CN105407914A - T淋巴细胞中类肝素酶的表达 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明的实施方式涉及癌症细胞疗法的改进。在特定实施方式中,离体增殖的T细胞缺乏内源性类肝素酶表达,并且这一影响的缓解能改善包括实体瘤在内的癌症细胞疗法。在具体实施方式中,离体增殖的T细胞包含重组类肝素酶表达。
Description
本发明要求2013年3月5日提交的美国临时专利申请系列第61/772,591号的优先权,其通过引用全文纳入本文。
关于联邦资助的研究或开发的声明
本发明在NCI/NIH资助的R01CA142636-01以及国防部资助的PR093892和W81XWH-10-10425下由政府支持完成。政府对本发明拥有某些权利。
技术领域
本发明的实施方式至少涉及细胞治疗、免疫治疗、分子生物学、细胞生物学和医学,包括癌症医学的领域。
背景技术
基于T细胞疗法对癌症患者的临床功效已经由旨在通过嵌合抗原受体(CAR)或异位α-和β-TCR链的表达重新定向其抗原特异性的遗传修饰而显著增加(Pule等,2008;Kalos等,2011;Morgan等,2006)。虽然这些肿瘤导向性的T细胞已经成为淋巴肿瘤的高效治疗手段,甚至是在有显著肿瘤负担的患者中也是如此(Kalos等,2011;Rooney等,1995),但是它们的效果在实体瘤如神经母细胞瘤(NB)(Pule等,2008)中一般较不显著,尤其是当患者有较大的肿瘤负担时。这一限制可能部分是由于活性肿瘤免疫逃逸策略(Zou,2005),但是由于培养过程本身带来的功能变化可能降低了离体培养的T细胞的肿瘤渗透。
CAR-工程改造的T细胞疗法大多数是效应T细胞和效应记忆T细胞,除了它们的强力的效应功能以外(Pule等,2008;Kalos等,2011;Savoldo等,2011),这些细胞需要保留在肿瘤位点处通行并聚集的能力。这类性质包括复杂的一系列相互作用,包括T细胞粘附于内皮细胞和趋化因子-趋化因子受体相互作用,其随后调节T细胞侵入抗原富集组织(Muller,2003;Parish,2006;Yadac等,2003)。在这一过程中,T淋巴细胞在生理上降解皮下基底膜(BM)和胞外基质(ECM)的主要组分,包括硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖(HSPG),其与广泛种类的细胞的膜相关联(Berfield等,1999)。对于实体瘤的有效治疗而言,也需要T细胞降解HSPG的这一过程,由于ECM是肿瘤微环境的关键组分。
ECM降解的基础是T细胞释放降解酶,其中类肝素酶(HPSE)似乎是最为重要的酶之一。HPSE是仅有的已知能够切割HSPG的硫酸乙酰肝素(HS)链的哺乳动物β-D-内切糖苷酶(Parish,2006;deMestre等,2007;Vlodavsky等,2007;Yurchenco和Schittny,1990)。HPSE首先合成为约65kDa的无活性前体蛋白,然后被切割成约8kDa和约50kDa的两个蛋白亚基,其异二聚化形成活性HPSE蛋白(Vlodavsky等,2007)。HPSE也对炎症有主要贡献,并且似乎由激活的CD4+T淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、单核细胞和B淋巴细胞大量产生(Fridman等,1987;Naparstek等,1984;Vlodavsky等,1992)。与在T淋巴细胞促进组织渗透中的这一作用相一致,HSPE在实验性自体免疫脑脊髓炎(deMestre等,2007)和关节炎(Parish,2006)中起到关键作用。
虽然HPSE已经显示涉及炎症,其对肿瘤位点处介导T-细胞渗透的贡献仍然未明。在过继转移之前的T细胞操作会对该酶的产生有什么影响也是未知的。本发明满足了本领域中对增强治疗性细胞,如离体扩增的细胞对癌症如实体瘤有效的能力的需求。
概述
本发明涉及与细胞疗法相关的方法和组合物。在具体的实施方式中,细胞疗法用于对细胞疗法有需求的个体,如哺乳动物,包括人。细胞疗法可适用于任何医学条件,虽然在具体实施方式中,该细胞疗法是用于癌症。癌症可以是任意类型,虽然在具体实施方式中,癌症包括个体中的一种或多种实体瘤;该实体瘤可以是两性的或恶性的。个体可以是任意年龄或性别。在具体实施方式中,个体已知患有癌症、处于患有癌症的风险中、或者易于患有癌症。癌症可以是原发性癌症或转移性癌症,并且癌症可能难以治疗。在具体实施方式中,癌症涉及实体瘤的治疗,例如,乳腺癌、肺癌、脑癌、结肠癌、肾癌、前列腺癌、胰腺癌、甲状腺癌、骨癌、宫颈癌、脾癌、肛门癌、食道癌、头颈癌、胃癌、胆囊癌、黑色素瘤、非小细胞肺癌、淋巴瘤、骨髓瘤等。在替代性实施方式中,本发明涉及非实体瘤的治疗,如白血病。
本发明的具体实施方式提供了对免疫疗法的改善,包括对细胞疗法的改善。在具体实施方式中,本发明提供了对基于过继T细胞疗法的改善。在具体的方面中,本发明提供了对采用离体增殖的细胞的疗法的改善,如离体增殖的T细胞。在某些方面中,采用离体增殖的细胞用于患有癌症的个体的细胞疗法。在具体方面中,修饰改善的离体增殖的细胞以使细胞比如果未经修饰的细胞更有效。修饰的细胞可能由于多种原因而更为有效,虽然在具体实施方式中,修饰的细胞能够透过胞外基质(ECM),并且也显示出通过ECM的改善迁移。在某些方面中,修饰的细胞能够(或者能够更有效地)降解硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖(ECM和细胞表面的主要组分)。在某些方面中,修饰的细胞能够(或者能够更有效地)透过皮下基底膜。在本发明的实施方式中,修饰的细胞比其未修饰的对应物有更大的抗肿瘤效果。在替代性实施方式中,离体增殖的细胞在类肝素酶表达中有缺陷,而类肝素酶表达的补充使得细胞有改善的抗肿瘤活性,虽然这种改善可能间接涉及或不涉及ECM的渗透。
