CN105555189A - 在核磁共振成像系统中获得高质量光学图像的装置 - Google Patents

在核磁共振成像系统中获得高质量光学图像的装置 Download PDF

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CN105555189A
CN105555189A CN201480051101.XA CN201480051101A CN105555189A CN 105555189 A CN105555189 A CN 105555189A CN 201480051101 A CN201480051101 A CN 201480051101A CN 105555189 A CN105555189 A CN 105555189A
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R·巴马
M·阿克索耶
J·马克拉伦
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Leland Stanford Junior University
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Abstract

本发明提供一种运行于核磁共振成像系统的苛刻的电磁环境中的微型、低功的耗光学感测设备。该设备包括传输成像数据的方法,该数据由光学传感器从此苛刻电磁环境中无需电连接地获得。使用与苛刻环境兼容的小电池给设备供电是实用的。在其它实施例中,设备使用“电能传输光纤”供电,或通过“能量采集”直接从苛刻的电磁环境中提取电力。一个实施例为将该设备直接集成于核磁共振成像(MRI)头部线圈内,使用至该头部线圈的有线连接提供电能。这里改有线连接没有穿透MRI系统的法拉第笼或从该孔外通入该MRI系统孔。

Description

在核磁共振成像系统中获得高质量光学图像的装置
发明领域
本发明涉及医疗成像。具体地,本发明涉及在同时的核磁共振成像期间获得来自人或动物受试者的高质量光学数据的设备。
背景技术
核磁共振成像(MRI)在临床成像中是一个无价的工具。MRI使用强静态磁场(B0),强射频(RF)场(B1),和快速切换磁场梯度来产生空间编码的信号。由于这些磁场,在MRI过程中患者的检测可能是有挑战的,因为在这种环境下很难操作电子设备。所使用静态磁场通常在1.5T和7T之间,这排除了在放置于扫描孔内的任何电子设备中铁磁材料的使用。该RF场是电磁干扰源,梯度场是(导电材料)机械振动和涡电流的源。不仅任何电子监测设备不能在此环境中操作,电子设备也不能以任何方式影响MRI场,因为这会导致MR图片中的伪影。
尽管存在这些挑战,在MRI过程中光学地监控患者的头或身体也是有利的。一个主要的应用领域是运动修正(motioncorrection)。MRI对运动极为敏感。在典型的5-10分钟扫描中,仅仅几毫米的头部运动产生严重的图像伪影,通常致使图像无用。这个可影响对患者的结果和增加成本,如果扫描必须重做。一个有前景的运动修正方法涉及用光学相机系统测量受试者头部姿态(位置和方向)。使用视频信息来追踪安置于受试者头部的标记。头部运动数据然后被用于扫描仪的实时控制的使用。这涉及更新扫描仪的RF和阶梯场,来补偿头部的运动,因此来确保成像体和物体之间没有相对运动。这个技术非常强大,因为它可以适用于所有普通成像序列。
运动修正已经激发了若干近期在MRI患者检测方面的发展。一个存在的途径涉及在扫描仪外放置摄像机,离开最强的磁场(US8,121,361)。这有一个主要的缺陷,要求朝向附着于受试者上的追踪标记的畅通无阻的视线。另一个应用涉及在MRI扫描仪孔内部放置摄像机,直接附着于孔或安置在接收RF信号使用的头部线圈上(US2009/0209846和US2011/0201916)。这帮助达到清晰的视线,虽然头部线圈的一些部分仍然可以使一些使用光学标记的视野模糊。为了避开朝向光学标记的视野模糊的问题,可以使用自编码的标记,该标记允许确定标记的哪一部分被摄像机看到(US2012/0121124)。进一步,通过导线给装置提供电力的需要可导致对MRI过程的电磁干扰。最后,现有的应用要求照相机由扫描仪操作人员手动摆放和校准,有些情况下要在每一次扫描之前。这些问题已经是该技术作为常规灵床工具采用的阻碍,因为它们干扰工作流程。
除运动修正之外,在MRI过程中的受试者的高质量的视频信息有很多其它的用处。眼睛追踪通常使用于功能性核磁共振成像(fMRI)实验;患者皮肤温度可通过利用光学探测器的热灵敏度(如红外)的热映射来测量;生理信号,如心率和氧饱和度可以从皮肤的轻微颜色变化来测量;呼吸信号可以从光学运动数据来测量,而不需要使用气动呼吸带。因此提供有如下特征的光学成像系统将是本领域的进步:(a)确保朝向受试者的视线畅通无阻,(b)核磁共振完全兼容,和(c)设置和维护需要最小的用户交互。
