CN105555918A - 煤处理 - Google Patents

煤处理 Download PDF

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CN105555918A
CN105555918A CN201480030985.0A CN201480030985A CN105555918A CN 105555918 A CN105555918 A CN 105555918A CN 201480030985 A CN201480030985 A CN 201480030985A CN 105555918 A CN105555918 A CN 105555918A
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coal
fuel
treated coal
treated
boiler
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I·彭斯德利昂
A·D·保罗
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Saudi American Minerals Inc
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Saudi American Minerals Inc
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    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
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    • C10L9/08—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by heat treatments, e.g. calcining
    • C10L9/083—Torrefaction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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Abstract

本发明涉及生产经处理的煤的方法，所述方法通过将煤加热以除去挥发物，并将产物干燥以生产主要由碳和氢组成的经处理的煤。

Description

煤处理
本发明涉及煤处理。
更具体而言，本发明提供了通过从煤除去水分和挥发物质来处理煤，以生产不含在燃煤期间排放的不需要的污染物的燃料产品的方法。由本发明的燃料产品燃烧所产生的任何空气排放物将比未处理的煤燃烧所产生的排放物干净得多，且还可以避免清洁来自燃煤燃烧器的排放通常所需要的后燃烧或涤气技术。本发明提供了比现有技术的污染排放问题解决方案成本更低的方案。
本发明还寻求从煤生产一种新原料，所述新原料可用作活性炭和碳电极工业的具有高碳含量的进料。本发明的原料还在钢铁工业中用作鼓风炉中的喷煤(PCI)的理想材料。
背景技术
现有技术的处理煤的方法包括从煤(通常为低品级的煤和褐煤)除去水分和不需要的挥发物质以生产更高品质的煤，且还提高了这种燃料的每单位质量热能释放。例如，美国专利6447559和7879117描述了用于生产清洁煤燃料的方法，所述清洁煤燃料与原煤相比具有更高的每单位煤质量的热值。
然而，这些现有技术的方法并没有被设计成消除所有挥发物质。小部分的挥发物仍被保留以确保经处理的产物在燃煤锅炉中可以稳定燃烧。
与烟煤相比，无烟煤较为缺乏且燃烧成本更高。迄今为止，没有人开发采用无烟煤作为燃料的方法，更不用说作为清洁燃料。无烟煤为高级品种的煤，其特点是具有低的挥发物含量和低的水分。其性能使其非常适用于制造焦炭和钢。由于其独特性能、相对缺乏和其他几个因素，无烟煤目前的价格很高，为其他煤的价格的好几倍。因此，尽管无烟煤的排放比烟煤或通常称为褐煤或蒸汽煤的排放干净很多，但是现在或在可预见的未来的任何时候无烟煤不太可能用作工业锅炉的燃料。
因此改良低品级的煤并赋予它们高级无烟煤的一些基本特征的能力，以及燃烧稳定性问题的解决方案并未得到解决。本发明寻求解决这种需求。
发明内容