在一个方面中,本文提供了包含未修饰形式的免疫细胞的组合物,其缺少类肝素酶表达,但是已经修饰以表达可检测水平的类肝素酶。在具体方面中,免疫细胞已经离体加工并丢失了类肝素酶的内源性表达,但通过重组技术修饰以表达类肝素酶,例如,将类肝素酶表达至比在这种遗传工程改造之前的类肝素酶细胞表达更大的程度。因此,在一个方面中,本文提供了已经遗传工程改造表达类肝素酶或其活性片段的免疫细胞。
本发明的实施方式提供了表达类肝素酶并且有效针对实体瘤的修饰的T细胞,所述实体瘤包括具有丰富间质的实体瘤。在具体实施方式中,修饰的T细胞降解肿瘤间质的ECM。在具体方面中,例如,与不表达类肝素酶或表达较低水平的类肝素酶的T细胞相比,表达类肝素酶的修饰的T细胞具有改善的T-细胞外渗和肿瘤渗透的能力。
在本发明的实施方式中,存在包含类肝素酶的重组表达的离体培养细胞,其中在细胞中没有内源性类肝素酶的表达,或者其中现有的类肝素酶表达随类肝素酶的重组表达而过表达。在具体方面中,细胞可能由于任何原因而缺少类肝素酶,虽然,在某些方面中,细胞由于某种因子与类肝素酶基因启动子的结合而具有下调的类肝素酶,在某些实施方式中,该因子是p53。在具体实施方式中,该细胞是T-细胞、NK-细胞或NKT-细胞。该细胞可以是离体增殖的T-细胞。该细胞可以是肿瘤抗原特异性T细胞。在某些实施方式中,免疫细胞,例如,T-细胞,包含将免疫细胞靶向表达特定抗原(例如,肿瘤相关抗原(TAA)或肿瘤特异性抗原(TSA))的目标细胞并引导免疫细胞杀死目标细胞的多肽。在具体实施方式中,该多肽是嵌合抗原受体或修饰的T细胞受体。在另一个具体实施方式中,免疫细胞是包含嵌合抗原受体(CAR)的T细胞,即CAR-T细胞。
本发明的实施方式提供了包含通过重组技术操作表达类肝素酶的细胞的药物组合物,其中该细胞不会表达类肝素酶,若非重组技术操作。该药物组合物可包含免疫细胞,该细胞在操作之后直接或间接导致类肝素酶的损失,并且然后修饰该细胞以表达类肝素酶。药物组合物可包含细胞的运载体组合物,至少包括水性运载体。
在本发明的实施方式中,存在改善细胞疗法功效的方法,该方法包括修饰用于疗法的细胞以重组表达类肝素酶的步骤。在具体实施方式中,该细胞缺少内源性类肝素酶表达,而修饰步骤恢复了类肝素酶表达。在某些实施方式中,该细胞具有类肝素酶表达并且类肝素酶是过表达的。该细胞可以是肿瘤抗原特异性T细胞。该细胞可以是CAR-特异性T细胞。细胞可包含工程改造的T细胞受体或旨在改善T细胞的通行或存活的其它修饰,如趋化因子受体或细胞因子。
在细胞中表达CAR或工程改造的T细胞受体的情况中,细胞可包含编码相应CAR或工程改造的T细胞受体的多核苷酸(如表达载体)。细胞中的载体可包含编码类肝素酶、CAR、工程改造的T细胞受体或其组合的表达构建体。单个载体可包含编码类肝素酶、CAR、工程改造的T细胞受体或其组合的表达构建体,或者多个载体可包含编码类肝素酶、CAR、工程改造的T细胞受体或其组合的表达构建体。在表达构建体编码类肝素酶、CAR和工程改造的T细胞受体中的两种或更多种的情况中,可通过相同或不同的调节元件来指导其表达调节。在特定实施方式中,类肝素酶、CAR和/或工程改造的T细胞受体表达成单个多顺反子多肽,其中通过可切割的肽来分离单个多肽,例如,2A肽。表达载体的示例性实施例包括,但不限于,质粒或病毒载体。在具体实施方式中,细胞疗法是针对癌症的,并且细胞疗法可针对实体瘤。
在具体的实施方式中,提供了一种治疗癌症(包括实体瘤)的方法,该方法包括向个体递送治疗上有效治疗所述癌症(例如,延缓所述癌症的生长、降低所述癌症中肿瘤细胞的数量、降低肿瘤负荷或消除所述癌症)的治疗性细胞的量的步骤,其中细胞是重组表达类肝素酶的离体培养的细胞。在具体实施方式中,该细胞:1)缺少内源性类肝素酶表达;或2)具有内源性类肝素酶表达并且重组表达的类肝素酶是过表达的。在一些情况中,内源性类肝素酶经工程改造以增加其表达或者向该细胞中加入外源性类肝素酶。在某些实施方式中,该细胞可以是肿瘤抗原特异性T细胞。该细胞可以是CAR-特异性T细胞或者可包含工程改造的T细胞受体。在具体实施方式中,细胞疗法是针对癌症的,并且细胞疗法可针对实体瘤。
如本文所述,研究了由过继转移的导向肿瘤的T细胞产生类肝素酶,并且这些细胞治疗实体瘤的有限功效是否由于其受损的降解肿瘤ECM中HSPG的能力,这进而限制了它们成功到达肿瘤微环境内的肿瘤细胞的能力。因此,在本发明的某些实施方式中,肿瘤特异性T细胞中恢复的类肝素酶缺陷型表达增强了它们的抗肿瘤效果,例如,在实体瘤中,如可在合适的模型中所示,包括神经母细胞瘤模型。
