CN105556746A - 用于带凹面反射器的天线的天线罩 - Google Patents

用于带凹面反射器的天线的天线罩 Download PDF

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CN105556746A
CN105556746A CN201480027457.XA CN201480027457A CN105556746A CN 105556746 A CN105556746 A CN 105556746A CN 201480027457 A CN201480027457 A CN 201480027457A CN 105556746 A CN105556746 A CN 105556746A
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radome
reflector
antenna
ripple portion
suction ripple
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CN105556746B (zh
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A·勒巴永
D·蒂奥
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Nokia Shanghai Bell Co Ltd
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Alcatel Lucent Shanghai Bell Co Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/10Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces
    • H01Q19/12Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces wherein the surfaces are concave
    • H01Q19/13Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces wherein the surfaces are concave the primary radiating source being a single radiating element, e.g. a dipole, a slot, a waveguide termination
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/42Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q17/00Devices for absorbing waves radiated from an antenna; Combinations of such devices with active antenna elements or systems
    • H01Q17/001Devices for absorbing waves radiated from an antenna; Combinations of such devices with active antenna elements or systems for modifying the directional characteristic of an aerial
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q17/00Devices for absorbing waves radiated from an antenna; Combinations of such devices with active antenna elements or systems
    • H01Q17/008Devices for absorbing waves radiated from an antenna; Combinations of such devices with active antenna elements or systems with a particular shape
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/02Details
    • H01Q19/021Means for reducing undesirable effects
    • H01Q19/026Means for reducing undesirable effects for reducing the primary feed spill-over
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/10Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces
    • H01Q19/18Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces having two or more spaced reflecting surfaces
    • H01Q19/19Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces having two or more spaced reflecting surfaces comprising one main concave reflecting surface associated with an auxiliary reflecting surface

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  • Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)

Abstract

一种用于凹面反射器天线的天线罩,其被直接紧固于反射器的边缘上。所述天线罩的内表面包括至少一个吸波部,所述吸波部部分地覆盖该天线罩的表面区域并且沿着其外围边缘布置。由所述吸波部覆盖的天线罩的表面区域小于总表面区域的15%。所述天线罩可以包含位于直径上相对位置处的两个吸波部。每个吸波部可以具有基本上为三角形的形状,所述吸波部的底边沿着天线罩的边缘被修圆,而且所述吸收部的表面区域的一部分被以圆弧切除部的形式从三角形的每个侧边沿侧向去除。