一方面，本发明提供了从任何类型的褐煤或蒸汽煤(包括褐煤)生产经处理的煤的方法，所述经处理的煤的化学性质与无烟煤的化学性质类似。通过本发明的方法生产所得的经处理的煤(在文中有时称为Pristine-SA(SA代表合成的无烟煤))主要由碳和氢组成(consistingessentiallyof)，且与燃烧天然气一样干净。
另一方面，本发明提供了主要由碳和氢组成的经处理的煤，其中水分和挥发物质已被除去，得到的是不合不需要的污染物的燃料产品。
再一方面，本发明提供了结合本发明的经处理的煤(Pristine-SA)与生物质的压缩产物，例如型煤。将Pristine-SA末煤(fines)与烘焙生物质(其中所述烘焙生物质在与Pristine-SA相同但并联操作的反应器中生产)压缩成可以直接进料到烟煤锅炉中的固体燃料。仔细调节生物质和Pristine-SA的比例，以提供优化燃烧和火焰稳定性，并将锅炉结渣降到最低。在一些情况下，可能需要少量的易燃气体补充流以保持燃烧。
又一方面，本发明提供了燃烧本发明的经处理的煤与易燃气体的方法，所述方法包括以足以保持在构造成燃烧烟煤的现有工业锅炉中稳定燃烧的量，与所述经处理的煤并排(alongside)引入易燃气体(例如天然气、填埋气或其他合适气体)的滑流。
发明详述
本发明的第一方面提供了用于处理原煤以使其不含内在水分和表面水分，随后除去挥发物质的方法。这在限定的温度下、在大气条件下通过分级加热来进行。如果将所述经处理的煤与补充燃料(例如天然可得的燃料)混合，所述方法还可产生可在构造成燃烧烟煤的锅炉中燃烧的产物，其中所述补充燃料可以通过提高两种燃料的氢：碳比率来使经处理的煤保持燃烧。
具有高的氢含量的补充燃料的例子包括填埋气和天然气，然而还可以使用纯氢气，只要其生产具有商业可行性。包含本发明的经处理的煤和补充燃料的共混燃料向大气中产生无毒排放和优选低碳排放。
由于烟煤锅炉通常并没有被装备成能够同时燃烧两种燃料，因此可能需要一些修改以使其能够同时燃烧两种燃料。这些修改包括例如双燃料入口、进料速率控制器和用于最大效率保持燃烧的燃料入口的优化定位。
在美国和美国国外存在许多的联合循环或多种燃料锅炉，其能够单独燃烧煤和天然气两者。本发明的经处理的煤非常适合与这些锅炉联合使用。因此本发明增加了烟煤和次烟煤两者的价值且还降低当燃烧这些煤时满足环境标准的成本，原因是减少了排放。
在过去，当天然气价格较高时，将煤与天然气共燃以改进燃烧不具有经济意义。现在，尽管从美国的页岩沉积物发现了天然气，预期天然气的价格仍将持续缓慢上升一段时间。这是因为天然气供应的增加已经提高了对天然气的需求，由于许多公共设施转换成燃气锅炉而使需求高于供应。
因此，非常期待的天然气价格下降可能是无法持续的，这减缓了燃煤锅炉向天然气燃烧锅炉的转换。如由公认的国内和国际能量研究协会所预期或预测的一样，在燃烧应用中将继续使用煤。对于这些燃烧应用，将本发明的经处理的煤脱挥发物成低挥发性清洁煤，可与补充燃料(例如天然气或生物气)共燃。相对于单独燃烧原煤、天然气或生物质，本发明的经处理的煤将成为环境优异和经济可行的替代物。
将本发明的经处理的煤(即具有接近零的挥发物的煤)与补充燃料(例如天然气)在燃煤锅炉中结合的概念是新的。本发明非常适用于能够单独或同时燃烧超过一种燃料的联合循环锅炉(combinedcycleboiler)或多种燃料锅炉(multi-fuelboiler)。虽然存在许多的联合循环锅炉或多种燃料锅炉，通常使用中，这些锅炉设计成只在一种燃料和另一种之间转换。
本发明与现有技术的从煤除去挥发物质(包括焦化方法)的方法不同，本发明的方法通过使用多级加热方法(通常两级加热方法)，以分解并除去作为气体的所有水分和煤成挥发物。加热过程采用900-2500°F范围的温度。这些温度高于那些从煤除去水分和挥发物的常规方法所采用的温度。在第一级中将温度提高到900-1500°F范围的值，而在第二级中将温度进一步提高到1500-2500°F的值。
分别将气相中的水分和挥发物分级冷却和浓缩成水和烃的液态副产物的独立流，同时保持原料煤的结构完整性以生产本发明的经处理的煤。来自所述方法的烃副产物由某些液体组成，所述液体的范围从煤焦油和其他重挥发物到甲烷、丁烷和轻质芳族类。所述液体的商业价值为本发明的重要补充，并使得这种方法其经济可行性显著改善。
煤经受分级温度条件的时间(保留时间)长于现有技术方法中的时间。因此，本发明的Pristine-SA方法需要15-45分钟的保留时间以除去煤中的所有挥发材料。通常，第一级的保留时间为约15-20分钟而第二级的保留时间为另外的20-25分钟。