在一个实施方式中,存在一种组合物,其包含重组表达类肝素酶的离体培养的免疫细胞。在具体实施方式中,细胞缺少内源性类肝素酶的表达。在具体实施方式中,细胞还内源性表达类肝素酶。在某些实施方式中,与一个或多个参照细胞中的水平相比,内源性类肝素酶的表达上调。在具体实施方式中,该细胞是T-细胞、NK-细胞或NKT-细胞。在具体方面中,该细胞是离体增殖的T-细胞。在某些实施方式中,该细胞是肿瘤抗原特异性T细胞。在一个实施方式中,该细胞包含嵌合抗原受体(CAR),包括包含编码CAR的多核苷酸的细胞。在一个实施方式中,编码CAR的多核苷酸包含表达载体。在一些情况中,表达载体包含编码CAR的多核苷酸,并且还包含编码类肝素酶的多核苷酸。在具体实施方式中,该细胞包含工程改造的T细胞受体。在一些情况中,该细胞包含编码工程改造的T细胞受体的多核苷酸。在特定方面中,编码工程改造的T细胞受体的多核苷酸包括表达载体。在某些实施方式中,表达载体编码工程改造的T细胞受体和/或编码类肝素酶。
在一个实施方式中,提供治疗个体中癌症的方法,包括向该个体递送治疗有效量的本发明的组合物的步骤。在具体实施方式中,癌症包含含有硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖(HSPG)的胞外基质。在一些实施方式中,癌症包括实体瘤,并且该肿瘤可能是或者可能不是恶性的。该实体瘤可能是肉瘤、癌或淋巴瘤。该细胞对于个体可能是同种异体的,或者对于个体是自体同源的。该细胞可以是T细胞。在一些情况中,该细胞包含CAR并且可包含编码CAR的多核苷酸。在一些实施方式中,该细胞包含工程改造的T细胞受体,并且该细胞可包含编码T细胞受体的多核苷酸。在具体实施方式中,治疗癌症的方法还包括向个体递送一种或多种其他癌症治疗的步骤,如化疗、放疗、手术、激素疗法和/或免疫疗法。
在一个实施方式中,存在一种改善免疫细胞疗法功效的方法,该方法包括修饰免疫细胞以重组表达类肝素酶的步骤。在具体实施方式中,该细胞缺少内源性类肝素酶表达,而修饰步骤恢复了细胞中的类肝素酶表达。在一些实施方式中,细胞还内源性表达类肝素酶。在一些实施方式中,该细胞是肿瘤抗原特异性T细胞。在某些实施方式中,改善免疫细胞疗法功效的方法还包括向有此需要的个体递送细胞的步骤。在一些情况中,个体中的癌症包含包含硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖(HSPG)的胞外基质。在一些实施方式中,个体患有实体瘤。在具体实施方式中,该细胞是T细胞。在具体实施方式中,该细胞包含CAR并且可包含编码CAR的多核苷酸。在一些实施方式中,该细胞包含工程改造的T细胞受体,并且该细胞可包含编码T细胞受体的多核苷酸。在具体实施方式中,修饰步骤包括向免疫细胞递送编码类肝素酶或类肝素酶催化结构域的多核苷酸。在某些实施方式中,修饰步骤还包括向免疫细胞递送编码CAR的多核苷酸。在某些实施方式中,编码类肝素酶或类肝素酶催化结构域的多核苷酸也编码CAR。具体实施方式包括方法,其中修饰步骤还包括向免疫细胞递送编码工程改造的T细胞受体的多核苷酸。在一些实施方式中,编码类肝素酶或类肝素酶催化结构域的多核苷酸也编码工程改造的T细胞受体。
本发明的一个实施方式包括包含本发明的任意组合物的试剂盒,包括细胞、载体、核苷酸,并且在一些方面中,该试剂盒还包含一种或多种其他癌症治疗,如化疗、激素疗法和/或免疫疗法。
前述内容相当宽泛地描述了本发明内容的特征和技术优点,使得能够更好地理解以下的详细说明。以下描述的本发明的其他特征和优点构成本发明要求保护的主题。本领域的技术人员应理解,所揭示的观念和具体实施方式可以方便地被用作改进或设计实现本发明的同样目的的其他结构的基础。本领域的技术人员还应认识到这种等价结构没有偏离所附权利要求书中提出的本发明的精神和范围。被认为是本发明的特征的新特征,对于其构建和方法的操作,还有其他对象和优点等,可以结合以下详细的说明和附图一起,得到更好的理解。但应理解,各附图仅仅是为了示意和说明,并不旨在对本发明进行限定。
附图简要说明
为了更完整地理解本发明,下面结合附图提供以下说明,其中:
图1A-1E证明离体增殖的T细胞显示由于缺少HPSE而降低的ECM侵入。组图A单核细胞(CD14+细胞,黑色柱)、新鲜分离的T淋巴细胞(FT)(白色柱)、简单激活的T细胞(BA-T)(灰色柱)和离体增殖的T细胞(LTE-T)(条形柱)的ECM侵入试验。数据总结了5次独立实验的平均值±标准偏差(SD)。组图B显示不同时间点上单核细胞、FT、BA-T以及LTE-TCD4+和CD8+中的HPSE表达的Western印迹。使用β-肌动蛋白染色来确保样品的等量加载。数据来自4个供体。在第14天使用OKT3/CD28抗体再激活LTE-T,然后在第15天分析。分别使用野生型或人HPSE转染的293T细胞作为阴性和阳性对照。组图C对MCF-7、单核细胞、FT和LTE-T中HPSE的代表性免疫荧光染色。细胞核用DAPI染色并显示为蓝色,而HPSE用红色荧光染料(AlexaFluor555)染色。放大倍数为20倍。组图DFT、BA-T和LTE-TCD4+(黑色柱)及CD8+(白色柱)中HPSE的定量RT-PCR。相对于单核细胞计算基因表达的倍数变化。数据总结了4次独立实验的平均值±SD。在培养的第14天使用OKT3/CD28抗体再激活T细胞并然后在第15天分析。组图E评价从FT、BA-T及LTE-TCD4+(圆圈)和CD8+(方块)收集的上清中的HPSE酶活性。在培养的第4天和第14天,在新鲜基质中收集、洗涤并重悬LTE-T。在第14天,使用OKT3/CD28抗体再激活LTE-T,并在第15天分析。对于起始时间点(T=0)值,使用在基质中静息48-72小时的未激活T细胞。使用已知释放HPSE的肿瘤细胞系CHLA-255、A549和DU-145作为阳性对照来估计试验灵敏度。也使用从4个不同的供体中收集的CD14+细胞的单核裂解物作为阳性对照。