发明内容
本申请提供在同时的核磁共振成像期间获得受试者的高质量视频数据的方法。本方法避免了早前提及的问题,即朝向受试者的较差的视线、对MRI扫描仪的干扰和过多的用户交互。
该装置包括一个或多个微型摄像机,该微型摄像机改装为与MR兼容,并且优选地嵌入MRI扫描仪的成像线圈内。这保证了畅通无阻地观察受试者或任何附着于受试者上的追踪标记。除此之外,操作者无需在使用前安装摄像机,因为它为MRI系统的组成部分。不同于现有的实现方式,该微型摄像机与外界没有电力连接,这提高了它对于强静态和切换磁场的稳健性,并确保它不电磁地干扰其环境。
在优选的实施例中,摄像机的控制和图像数据的传输都是通过使用数字信号来光学地实现的。为了允许实际操作,使用低功率机制来进行图像数据传输。在此实施例中,这通过使用低功率光链路来光学地实现。所使用的优选的缆线为“有源光缆”,这里没有光纤连接器,而是微型(最大尺寸<3mm)电连接器,附着于光缆的两端。在此实施例中,使用两根纤维,其中一根用作从MRI房间外部向摄像机传送控制信号,另一根用作接收图像数据。在一实施例中,两根纤维熔合在一起形成单根“缆线”,并且它们共享电连接器。这个实施例中,每个电连接器包括VCSEL(垂直腔面发射激光器)和低功率VCSEL驱动芯片来将电信号转化为光信号,还包括光电二极管和跨阻放大器以从光信号产生电压。在此实施例中,该纤维是聚合物光纤,但也可使用玻璃光纤。
在另一实施例中,与上述实施例紧密相关,使用“光学USB”缆线执行数据通信。典型地,光学USB缆线也包括铜线以便传输电能。在此实施例中,铜被移除,电能被独立地在缆线的每一端供应给电子组件。以类似的方式,可以使用光学或光学HDMI。
在另一实施例中,数据通信在高于MRI扫描仪所使用的频率的频率处被无线地执行,以避免对MR成像过程的干扰。这可以通过使用千兆位的Wi-Fi(IEEE802.11ac标准)或WiGig(IEEE802.11ad标准)做到,这可以以低功耗达到充足的数据速率来传输视频流。
低功率数据传输机制和摄像机芯片的使用确保了该单元(包括LED照明)所需的功率是在500mW以下。这使该设备不用铜电缆供电。在优选实施例中,该设备没有与外界的电力连接,因为该装置使用MR兼容电池来供电,如可充电锂聚合物电池,它可以不使用镍或其它铁磁材料制造。电池接触点由铜制成,其有诱人的MR兼容特性。每个电池非常小,以便其可装入该装置的RF屏蔽内。电池寿命可以是几小时或更大。
在一优选实施例中,电池被封装在一个铜-屏蔽(copper-shielded)的箱子内。该箱子滑动到主摄像机单元上,并且用双触点连接器形成电连接。以此方式,电池可以容易地移除以便于充电,并且新的电池可以安装在它的位置。这可以在不把摄像机移出它的位置的情况下完成(例如,在摄像机与MR头部线圈集成的情况下,不需要从MR头部线圈中移除摄像机)。
在另一实施例中,该装置使用“光纤上供能(poweroverfiber)”来供电,其中来自位于扫描仪房间外的激光二极管或LED的光被沿着光纤引导至该装置。然后通过使用光伏电池将光转换回电能。
在进一步的实施例中,该装置通过使用到扫描仪接收线圈的连接来供电。在此实施例中,从接收线圈电源汲取电流,来给光学成像设备供电,而对接收线圈的性能没有任何影响。为达到这点,纤维(包括无源电子元件)在某些情况下可能是需要的。
在进一步的实施例中,该装置通过“能量采集(powerharvesting)”方案来供电,其中磁阶梯场的切换可在拾取线圈(pickupcoil)中感应出电压来给该系统供电或通过时变RF场自身供电。
这些方法的进一步的优势是低功率元件有非常低的热耗散,这帮助设备保持恒定的温度。这防止了由设备加热导致的数据输出中的漂移。
附图说明
图1示出摄像机集成在MRI扫描仪和法拉第笼(Faradaycage)中的例子。
图2A示出示例性孔安置式摄像机的布置。
图2B示出示例性头部线圈安置式摄像机的布置。
图3示出无线连接到MRI系统的孔中的摄像机模块的例子。
图4示出优选的数据传输途径的示意图。
具体实施方式
图1示出基于上述原理的示例性装置。装置100包括法拉第笼110,它围着核磁共振成像仪120,在成像仪中放置人(或动物)130。人的头部或动物部分地被成像线圈140包围,成像线圈140包括一个或多个集成的摄像机141。和摄像机141唯一的数据通信是通过光纤150实现的,其通过波导111穿过法拉第笼到处理设备160。
为了更好理解本发明,考虑孔安置式摄像机的缺点是有帮助的。图2A示出了MRI扫描仪孔200,其利用所附的追踪标记211围绕着患者的头部210。正如示图可见,孔安置式摄像机201会受困于其视场202将被头部线圈220显著地阻挡的缺陷。