Description

用于带凹面反射器的天线的天线罩
技术领域
本发明涉及带凹面反射器的电信天线,所述凹面反射器例如具有至少一个抛物面部分。这些天线,特别是微波天线,通常在移动通信网络中使用。这些天线在发射器模式和接收器模式中同样都能进行良好地操作,这两种模式对应两种相反方向的RF波传播。
背景技术
在抛物面反射器天线中,反射器直径的值由天线的中心工作频率确定。假定具有相同的天线增益的情况下,天线的工作频率越低,反射器的直径就越大。对于深反射器天线(deepreflectorantenna),F/D比小于或等于0.25。在本文中,F是反射器的焦距(反射器的顶点与其焦点之间的距离),而D是反射器的直径。这些天线表现出很高的溢波损耗,并且降低了天线的前后比。溢波损耗导致了RF波的环境污染,并且必须将其限制在标准定义的水平。
一种常用的解决方案是在抛物面反射器的外围增加圆柱形壁,该圆柱形壁也被称为护罩(shroud)并具有与反射器相近的直径,该圆柱形壁具有适当高度,且大部分通常被覆盖以吸收RF辐射的材料。为了限制溢波效应和改善天线的性能,需要使用昂贵的吸波护罩。然而,这种解决方案增加了天线的成本和尺寸,并且使运输包装变得更加复杂。
而且,护罩的存在增加了天线的受风表面,并且增加了距离污染物的风险。因此,护罩与天线罩关联使用,所述天线罩通过从外部对反射器和护罩所界定的空间进行隔离而提供了密封的保护表面。天线罩可以是柔性的或刚性的,平坦的或非平坦的,并且可以采用各种任意的形状。当前最广泛使用的圆形刚性天线罩提供了很好地抵抗诸如雨、风、或雪等外部气候条件的优点。
发明内容
为了消除这些缺点,建议去除护罩。然而,当没有护罩时,天线仍然存在侧向辐射,并且可能导致溢波。因此,期望对这种溢波进行限制,同时将性能保持在与具有配备了护罩的抛物面反射器的已知微波天线相同的水平。
因此,本公开的目的在于,提供一种天线罩,所述天线罩使得能够实现产生根据现有标准令人满意的性能的辐射图且对天线增益的影响较小。
本发明的一个主题是一种带凹面反射器的天线,所述凹面反射器具有带有外围边缘的圆形开口,所述反射器由天线罩进行保护,所述天线罩直接固定在所述反射器的所述外围边缘上,所述天线罩包括朝向所述反射器的内表面,其中至少一个吸波部具有基本上为三角形的形状,所述至少一个吸波部被应用在所述天线罩的所述内表面上,并且沿着所述反射器的所述外围边缘布置,所述基本上为三角形的形状的尖端朝向所述反射器的中心,而其所述底边沿着所述反射器的所述外围边缘被修圆。
天线罩是“被直接紧固在所述反射器的边缘上”,这是因为反射器不包含护罩,因此天线罩并未附接在护罩上,而是直接紧固于反射器上。
优选地,由所述吸波部覆盖的所述天线罩的表面区域小于总表面区域的15%。所述吸波部沿着所述反射器的外围边缘布置,而在所述反射器的中心留下一个空白区域(emptyarea)。
根据第一方面,所述吸波部采用由一连串三角形所形成的环的形式进行布置。所述吸波部具有基本上为三角形的形状,所述吸波部的底边沿着所述天线罩的所述外围边缘被平滑。
根据第二方面,所述吸波部位于直径上相对的位置处。
根据一个优选的实施方式,所述吸波部基本上具有已从中去除了侧面表面区域中的一些区域的三角形的形状。所述吸波部具有比将底边连接到顶点(peak)的三角形的表面区域更小的表面区域。所述形状基本上是三角形,所述吸波部的表面区域中的一些表面区域已经沿着所述天线罩的边缘从所述吸波部的侧边、底边被去除。
根据一种变型,三角形的侧边形成圆弧。所去除的表面部分是通过以圆弧切除部(cut-out)的形式去掉三角形的每个侧边上的表面区域来构建的。
根据另一种变型,三角形的侧边形成内折角。所去除的表面部分通过以等腰三角形切除部的形式去掉中三角形的每个侧边上的表面区域来构建。
优选地,天线罩包括位于直径上相对位置处的两个吸波部。
已经通过添加构成吸波材料的部件对天线罩进行了修改,其中所述部件具有特别设计的形状,用以减少溢波和至少保持辐射图的性能,而对增益的影响最小并且无需添加护罩。
根据一个实施方式,所述吸波部的底边的长度介于D/5和2D/5之间,其中D是所述天线罩的直径。
根据一个实施方式,所述吸波部的底边的长度与所述吸波部高度之比介于1和2之间。
本发明的另一个主题是一种凹面反射器天线,包括直接紧固在所述反射器的边缘上的天线罩,所述天线罩的内表面包括部分覆盖其表面且沿着其外围边缘布置的至少一个吸波部。
根据一个特定实施方式,所述天线罩是圆形的,平坦的,并且是刚性的。
低溢波的微波天线是传输/接收质量的保证,这是因为其使得能够在相邻天线之间创建具有非常低干扰的无线链路,在高天线密度的区域尤其如此。而且,这种天线比现有技术的天线更便宜,尺寸更小,并且更容易运输。
附图说明
在阅读了对下面的实施方式的描述之后,本发明的其它特性和优点将变得明显,所述的实施方式本质上以非限制性示例的方式给出,而且在附图中进行了示例表示,在附图中:
图1示意性地描绘了不包含吸波护罩的双反射器微波天线的横截面视图;
图2示意性地描绘了根据一个实施方式的双反射器微波天线的横截面视图;
图3示意性地描绘了根据第一实施方式的天线罩的内表面;
图4示意性地描绘了根据第二实施方式的天线罩的内表面;
图5示意性地描绘了根据第三实施方式的天线罩的内表面;
图6示意性地详细描绘了根据第三实施方式的电介质部件的形状;
图7示意性地描绘了根据第四实施方式的天线罩的内表面;
图8示意性地描绘了根据第五实施方式的天线罩的内表面;
图9描绘了不包含护罩的现有技术的天线的水平面上的辐射图;
图10描绘了根据第二实施方式的天线的水平面上的辐射图;
图11描绘了根据第三实施方式的天线的水平面上的辐射图;
在图9至图11中,在y轴上给出了以dB为单位的辐射R,而在x轴上给出了发射/接收角度α。
具体实施方式
图1描绘了天线1,其包含凹面主反射器2和第二反射器3。天线1由可以是中空金属管的波导4辐射馈送,例如,所述中空金属管是由铝制成的中空金属管。反射器2、3由天线罩5进行保护。天线1不包含吸波护罩。波导4在第二反射器3的方向上发射入射辐射,所述入射辐射被朝着主反射器2反射,形成朝着接收器的主波束6。然而,入射辐射的一部分在发散方向上发出,因而造成溢波损耗7。辐射的另一部分通过主反射器2进行反射,但是这种反射辐射由第二反射器3屏蔽,并被第二反射器3反射回主反射器2。该辐射部分然后由主反射器2进行反射,并且在发散方向上发出,这造成了由于屏蔽效应产生的损耗8。
在图2中所描绘的本发明的实施方式中,天线10包含凹面主反射器11和第二反射器12。天线10通过波导13馈送辐射。反射器11、12由天线罩14进行保护。波导13在第二反射器12的方向上发射入射辐射,所述入射辐射的一部分15在发散方向上发出。在天线罩14的内表面上沿着主反射器11的边缘布置吸波部件16,在反射器的中央留下空白区域。发散的侧部辐射15由吸波部16吸波,并且由此避免了溢波,而无需牺牲其它特性。
图3描绘了具有带圆形开口的凹面深反射器31的微波天线的第一实施方式30,所述凹面深反射器由在此处为刚性平坦天线罩的天线罩32进行保护。由宽度为H0的吸波材料制成的环33沿着反射器31的外围边缘布置在天线罩32的内表面34上。溢波的减少取决于吸波环33的度量(weights)H0。吸波环33的存在使显著减少溢波成为可能。然而,在当前条件下,吸波环33对天线30的增益的影响将相对较大,这是因为环覆盖了天线罩的较大的表面区域,然而,被覆盖的表面区域不应该超过总表面区域的25%,并且优选地不超过15%。此外,通过该实施方式得到的天线30在水平平面上的辐射图的改善并不是最优的。已经结合连续的实心环形状描述了吸波部。然而,可以设想诸如由形成齿状内边缘的一连串三角形成的环。
现在将考虑图4,图4描绘了具有凹面深反射器41和低焦距(F/D=0.2)的微波天线40的第二实施方式,其由形状为圆形的平坦刚性天线罩42进行保护。吸波部43在直径上相对位置处设置,以便通过类似于护罩进行作用,来改善水平平面(方位平面)上的性能。吸波部43沿着天线罩的外围被布置在天线罩41的内表面44上,这沿着反射器41的边缘,在反射器的中央留下空白区域。
吸波部43具有特定的形状:在这个例子中基本上为三角,而且使吸波部的底边沿着弯曲(return)的边,该边为圆形。溢波的减少取决于吸波部的高度H1,吸波部43的底边的长度B1改变天线的前后比,前后比是指天线前方的主瓣的辐射强度和在这个例子中在水平面中与其成180°的后瓣(rearlobe)的辐射强度之比。吸波部43覆盖了天线罩42的内表面的至多15%。
图5描绘了微波天线50的第三个有利的实施方式,其工作于高频域(GHz),并且包含由具有低焦距(F/D=0.2)的凹面深反射器51,该凹面深反射器51由形状为圆形的平坦刚性天线罩52保护。吸波部53沿着反射器51的外围布置在天线罩52的内表面54上。吸波部53由诸如碳浸渍聚氨酯泡沫等的吸波材料制成。为了使天线50在6GHz至40GHz的频段内进行令人满意的操作,吸波部53的厚度小于20mm,并且优选地在12mm的级别上。
吸波部53以在直径上相对的方式进行设置,从而改善水平平面上的性能。吸波部53最多覆盖了天线罩52的内表面的15%。超过15%,吸波部53的存在对天线增益的影响将变大,而且辐射图的旁瓣增大。在现有的例子中,吸波部53覆盖了天线罩52的内表面的大约10%。因此显著改善了辐射图的前后比,而对增益的影响很小(最多0.3dB)。