图2A-2E-经修饰表达HPSE的LTE-T重新获得降解ECM的能力。用编码HPSE和GFP[HPSE(I)GFP]的逆转录载体来转导LTE-T。组图A在培养第21天时CD4+和CD8+LTE-T的GFP表达。组图B对照LTE-T、HPSE(I)GFP+LTE-T、人MSC(阴性对照)、LAN-1、CHLA-255和A549肿瘤细胞系(阳性对照)中HPSE的qRT-PCR。数据总结了3个供体的平均值和SD。组图C显示培养第21天时对照和转导的LTE-T中HPSE表达的WB。使用β-肌动蛋白染色来确保样品的等量加载。组图D在有或没有基于GFP表达的选择下,对照和HPSE(I)GFP+LTE-T的ECM侵入试验。数据总结了9个供体的平均值±SD。组图E在存在或不存在抑制剂肝素H1的情况下,HPSE-转导的LTE-T的ECM侵入试验。数据总结了4次实验的平均值±SD。
图3A-3G-由LTE-T共表达的HPSE和GD2-特异性CAR保留抗-GD2特异性并且具有增强的降解ECM的能力。用单独编码GD2-特异性CAR(CAR)或同时编码GD2-特异性CAR和HPSE[CAR(I)HPSE]的逆转录载体来转导LTE-T。组图A检测对照和转导的LTE-T的CAR表达的流式细胞术分析。组图B检测对照和转导的LTE-T中HPSE的WB。β-肌动蛋白染色证明样品的等量加载。组图C由20∶1的效应∶目标比例下的51Cr-释放试验评价对照、CAR+和CAR+HPSE+LTE-T的细胞毒性。使用LAN-1和CHLA-255(GD2+)以及拉吉(Raji)(GD2)作为目标细胞。组图D转导的LTE-T响应GD2+肿瘤细胞同时释放IL-2和IFNγ。组图E对照、CAR+和CAR+HPSE+LTE-T的ECM侵入。组图C-E中的总数据总结了4-5个供体的平均值±SD。组图F-G在ECM试验或插入物试验的上部中接种对照和转导的LTE-T,而在较低腔室中接种LAN-1/GFP+细胞。在培养第3天后,收集较低腔室中的细胞以通过流式细胞术对CD3+T细胞和GFP+肿瘤细胞进行定量。组图F显示了代表性的点图,而组图G总结了5个供体的平均值±SD。
图4A-4D显示在ECM存在下,共表达HPSE和GD2-CAR的T细胞有增强的抗肿瘤活性。用编码CAR或CAR(I)HPSE的逆转录载体转导的对照和LTE-T接种在ECM试验的上部并评价其消除在侵入试验的较低腔室中接种的LAN1/GFP+或CHLA-225/GFP+细胞的能力。以15∶1的比例接种T细胞和肿瘤细胞。在24小时后,去除插入物和腔室,并且在培养第3天时收集侵入的细胞并用抗-CD3抗体染色以鉴定T细胞;肿瘤细胞的GFP-表达允许在治疗/侵入后通过流式细胞术来对这些细胞进行计数以评价抗肿瘤活性。仅含插入物的试验(黑色柱)用于评价在没有ECM的情况下转导的T-细胞的抗肿瘤效果。组图A和B分别显示了在LAN1和CHLA-225存在下培养时流式细胞术分析的代表性点图。组图C和D总结了5次独立实验的平均值±SE。
图5A-5D-CAR-GD2+HPSE+LTE-T显示增强的体内肿瘤渗透和两个异种移植神经母细胞瘤小鼠模型中改善的总体存活。组图A用肿瘤细胞系CHLA-255移植并用对照、CAR+和CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T处理的小鼠的卡普兰-迈耶分析。组图B在肿瘤样品内检测到的CD3+T细胞的流式细胞术分析。点图代表每组3只小鼠。组图C用肿瘤细胞系LAN-1移植并用对照、CAR+和CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T处理的小鼠的卡普兰-迈耶分析。组图D从处死的小鼠收集的肿瘤的重量。
图6A-6CHPSE的再表达不影响体内LTE-T生物分布。用编码GFP.FFluc的载体标记CAR(I)HPSE+和CAR+LTE-T并然后在NOG-SCID小鼠中通过尾部注射注入。通过在LTE-T注入后的所示时间点处的体内成像来评价T-细胞生物再分布(组图A)。在LTE-T注入后第12天或第19天从注入的小鼠中收集组织并用苏木精和曙红(组图B)和抗-CD3抗体(组图C)染色。20X放大。使用人扁桃体切片作为CD3染色的阳性对照。
图7A-7B显示了从PBMC分离并经刺激的T-细胞亚组。
图8A-8B-用于转导激活的T淋巴细胞的逆转录载体的示意图显示用于类肝素酶表达和相关对照的示例性构建体。
图9A-9D-p53在LTE-T中上调并结合HPSE启动子。组图A在培养的不同时间点上CD4+和CD8+T细胞中HPSE和p53的qRT-PCR。相对于T=0计算基因表达的倍数变化。数据总结了3次独立实验的平均值±SD。组图B显示CD3+FI-T、BA-T和LTE-T中HPSE和p53表达的WB。使用β-肌动蛋白染色来确保样品的等量加载。组图C-D在第14天时培养的LTE-T中的p53ChIP(C),和在TCR交联之前(T=0)和之后(T=72小时)的CD45RA+细胞中的p53ChIP(D)。输入物是超声处理但未免疫沉淀的DNA;IgG和p53是分别被异种型和p53-特异性抗体免疫沉淀的DNA。比较IgG和p53的PCR条带强度与输入物PCR条带强度来进行相对定量。对于该代表性样品,相对定量为:对于LTE-T,gG20%和p5390%(C);对于CD45RA+细胞,在T=0时,IgG2%和p534%并且在T=72小时,IgG53%和p53100%(D)。