图2B示出类似地布置,不同之处是摄像机221安置于头部线圈220上(或优选地与之集成),这就为观察目标211提供了改善的视场222。该改善的视场为图2B的配置优于图2A配置的原因。优选地,追踪标记211上有位置自编码图案,如美国专利US2012/0121124描述的,特此通过引用将其整体并入。
图3示出一个示例的摄像机模块300,装在衬有导电屏蔽320的塑料外壳310里。该导电屏蔽320可以由铜箔和/或铜涂料制得。该模块优选地包括单个印刷电路板330,其包括摄像机336、透镜331、LED332(当需要时提供照明)和有源光缆连接器333,以便来往于摄像机的所有数据可以用一根或多根光纤334传输。整个单元可使用可充电MR兼容锂聚合物电池供电,这里所有通常镀镍的接触点用铜替换。
例如,板载电源350可以从电池340接收能量。或者,如上所述,板载电源350可以从其它源接收电力,只要没有有线连接到MRI系统的孔。板载电源350可以为从电路板外接收电力的任何物件。例如,连接器和可选地电压调节器可足以用作电源350,取决于采用的电压配置的细节。
电池也可以装在一个衬有导电屏蔽342的塑料外壳341里。来自电池的电力通过使用连接器343和局部线连接344,传输至摄像机单元。摄像机336通过控制器360控制,也没有有线连接至MRI系统孔里。在这个例子中,控制器360的输入通过光纤334提供。在此实施例中要注意的是,摄像机箱和电池的导电屏蔽(分别为320和342)完全隔离,没有电连接到地、MRI扫描仪、电池或PCB上的任何组件。这种配置具有突出的MR兼容性属性。
图4示出优选的数据传输系统400。两根塑料光纤410和420熔合在一起形成双向光缆。光纤之一410用作传输与摄像机控制相关的数据(例如曝光时间、图像矩阵、帧率等)。另一根光纤420用作将来自摄像机的图像信息传输至计算机。这些光纤是唯一的从MRI扫描仪房间里的摄像机屏蔽430和法拉第笼440出来的物理性连接。该设置的优势是没有电信号出现,这就产生和MRI系统优良的电磁兼容性。该双纤维光缆是“有源光缆”,意味着连接器450和460附着在光纤的每一端。优选地两个连接器都有小于3mm的长、宽和高。为将电信号转换成光信号,每个连接器包括VCSEL和低功率VCSEL驱动芯片。为将光信号转换成电信号,每个连接器包括光电二极管和跨阻放大器。在摄像机箱内的连接器450有电接点451,该电接点451和摄像机电子器件连接。在法拉第笼外部的连接器460具有电接点461,该电接点461和计算机连接(例如通过USB接口)。此通信系统允许计算机接收来自摄像机的图像数据,并且也允许摄像机设置如曝光时间和增益被计算机控制。
前面的示例描述了用于核磁共振成像(MRI)系统提供的电磁(EM)环境中的光学感测装置,其中该装置包括:
1)一个或多个EM兼容光学传感器(如336);
2)用于这些光学传感器的一个或多个电源(350),其中电力通过电力连接供应给这些电源,该电力连接没有进入MRI系统的孔中的有线连接。
3)用于这些光学传感器的一个或多个控制器(360),其中输入命令通过控制连接提供给控制器,该控制连接没有进入MRI系统的孔中的有线连接;和
4)一个或多个传感器输出单元(160),其中来自光学传感器的输出信号通过输出连接提供给传感器输出单元,该输出连接没有进入MRI系统的孔中的有线连接。这里的有线连接被定义为利用导电材料(如金属)来导电的任何连接。因此光纤不是有线连接,因为没有电的传导。换句话说,在通入MRI系统的孔中的电力、控制和/或输出连接中的任何点,这些连接是无线的(如光纤、无线链路等)。有线连接可用于布线完全在MRI系统的孔内的情况,如通过有线连接给本地电池,或通过有线连接给MRI头部线圈供电。有线连接也可用于摄像机系统部分内,其完全在MRI系统孔的外部。
光学感测装置优选地设置于MRI系统的头部线圈上或内。在这些情况中,电力连接优选地包括至头部线圈的有线连接。在追踪标记设置在被成像的受试者上的情况,该光学感测装置优选地拥有包括追踪标记部分或全部的视场。在互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)或电荷耦合器件(CCD)技术中,该一个或多个EM兼容光学传感器可以配置为探测器阵列。
该控制连接可以通过光纤或无线链路。类似地,该输出连接也可以通过光纤或无线链路。在使用光纤连接的情况下,可以使用包括一根或多根光纤的一个或多个双向光缆链路。此双向光缆链路可包括作为光源的垂直腔面发射激光器。
适合的电力连接包括,但不限于:至本地电池的有线连接、至MRI系统的有线连接、至MRI系统的头部线圈的有线连接、光纤、无线链路和从EM环境的能量采集。在所有这些情况下,没有从MRI系统孔外部进入MRI系统孔的有线连接,从而保持了上述MR的兼容性。