从煤除去水分和挥发材料的现有技术的方法生产的目标产物也不同于根据本发明的方法生产的Pristine-SA产物。现有技术的方法生产可以保持其本身燃烧的固体清洁燃烧燃料，而本发明的生产Pristine-SA的方法生产结合易燃气体使用的清洁燃烧的固体燃料。这些气体包括得自精炼机和工业加工且浪费烧掉的低热值(Btu)气体和生物质。
本发明的另一个实施方案包括将Pristine-SA与例如烘焙生物质压缩以提供压缩的(型煤)产物，其中所述烘焙生物质为例如烘焙木头或经受烘焙并比木头能量更密集且基本上与煤一样能量密集的其他可再生的碳中和能量源(renewablecarbon-neutralenergysource)。虽然所述压缩产物可以保持其本身的燃烧，其不同于来自现有技术方法的产物的地方在于其降低了二氧化碳的排放，这归因于使用了具有零二氧化碳排放的生物质。在这一点上，应当注意到，因为这些生物质燃烧产生的二氧化碳排放被植物生长时所吸收的二氧化碳抵消，因此定义假定生物质燃烧产生零二氧化碳排放。
当处理包含大量水分的煤时，本发明的方法所生产的燃料所具有的热值(CV)高于未处理的煤中所具有的热值(CV)。CV的提高与煤中的水分含量的变化成正比。
除了其用作较清洁的燃烧燃料之外，本发明的经处理的煤(合成的无烟煤)将成为石油焦炭和用于各种工业的其他类似的原料(包括用于铝工业的活性炭和碳电极以及用于钢工业的碳添加剂)的具有经济吸引力的替代物。本发明的Pristine-SA经处理的煤的另一个用途为用作鼓风炉的喷煤(PCI)。在这方面，Pristine-SA可以充当优选的碳源以在生产熔融铁期间使铁矿石在鼓风炉中加速还原并降低焦炭的需求。
由于高成本、有限可用性和与保持燃烧相关的挑战性，无烟煤仅仅最小程度地用作工业锅炉中的燃料。本发明的经处理的煤主要为纯的碳和氢，并克服了上述缺点。因此，本发明产生无烟煤状的煤，其可仅以天然无烟煤成本的一部分的价格来销售，因此可经济可行地作为燃料。
本发明的一个重要方面集中于在工业锅炉中将补充燃料(例如天然气或其他易燃气体(例如生物气、填埋气、柴油等))的滑流与所述经处理的煤并排一起(alongside)并流引入。补充燃料(例如天然气)提供所需要的碳：氢燃料比，以使本发明的经处理的煤保持燃烧。本发明的经处理的煤和易燃气体的这种组合确保稳定燃烧，且与如果锅炉单独使用气体操作所需要的易燃气体的量相比，本发明所需要的易燃气体的量降低。
易燃气体还包括来自工业设施、油精炼机和化学制造成套设备的那些，其热值对于热/电生产的经济燃烧来说太低。因此，这些气体通常被烧掉，由此浪费其能量含量。这些易燃气体提供了所需要的氢含量以使本发明的经处理的煤保持燃烧。
这种方法不仅改进了低品级的煤的品质，而且其排放比燃烧未处理的烟煤和次烟蒸汽煤所产生的排放低得多且更清洁。另外，由于本发明的经处理的煤产生不需要的排放的材料含量接近于零，通过使用本发明的经处理的煤可以避免排放涤气。另外，所述方法的烃副产物是重要因素，其积极影响所述方法的经济可行性。从原料煤消除水分提高煤的CV，使所述燃料比未处理的煤更有效。
虽然本发明业已描述了有关目前被认为是最实用和最佳的实施方案，应当理解本发明不局限于所公开的实施方案，而相反地，本发明将覆盖包括在随附权利要求的精神和范围内的各种修改和等价方案。

Claims (8)

1.生产经处理的煤的方法，所述方法包括将煤加热以除去挥发物，并将产物干燥以生产主要由碳和氢组成的经处理的煤。
2.权利要求1的方法，其中所述方法采用分级加热方法来分解和捕获作为煤成气的挥发物。
3.权利要求1的方法，所述方法还包括以足以保持在构造成燃烧烟煤的现有技术的工业锅炉中稳定燃烧的量，与所述经处理的煤并排引入天然气的并流滑流，来使所述经处理的煤燃烧。
4.权利要求3的方法，其中将所述滑流与所述经处理的煤并流引入。
5.权利要求3的方法，其中所述燃烧在能够单独或同时燃烧两种燃料的联合循环锅炉或多种燃料锅炉中进行。
6.通过权利要求1的方法生产的经处理的煤。
7.主要由碳和氢组成的经处理的煤，其中水分和挥发物质已被除去，得到的是不含不需要的污染物的燃料产品。
8.压缩产物，所述压缩产物包含与烘焙生物质结合的权利要求6的经处理的煤。
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US20160115412A1 (en) 2016-04-28
ZA201508515B (en) 2020-05-27

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