图10A-10D-在植入肾中NB细胞的小鼠中CAR-GD2+HPSE+LTE-T的增强的肿瘤渗透。组图A,B免疫组化显示在注入CAR+或CAR-GD2+HPSE+LTE-T的小鼠肾中植入的肿瘤中CD3+T细胞的渗透。10倍放大(A)和20倍放大(B)。组图C显示在从用CAR+或CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T处理的小鼠收集的肿瘤中每10个高倍视野中渗透CD3+T细胞数量的散点图。图D注入CAR+或CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T的荷瘤小鼠的卡普兰-迈耶分析。
图11-显示在用OKT3/CD28抗体激活后不同时间点时中枢记忆CD45RO+/CD62L+(CM)和效应记忆CD45RO+/CD62L-(EM)中HPSE表达的Western印迹。使用β-肌动蛋白染色来确保样品的等量加载。数据来自可同时检测到无活性和有活性HPSE形式的代表性供体。
图12A-12B-在GD2-特异性CAR-修饰的LTE-T中HPSE的共表达在ECM存在下增强了抗肿瘤活性。组图A-B在ECM试验或插入物试验的上部中接种对照和转导的LTE-T,而在较低腔室中接种CHLA255/GFP+细胞。在培养第3天后,收集较低腔室中的细胞以通过流式细胞术对CD3+T细胞和GFP+肿瘤细胞进行定量。组图A显示了CHLA255GFP+肿瘤细胞的试验的代表性点图,而组图B总结了5个供体的平均SD。
图13-该图提供了表格,其总结了在ChIP分析中使用的一组引物以评价p53与HPSE启动子的结合。也显示了引物相对于启动子起点的位置。对于57-277,正向引物包含SEQIDNO:1并且反向引物包含SEQIDNO:2。对于970-1167,正向引物包含SEQIDNO:3并且反向引物包含SEQIDNO:4。对于1815-2030,正向引物包含SEQIDNO:5并且反向引物包含SEQIDNO:6。对于2409-2687,正向引物包含SEQIDNO:7并且反向引物包含SEQIDNO:8。对于2975-3274,正向引物包含SEQIDNO:9并且反向引物包含SEQIDNO:10。
发明详述
与长期存在的专利法惯例一致,本说明书(包括权利要求)中使用的单词“一种”和“一个”与单词包括一致,表示“一种或多种”。本发明的一些实施方式可能由一个或多个本发明的元素、方法步骤和/或方法组成或基本由其组成。考虑到本文所述的任意方法或组合物可相对于本文所述的任意其他方法或组合物实施。
如本文所用,术语“约”或“大约”是指量、水平、值、数量、频率、百分比、维度、尺寸、用量、重量或长度相对于参考的量、水平、值、数量、频率、百分比、维度、尺寸、用量、重量或长度偏差达到30%、25%、20%、25%、10%、9%、8%、7%、6%、5%、4%、3%、2%或1%。在具体实施方式中,当在数值范围前时,术语“约”或“大约”表示上下15%、10%、5%或1%的范围。
整篇说明书中,除非上下文需要另外说明,术语“包括”、“包含”和“含有”应理解为指示包括所述步骤或元素或者步骤或元素组而不排除任何其他步骤或元素或者步骤或元素组。“由……组成”指包括但限于词组“由……组成”中的列举。因此,词组“由……组成”指所列元素是必须的或强制的,并且没有其他元素出现。“基本由……组成”指在词组中所列举的任何元素,但是限于其他不干扰或有助于本文特定列举元素的活性或作用的元素。因此,词组“基本由……组成”指所列举元素是必须的或强制的,但是其他元素是可选的,并且可以出现或可以不出现,取决于它们是否影响所列举元素的活性或作用。
说明书中提及“一个实施方式”、“实施方式”、“具体实施方式”、“相关实施方式”、“某个实施方式”、“另外的实施方式”或“其他实施方式”或其组合表示与实施方式一起描述的特定特征、结构或特点包含于本发明的至少一个实施方式中。因此,在本说明书各位置中出现的前述术语不必全部指代相同的实施方式。而且,具体的特征、结构、或性质可以任何合适的方式组合在一个或多个实施方式中。
本发明的实施方式解决了当前对于过继细胞,尤其是对于不能够有效渗透肿瘤的细胞的转移的限制。例如,过继转化的肿瘤特异性T淋巴细胞对患有块状肿瘤(bulktumor)(在一些实施方式中,最大直径通常超过10cm,虽然本发明的方法和组合物有效针对任何尺寸的肿瘤)的患者的作用有限。为了突破这一限制,如本文所述,制备的用于治疗癌症患者的肿瘤特异性T淋巴细胞的特征在于其降解胞外基质(ECM)的能力,这是允许T细胞外渗的基本步骤。与从外周血中分离的T淋巴细胞形成鲜明对比,培养的T淋巴细胞具有受损的降解硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖的能力,因为它们是类肝素酶(HPSE)缺陷型的。在培养的肿瘤特异性T淋巴细胞中类肝素酶的再表达(例如,通过基因转移)恢复了它们降解ECM的生理能力,同时不降低其效应物功能,并且确定了增强的肿瘤T-细胞渗透和抗肿瘤效果。采用该策略显著增强了实体瘤患者中导向肿瘤的T细胞的活性。
细胞
本发明中包含重组表达类肝素酶的细胞(例如,通过表达外源性类肝素酶或通过重组性地获得增加的内源性类肝素酶表达)。在具体的方面中,细胞用于过继转移。药物组合物中可包含细胞。可用本文所述的载体转化或转染细胞。可通过导入本文所述载体中的至少异种来产生表达重组类肝素酶的细胞。细胞中载体的存在介导了类肝素酶构建体的表达,虽然在一些实施方式中,将类肝素酶表达构建体整合到细胞的基因组中。即,导入宿主的核酸分子或载体可整合到宿主的基因组中或者其可以保持在染色体外。