在操作中,可以用上述装置在MR成像期间,光学地观察受试者。例如,脉搏监测、呼吸监测、追踪眼球运动、监测瞳孔尺寸和监测皮肤温度是一些应用。也可以做识别被成像的受试者的运动,和基于所识别的运动的操作仪器。
特别重要的应用是基于光学传感器的输出信号,执行运动追踪和运动修正,以减轻运动诱发的伪影。此种运动追踪可以包括如下任何或全部方法:使用标记来运动追踪,使用受试者的自然特征来运动追踪,和向受试者投射光的图案来运动追踪。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于核磁共振成像(MRI)系统所提供的电磁(EM)环境中的光学感测装置,该装置包括:
一个或多个EM兼容光学传感器;
用于所述光学传感器的一个或多个电源,其中电力通过电力连接供应给所述电源,所述电力连接没有进入MRI系统的孔中的有线连接;
用于所述光学传感器的一个或多个控制器,其中输入命令通过控制连接提供给所述控制器,所述控制连接没有进入MRI系统的孔中的有线连接;和
一个或多个传感器输出单元,其中来自所述光学传感器的输出信号通过输出连接提供给所述传感器输出单元,所述输出连接没有进入MRI系统的孔中的有线连接。
2.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述光学感测装置设置于MRI系统的头部线圈上或内,其中所述电力连接包括至头部线圈的有线连接。
3.如权利要求2所述的装置,进一步包括设置在被成像的受试者上的追踪标记,其中所述光学感测装置具有包括追踪标记的部分或全部的视场。
4.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中在互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)或电荷耦合器件(CCD)技术中所述一个或多个EM兼容光学传感器配置为探测器阵列。
5.如权利要求1所述的装置,还包括照明源。
6.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述控制连接是从包括以下各项的组中选取的:光纤和无线链路。
7.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述输出连接是从包括以下各项的组中选取的:光纤和无线链路。
8.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述控制连接和所述输出连接由包括一根或多根光纤的一个或多个双向光纤链路提供。
9.如权利要求8所述的装置,其中所述双向光纤链路包括作为光源的垂直腔面发射激光器。
10.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述电力连接是从包括以下各项的组中选取的:至本地电池的有线连接、至法拉第笼内的MRI系统的一部分的有线连接、至MRI系统的头部线圈的有线连接、光纤、无线链路和来自EM环境的能量采集。
11.一种核磁共振成像(MRI)的方法,包括:
i)提供一种用于MRI系统所提供的电磁(EM)环境中的光学感测装置,所述装置包括:
一个或多个EM兼容光学传感器;
用于所述光学传感器的一个或多个电源,其中电力通过电力连接供应给所述电源,所述电力连接没有进入MRI系统的孔中的有线连接;
用于所述光学传感器的一个或多个控制器,其中输入命令通过控制连接提供给所述控制器,所述控制连接没有进入MRI系统的孔中的有线连接;和
一个或多个传感器输出单元,其中来自所述光学传感器的输出信号通过输出连接提供给所述传感器输出单元,所述输出连接没有进入MRI系统的孔中的有线连接;和
ii)使用所述光学感测设备在MRI期间光学地观察受试者。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中观察正在被成像的受试者包括从以下各项的组中选取的一个或多个方法:脉搏监测、呼吸监测、追踪眼球运动、监测瞳孔尺寸和监测皮肤温度。
13.如权利要求11所述的方法,进一步包括:识别正在被成像的受试者的运动;和基于所识别的运动操作仪器。
14.如权利要求11所述的方法,进一步包括:基于来自光学传感器的输出信号,执行运动追踪和运动修正,以减轻运动诱发的伪影。
15.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述运动跟踪包括从以下各项的组中选取的一个或多个方法:使用标记来运动追踪,使用受试者的自然特征来运动追踪,和向受试者投射光的图案来运动追踪。
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