污染物,如上所述。
在各种实施例中,在此公开的气凝胶的用途包括:使高孔隙度气凝胶与由废水接触,例如,将气凝胶浸入废水。也可以将气凝胶固定,例如固定在装置中、平板上或管道中,使所述废水流过气凝胶。对于有机污染且水形成两相系统的情况,气凝胶需要接触有机相以吸附有机材料。
在此公开的气凝胶,由于具有优异的吸附性能,因此适用于漏油的清理和回收。
所述气凝胶的吸收能力,可达到原始TCF气凝胶的192倍重量。CMB气凝胶的吸附能力是原始 CMB气凝胶的188倍重量。所述气凝胶可通过蒸馏、焚烧或挤压的方法容易地回收利用。此外,TCF和CMB气凝胶在经过五次吸附/回收循环后,仍然保持高吸附能力。
下列实施例的目的在于更好地说明寻求保护的发明,且不应以任何方式解释为对本发明范围的限制。如下所述的所有具体化合物、材料和方法的整体或部分,属于本发明的范围之内。这些具体的化合物、材料和方法并不意在限制本发明,而仅仅是为了举例说明具体的实施例。本领域的技术人员可以在不脱离本发明范围的情况下,无需创造性地开发等效化合物、材料和用法。所述变体也应当理解为包括在本发明的范围中。
本文引用的所有参考文献都以饮用方式全文并入本文。
实施例
基本信息
绞捻碳纤维(TCF)气凝胶的制备:
圆筒形原棉用去离子水漂洗几次,然后在60℃下真空干燥12小时。然后,将干燥后的棉转移到管式炉中热解。为了完全除去滞留在棉中的空气,首先在炉中抽真空,然后导入氩气,接着再次在炉中抽真空。然后,以5℃/分钟的加热速率将炉子加热到800℃,并在氩气氛围和约0.5mbar 的低压下保持800℃2小时。最后,将炉自然冷却至室温,得到低密度的TCF气凝胶。
原棉和TCF气凝胶的表征:
所有样品通过场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM,JEOL,JSM-7600F)和傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR,珀金埃尔默仪器光谱,GX FTIR光谱仪)进行表征。
TCF气凝胶对油和有机溶剂的吸附:
在一个典型的吸附试验中,放置TCF气凝胶与有机液体接触,直到气凝胶中完全充满有机液体,然后取出气凝胶用于重量测量。为了避免所吸收的有机液体蒸发,特别是低沸点的有机液体,重量测量应迅速进行。记录TCF气凝胶吸附前后的重量,用于计算增重。
碳微带(CMB)气凝胶的制备:
取60毫克废纸废料,加40ml蒸馏水混合后静置24小时。然后取10毫升的盐酸(10%)加入到上述混合物中,再静置12小时。对于混合物中的固体,用蒸馏水离心洗涤数次,以除去氯离子,然后在60℃的烘箱中干燥过夜。将干燥试样放入30毫升蒸馏水中,随后通过强力磁力搅拌剧烈搅拌,形成均匀的混合物,称为纸浆。纸浆随后冷冻干燥,以形成纸浆纤维气凝胶。然后,将纸浆纤维气凝胶转移到管式炉中热解。为了完全除去滞留在纸浆纤维气凝胶中的空气,在炉中抽真空,然后导入氩气,接着再次在炉中抽真空。然后,以5℃min-1的加热速率将炉子加热到850℃,并在氩气氛围和约0.5mbar的低压下保持850℃2小时。最后,将炉自然冷却至室温,得到低密度的CMB气凝胶。
纸浆纤维气凝胶和CMB气凝胶的表征:
所有样品通过场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM,JEOL,JSM-7600F)和傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR,珀金埃尔默仪器光谱,GX FTIR光谱仪)进行表征。
碳微带(CMB)气凝胶对油和有机溶剂的吸附:
在一个典型的吸附试验中,将CMB气凝胶与有机液体接触,直到气凝胶中完全充满有机液体,然后将其取出进行重量测量。为了避免所吸收的有机液体蒸发,特别是低沸点的有机液体,重量测量应迅速进行。被记录CMB气凝胶吸附前后的重量,用于计算增重。
参考文献
[1]N.Le Moigne,J.Bikard,P.Navard,Cellulose 2010,17,507.
虽然在此公开了本发明的特定的优选和可选实施例,但本领域技术人员可以理解,使用本发明所述的教导,可以对上述技术进行众多改进和扩展。所有此类改进和扩展应看作包含在如下权利要求书所述的本发明真正思路和范围之内。
Claims (22)
1.用于制造绞捻碳纤维多孔气凝胶的方法,所述方法包括:
(i)提供棉,所述棉包含具有绞捻结构的纤维;和
(ii)在惰性气体氛围和0.1mbar至500mbar的减压下将所述棉加热到至多900°C。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述式(I)中的n为50至5000。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(ii)在0.25~250mbar的压力或0.5~100mbar的压力下进行。
5.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(i)包括洗涤和/或干燥所述棉。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(i)中的洗涤使用去离子水。
7.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(i)中的干燥在10°C ~200 °C、20°C ~150 °C或40°C ~90°C的温度下进行。
8.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述干燥在减压下进行。
9.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(ii)的反应温度为200°C ~900 °C、400°C ~900 °C、600°C ~900 °C、700°C ~900 °C、750°C ~850 °C或800 °C。
10.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(ii)的反应时间为0.1小时~12小时、0.1小时~8小时、0.25小时~6小时、0.5小时~4小时、1小时~3小时,或2小时。
11.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(ii)中的加热速率为0.1°C/min ~20°C/min、1°C/min ~15°C/min、1.5°C/min ~10°C/min、2°C/min ~8°C/min、4°C/min ~6°C/min,或5°C/min。
12.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括预热所述棉。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其特征在于,所述预热包括用水和/或水溶液预热所述棉。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,所述水溶液包含酸。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其特征在于,所述酸选自盐酸、硫酸、磷酸、硝酸、乙酸及其混合物。
16.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其特征在于,所述酸为盐酸。
17.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其特征在于,预热时间为0.1小时~80小时、1小时~72小时或6小时~60小时。
18.用根据权利要求1所述的方法获得的绞捻碳纤维(TCF)气凝胶。
19.根据权利要求18所述的绞捻碳纤维(TCF)多孔气凝胶用于处理废水的用途。
20.根据权利要求19所述的用途,其特征在于,所述处理废水包括令所述绞捻碳纤维(TCF)多孔气凝胶与废水接触。
21.根据权利要求19或20所述的用途,其特征在于,所述废水包括水和有机液体污染物。
22.用于处理废水的方法,包括:
(i)令根据权利要求18所述的绞捻碳纤维(TCF)多孔气凝胶与废水接触;和
(ii)将处理过的废水与所述绞捻碳纤维(TCF)多孔气凝胶分离。
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