本文所用的术语“细胞”、“细胞系”和“细胞培养物”可互换使用。所有这些术语也包括其后代,其是任意或全部的后代。应理解,由于有意或偶然的突变,所有的后代可能不是相同的。在表达异源核酸序列的内容中,“宿主细胞”是指原核或真核细胞,并且其包括能够复制载体和/或表达由载体编码的异源基因的任何可转化的生物体。宿主细胞可用作,且已经用作载体的受主。宿主细胞可以是“转染的”或“转化的”,其指外源性核酸转染或转导到宿主细胞中的过程。转化的细胞包括原代对象细胞及其后代。本文所用的术语“工程改造的”和“重组的”细胞或宿主细胞往往指其中已经导入外源性核酸序列,例如载体的细胞。因此,重组细胞与不含重组导入的核酸的天然出现的细胞不同。
在某些实施方式中,考虑到RNA或蛋白质序列可以与其他选定的RNA或蛋白质序列在相同宿主细胞中共表达。可通过用两种或更多种不同的重组载体共转染宿主细胞来实现共表达。或者,可将单个重组载体构建成包含多个不同RNA编码区的,其然后可在用单一载体转染的宿主细胞中表达。在一些情况中,细胞可包含类肝素酶表达构建体和另一种表达构建体,其中这些构建体存在于相同或不同的分子上。
细胞可包含采用控制序列的载体,这些控制序列使得它们在原核和真核细胞中复制和/或表达。本领域技术人员还会理解孵育宿主细胞以维持细胞并进行载体复制的条件。还应理解并知晓大规模生产本发明的细胞的技术和条件。
在本发明的实施方式中,存在对本发明的细胞中内源性类肝素酶和外源性类肝素酶中的一种或多种的表达的调节。表达的调节可包括类肝素酶的组成型表达、类肝素酶的诱导型表达、或类肝素酶的组织特异性表达,并且这类启动子的示例是本领域已知的。组成型哺乳动物启动子包括,例如,猿猴病毒40、立即早期巨细胞病毒、人泛素C、延长因子1α-亚基和鼠磷酸甘油酸激酶-1。类肝素酶的具体环境-具体表达包括,例如,使用低氧环境的某些调控元件。
在具体实施方式中,在本文考虑的实施方式中使用的细胞包括真核细胞,例如,包括哺乳动物。在某些实施方式中,细胞是人细胞,并且在具体实施方式中,细胞是马、牛、鼠、绵羊、犬、猫细胞,用于它们的相应动物。在这些物种中,可包括各种类型的细胞,如T-细胞、NK-细胞、NKT-细胞等。
相对于接受它们的个体,该细胞可以是自体同源细胞、同源细胞、异体细胞,并且甚至在一些情况中可以是异种细胞。可通过改变主要组织相容性复合物(“MHC”)的特征、通过灭活β2-微球蛋白来防止功能性I类MHC分子的形成、II类分子的灭活、提供一种或多种MHC分子的表达、通过增强或抑制与细胞毒性相关的基因的表达以增强或灭活细胞毒性能力来修饰细胞。
在一些情况中,感兴趣的可以是具体克隆或寡克隆细胞,其中该细胞具有特定特异性,如具有特定抗原特异性或寻靶位点特异性的T细胞和B细胞。
可以除重组表达类肝素酶以外的方式修饰示例性T-细胞。例如,可希望导入编码T-细胞受体的一条或两条链的基因。例如,除了提供具有治疗价值的基因,如类肝素酶和任选的另一种治疗性基因的表达以外,在一些实施方式中,修饰细胞以将细胞导向特定位点。该位点可包括解剖学位点,并且在具体实施方式中,包括实体瘤。可通过在宿主细胞上表达表面膜蛋白,在它们迁移通过ECM的能力(由于类肝素酶表达)增强后实现细胞局部浓度的增加,该表面膜蛋白将使其与目标位点(如目标细胞上天然存在的表位)结合。存在多种位点,其中会希望将细胞导向特定位点,其中治疗性产物的释放将起重要作用或者触发细胞中的通路,直接或间接导致细胞凋亡。
在一个实施方式中,宿主细胞是包含重组类肝素酶但也包含例如工程改造的TCR受体、接合分子和/或CAR的T细胞。天然存在的T细胞受体包含两个亚基,α-亚基和β-亚基,其各自是由T细胞基因组中的重组事件产生的独特蛋白。可筛选TCR文库对具体目标抗原的特异性。“工程改造的TCR”是指经选择、克隆和/或随后导入用于过继免疫疗法的T细胞群的对目标抗原有高度亲合力和反应性的天然TCR。与工程改造的TCR相反,CAR经工程改造以MHC-独立的方式结合目标抗原。在具体的实施方式中,CAR包含胞外结合结构域,其包括但不限于抗体或其抗原结合片段;跨膜结构域;一种或多种胞内共刺激信号传导结构域和主要信号传到结构域。
在具体的实施方式中,本发明的免疫细胞有上调内源性类肝素酶表达的倾向。与参考细胞中的水平相比,可上调内源性类肝素酶的表达水平。参考细胞可以是缺少外源性类肝素酶的细胞、未修饰的免疫细胞等。可通过一种或多种方式增加内源性类肝素酶的表达水平,包括通过将强启动子整合到细胞的内源性类肝素酶的遗传调控元件中。在一些情况中,可对细胞进行工程改造以表达一种或多种转录因子,其启动内源性类肝素酶的表达。