三角吸波部53的底边B2的长度长到足以获取高的前后比。吸波部53的底边的形状适配于反射器边缘的形状,从而有效减少了溢波,而无需使其增加吸波部53的高度H2。吸波部53的高度H2对抛物面深反射器天线的辐射图的大约60°的角度域具有直接影响。例如,在凹面反射器具有直径为D的圆形开口的例子中,底边B2的长度优选地介于D/5和2D/5之间。吸波部53的底边B2的长度与高度H2之比优选地介于1和2之间,即1≤B2/H2≤2。这些值使得获取实现减少溢波和前后比的结果成为可能,而这是非常重要的并且使得这种天线完全符合要求。
在这个实施方式中,吸波部具有从中去除了表面区域的一部分的三角形状。例如,如在图6中所描绘的,从中去除了侧边区域中的一些区域的特定形状的三角形吸波部53优选地通过在三角形的每个侧边上以切除部的形式去掉修圆区域(roundedarea)60获得而无需改变吸波部53的高度H2,所述切除部可以是采用圆弧61的形状的形式。修圆区域或圆弧部60是圆盘(disk)62的一部分,其被定义为通过交线或弦63与圆盘62的其余部分隔开的区域。圆弧部60因此是交线63和圆弧61之间的部分。三角形的两个侧边因此形成了圆弧。对吸波部53的形状进行设计,从而在减少溢波、改善前后比与对天线50的增益的影响之间获取有利的折衷。随着更加靠近圆形天线罩52的外围边缘,天线罩52的中央区域中的主要部分的电磁场值非常迅速地下降。靠近天线罩52的边缘设置的特定形状的吸波部53使得创建天线罩52的边缘区域和其中央区域之间的渐进转变区域成为可能。
优选地,通过从三角形的侧边去掉一些区域以便减少与三角形的顶点对应的区域同时尽可能多地保留底边上的区域,而从基本上为三角形的形状获得特定形状的吸波部。所述吸波部具有比连接底边和顶点的三角形的表面区域更小的表面区域。该形状通过如在图5和图6中所描绘的圆弧61的形状的切除部、或者高斯曲线形状的切除部、或者能够实现期望目标的任何其它形状的切除部来获取这种形状,所述希望目标诸如是图7中的三角形或图8中的四角形(rectangle)等。
图7描绘了带有圆形凹面反射器71的微波天线70的第四实施方式,该圆形凹面反射器71由形状是圆形的平坦刚性天线罩72进行保护。吸波部73被布置在天线罩72的内表面74上。吸波部73具有基本上为三角形的形状,而且具有高度H3和底边长度B3,区域75以基本三角形的切除部的形式从该三角形的侧边被去除。三角形的侧边形成内折角。吸波部73的底边被修圆(rounded),从而与反射器72的圆形开口的边缘形状匹配。
图8描绘了带有圆形凹面反射器81的微波天线80的第五实施方式,该圆形凹面反射器81由形状是圆形的平坦刚性天线罩82进行保护。吸波部83被布置在天线罩82的内表面84上。吸波部83具有基本为T形的形状,该T形带有修圆的顶部,从而与反射器82的圆形开口的边缘形状匹配,且具有高度H4和底边长度B4。该形状是通过从三角形形状中去除切除部形式的区域85而得到,该切除部的形状基本上类似等腰三角形,特别是类似于直角等腰三角形。
图9描绘了具有0.2的前后比的深反射器天线的辐射。这种现有技术的天线的主反射器不包含护罩。曲线90描绘了水平平面上主反射器在10GHz频段的辐射图。参考曲线91表示对应于ETSI的第3类模型的标准分布图(profile)。区域92对应于由高水平溢波损耗产生的中等性能。在区域93,旁瓣超过了ETSI标准。在没有护罩时,所产生的直接后果是辐射图在对应于主抛物面反射器的边缘的角区域92中存在很高的溢波峰,以及对应于区域93的旁瓣的增大。
图10描绘了其中天线罩包括根据第二实施方式的吸波部的深反射器天线的辐射。曲线100描绘了水平平面上主反射器在10GHz频段的辐射图。参考曲线101表示对应于ETSI的第3类模型的标准分布图。区域102对应于反射器的边缘,其中产生的溢波少于前一幅图。区域103对应于旁瓣,其被大大减小。不同于图7所描绘的辐射图,尽管没有使用护罩,但是本图中的辐射图的各个值仍然保持在由ETSI第3类模型所允许的最大值之内。
图11描绘了其中天线罩包括根据第三实施方式的吸波部的深反射器天线的辐射图。曲线110描绘了水平平面上主反射器在10GHz频段的辐射图。参考曲线111表示对应于ETSI的第3类模型的标准分布图。区域112对应于产生溢波的反射器的边缘,而区域113对应于旁瓣。
当对分别涉及图4和图5的实施方式的曲线100和曲线110进行比较时,可以观察到辐射图中心区域104、114中的主瓣的厚度(thickness)随着三角形的表面区域而增加。
实际上,本发明不限于所描述的实施方式,而是恰恰相反,本领域的技术人员可以获得不违背本发明的精神的许多变化。特别是,在不违背本发明的范围的前提下,可以对吸波部的数目和形状做出修改。所描述的实施方式包括环形吸波部、或位于直径上相对位置处的两个吸波部。根据溢波损耗的减少和对天线增益的影响之间的可被接受的折衷,可以使用数目更多(4、6、8等)的吸波部。已经用非限制性的方式对多种吸波部的形状进行了描述,但是,可以使用通过去除不同形状的侧表面获得的不同形状。