在多个实施方式中,T-细胞包含增加的类肝素酶和一种或多种编码接合分子的多核苷酸,其将相同的目标抗原识别为T细胞表达的工程改造的TCR或CAR。在具体实施方式中,表达CAR或工程改造的TCR的T-细胞包含一种或多种编码接合分子的多核苷酸,该接合分子识别与由CAR或工程改造的TCR识别的目标抗原不同但在相同目标细胞上表达的目标抗原。本发明的实施方式提供了编码接合分子,例如接合多肽的多核苷酸序列。这类接合多肽一般包含抗原识别结构域和激活结构域。可设计接合分子的抗原识别结构域以结合目标细胞上存在的一种或多种分子,而接合分子的激活结构域结合效应细胞(例如,T淋巴细胞)上存在的分子。一旦接合分子的激活结构域已经结合效应细胞,该激活结构域可激活效应细胞。在某些实施方式中,当接合物的激活结构域结合免疫细胞上的激活分子,并且抗原识别结构域结合目标细胞抗原时,该免疫细胞杀死目标细胞。在某些实施方式中,接合物是蛋白质,例如,工程改造的蛋白质。在具体实施方式中,接合物的激活结构域是或包含抗体或抗原结合片段或其部分,例如,单链可变片段(scFv)。在其他具体实施方式中,抗原识别结构域是或包含抗体或抗体片段或抗原结合片段或其部分,例如,单克隆抗体、Fv、或scFv,或者其可包含配体、肽、可溶性T-细胞受体或其组合。在某些实施方式中,激活结构域和抗原识别结构域通过接头,例如肽接头连接。接合分子的激活结构域可激活免疫细胞。本领域技术人员承认免疫细胞具有不同的激活受体。例如,CD3是T-细胞上的激活受体,而CD16、NKG2D或NKp30是NK细胞上的激活受体,并且CD3或非变异TCR是NKT-细胞上的激活受体。因此,激活T-细胞的接合分子可具有与激活NK细胞的接合分子不同的激活结构域。在具体实施方式中,例如,在免疫细胞是T-细胞的情况中,激活分子是以下中的一种或多种:CD3,例如CD3γ、CD3δ或CD3ε;或者CD27、CD28、CD40、CD134、CD137和CD278。在其他具体实施方式中,例如,在免疫细胞是NK细胞的情况中,激活分子是CD16、NKG2D或NKp30,或者在免疫细胞是NKT-细胞的情况中,激活分子是CD3或非变异TCR。在某些其他实施方式中,接合物还包含一种或多种其他结构域,例如,一种或多种细胞因子、共刺激结构域、抑制T-细胞激活负调控分子的结构域或其组合。在具体实施方式中,细胞因子是IL-15、IL-2和/或IL-7。在其他具体实施方式中,共刺激结构域是CD27、CD80、CD83、CD86、CD134或CD137。在其他具体实施方式中,抑制T-细胞激活负调控分子的结构域是PD-1、PD-L1、CTLA4或B7-H4。
携带用于表达类肝素酶的外源性分子或往往携带相同分子的本发明的细胞也可包含CAR(其一般包含肿瘤相关抗原(TAA)-结合结构域(最常见的是衍生自单克隆抗体的抗原结合结构域的scFv)、胞外间隔子/铰链区、跨膜结构域和细胞内信号传导结构域)。例如,CAR可以是第一代、第二代或第三代(CAR,其中由以及CD28和肿瘤坏死因子受体(TNFr)(如4-1BB或OX40)中的一种或多种提供的共刺激来提供信号传导)。CAR可对以下有特异性:EphA2、HER2、GD2、磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖-3、5T4、8H9、αvβ6整联蛋白、B细胞成熟抗原(BCMA)B7-H3、B7-H6、CAIX、CA9、CD19、CD20、CD22、κ轻链、CD30、CD33、CD38、CD44、CD44v6、CD44v7/8、CD70、CD123、CD138、CD171、CEA、CSPG4、EGFR、EGFRvIII、EGP2、EGP40、EPCAM、ERBB3、ERBB4、ErbB3/4、FAP、FAR、FBP、胎儿AchR、叶酸受体α、GD2、GD3、HLA-AIMAGEA1、HLA-A2、IL11Ra、IL13Ra2、KDR、λ、Lewis-Y、MCSP、间皮素、Muc1、Muc16、NCAM、NKG2D配体、NY-ESO-1、PRAME、PSCA、PSC1、PSMA、ROR1、Sp17、SURVIVIN、TAG72、TEM1、TEM8、VEGRR2、癌胚抗原、HMW-MAA,VEGF受体、和/或其他在肿瘤的胞外基质中存在的示例性抗原,如纤连蛋白的癌胚变体、生腱蛋白或肿瘤的坏死区。CAR(仅通过实施例)和类肝素酶可以在相同或不同的载体上。在一些情况中,CAR也包含一种或多种细胞因子(例如,IL-2、IL-7或IL-15)。嵌合抗原结构和命名是本领域已知的,例如,参见美国专利号7,741,465、5,906,936、5,843,728、6,319,494、7,446,190、5,686,281、8,399,645;和美国专利申请公开号2012/0148552,其各自内容通过引用全文纳入本文。
在许多情况中,可能需要杀死修饰的细胞,如当对象打算终止治疗、细胞变得具有肿瘤性、对在细胞存在后细胞缺失的情况下的研究感兴趣、和/或其他事件时。为了这一目的,可提供特定基因产物的表达,其中人们可在受控的条件下杀死修饰的细胞,如自杀基因。自杀基因是本领域已知的,例如,iCaspase9系统,其中,胱冬酶9的修饰形式可与小分子(例如,AP1903)二聚化。参见,例如,Straathof等,Blood105:4247-4254(2005)。
细胞的治疗用途
本发明的实施方式涉及本文所述的修饰的细胞用于预防、治疗或缓解癌症,如肿瘤疾病的用途。具体地,本发明的药物组合物可特别用于预防、缓解和/或治疗癌症,其中存在类肝素酶使药物组合物的细胞比缺少类肝素酶的细胞更有效。在具体实施方式中,正用药物组合物治疗的癌细胞得到有效治疗,因为药物组合物的细胞表达降解癌细胞的ECM的类肝素酶。在具体实施方式中,癌症是实体瘤的形式。
本文所用“治疗”或“处理”包括对疾病或病理状况的症状或病变的任何有益或需要的效果,并且可包括受治疗的疾病或病症(例如,癌症)的一种或多种可测量标志物的甚至很小的减少。治疗可任选地包括疾病或病症的症状的降低或缓解,或者疾病或病症进展的延迟。“治疗”不一定表示疾病或病症或其相关症状的完全根除或愈合。