Claims (11)

1.一种带凹面反射器的天线,所述凹面反射器具有带外围边缘的圆形开口,所述反射器由天线罩进行保护,所述天线罩直接固定在所述反射器的所述外围边缘上,所述天线罩包括朝向所述反射器的内表面,其中至少一个吸波部具有基本上为三角形的形状,所述至少一个吸波部被应用在所述天线罩的所述内表面上,并且沿着所述反射器的所述外围边缘布置,所述基本为三角形的形状的尖端朝向所述反射器的中心,并且其底边沿着所述反射器的所述外围边缘被修圆。
2.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其中所述天线罩的由所述吸波部覆盖的表面区域小于所述天线罩的所述内表面的总表面区域的15%。
3.根据权利要求1和2中的一项权利要求所述的天线,其中所述吸波部具有比将所述底边连接至顶点的三角形的表面区域更小的表面区域。
4.根据权利要求1至3中的一项权利要求所述的天线,包括位于直径上相对位置处的至少两个吸波部。
5.根据权利要求1至3中的一项权利要求所述的天线,其中所述吸波部采用由一连串三角形形成的环进行布置。
6.根据权利要求3所述的天线,其中所述吸波部基本上具有已从中去除了侧部表面区域中的一些区域的三角形的形状。
7.根据权利要求4和5中的一项权利要求所述的天线,其中所述三角形的侧边形成圆弧。
8.根据权利要求4和5中的一项权利要求所述的天线,其中所述三角形的侧边形成内折角。
9.根据前述权利要求中的一项权利要求所述的天线,其中所述吸波部的底边的长度介于D/5和2D/5之间,其中D是所述天线罩的直径。
10.根据权利要求3至9中的一项权利要求所述的天线,其中所述吸波部的底边的长度与所述吸波部的高度之比介于1和2之间。
11.根据前述权利要求中的一项权利要求所述的天线,其中所述天线罩是平坦的、刚性的、并且是圆形的。
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US20160087345A1 (en) 2016-03-24
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