本文所用的“预防”和类似词汇如“防止”等表示用于预防、抑制或降低疾病或病症(例如,癌症)出现或复发的可能性的方法。其也指延迟疾病或病症的发生或复发或者延迟疾病或病症的症状的出现或复发。本文所用“预防”和类似词汇也包括在疾病或病症发生或复发之前降低疾病或病症的强度、影响、症状和/或负担。
经受本发明的组合物或方法的个体处于实体瘤的风险中。个体可能处于风险中,因为存在一种或多种已知的风险因素,如家族或个人病史、抽烟、具有一种或多种遗传标志物等。
给予表达类肝素酶的免疫细胞的组合物的可能指示是癌症,包括肿瘤疾病,包括乳腺、前列腺、肺和结肠癌或上皮癌,如乳腺癌、结肠癌、前列腺癌、头颈癌、皮肤癌、生殖-泌尿道癌症,例如卵巢癌、子宫内膜癌、宫颈癌和肾癌、肺癌、胃癌、小肠癌、肝癌、胰腺癌、胆囊癌、胆管癌、食道癌、唾液腺癌和甲状腺癌。在具体实施方式中,给予本发明的组合物可用于癌症的所有阶段和类型,包括用于例如微小残留病、早期癌症、晚期癌症和/或转移性癌症和/或难以治疗的癌症。
本发明还包括与有效针对癌症的其他化合物共同给药的方案。共同给予本发明的细胞的临床方案可包括在给予其他组分同时、之前或之后共同给予。具体组合疗法包括化疗、放疗、手术、激素疗法或其他类型的免疫疗法。
通过示例的方式,如下治疗癌症患者或易患癌症的患者或疑似患有癌症的患者。如本文所述修饰的细胞可给予患者并且停留延长的时间段。个体可接受细胞的一次或多次给药。示例性细胞包括离体增殖的T-细胞。将至少修饰细胞以表达类肝素酶的活性部分或全部,并且提供给有此需要的个体。在一些情况中,细胞可直接注射到肿瘤中。示例性类肝素酶核苷酸序列是登录号NM_006665,并且示例性类肝素酶多肽序列是登录号NP_006656,两者通过引用全文纳入本文。完整序列的活性部分或全部可整合到细胞中,但在具体方面中,例如,整合的类肝素酶的部分包括酶活性所需的任何结构域。
在一些实施方式中,遗传修饰的细胞经包封以抑制免疫识别并位于肿瘤位点。例如,细胞可包封于脂质体、藻酸盐或血小板富集血浆中。
另一个实施方式包括用类肝素酶对抗原特异性T-细胞进行修饰,其中可激活蛋白质产物的表达以激活细胞。T-细胞受体可针对肿瘤细胞、病原体、细胞介导的自体免疫等。通过提供细胞激活,例如,白介素如IL-2,可提供响应配体的修饰的T细胞增殖。修饰的T-细胞的其他用体将包括表达用于将T-细胞导向具体位点的寻靶受体的表达,其中将需要细胞毒性、目标细胞(例如,内皮细胞)的表面膜蛋白的上调或其他生物事件。
在另一个实施方式中,可修饰抗原特异性T细胞来输出胞吐的因子或激素。通过提供强化的胞吐,将输出更大量的激素或因子;另外,如果存在基于胞质中的因子或激素的量的反馈机制,将产生增加的激素或因子产生。在一个方面中,可提供激素或因子的诱导表达,使得可同时诱导表达和输出。
将构建体导入细胞中
可以一种或多种DNA分子或构建体导入类肝素酶构建体,其中可存在至少一种标志物,其将能够选择含有构建体的宿主细胞。可以常规方式制备构建体,其中基因和调控区域可适当分离、连接、克隆到合适的克隆宿主中、通过限制或测序或其他常规方式来分析。具体地,使用PCR,可分离包括功能单元的全部或部分的个体片段,其中可使用“引物修复”、连接、体外诱变等引入一个或多个突变(如果需要)。一旦完成并证明具有合适序列的构建体然后可通过任意常规方式导入宿主细胞中。构建体可被整合并包装到非复制、缺陷型病毒基因组中,如慢病毒、腺病毒、腺-相关病毒(AAV)或单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)或其他,包括逆转录病毒,用于感染或转导到细胞中。如果需要,构建体可包括用于转染的病毒序列。或者,可通过融合、电穿孔、基因枪、转染、脂质转染等导入构建体。宿主细胞可在导入构建体之前在培养基中生长并增殖,其后进行适当的处理以导入构建体并整合构建体。然后细胞增殖并通过构建体中存在的标志物筛选。可成功使用的各种标志物包括hprt、新霉素抗性、胸苷激酶、潮霉素抗性等。
在具体的实施方式中,类肝素酶以RNA导入细胞中用于瞬时表达。可通过各种方式将RNA导入本发明的免疫细胞中,包括例如,微注射、电穿孔和脂质介导的转染。在具体的方面中,可通过转座子向细胞中导入构建体。使用的合成转座子的一个示例是睡美人转座子,其包括包含类肝素酶基因或其活性片段的表达盒。
在一些情况中,可具有同源重组的目标位点,其中需要将构建体整合在特定基因座中。例如,可敲除内源基因并用通过使用本领域已知的材料和方法用于同源重组的构建体编码的基因代替(在相同或其他基因座)。对于同源重组,可使用OMEGA或O-载体。参见,例如,Thomas和Capecchi,1987;Mansour等,1988;和Joyner等,1989。
可以编码至少类肝素酶和任选的另一种基因的单个DNA分子或具有一种或多种基因的不同DNA分子导入构建体。可同时或连续导入构建体,各自具有相同或不同的标志物。在一个示例性的实施例中,一个构建体将含有在特定调控序列控制下的类肝素酶。
可用于制备大量构建体DNA并用于进行转绕的含有可用元件,如细菌或酵母复制起点、可选择和/或可扩增标志物、用于在原核细胞或真核细胞中表达的启动子/增强子元件等的载体是本领域熟知的,并且许多是市售可得的。
给予细胞
已经修饰表达类肝素酶的细胞(如带DNA构建体)可在选择性条件下在培养中生长,并且选择具有构建体的细胞然后可增殖并使用例如聚合酶链反应进一步分析以确定宿主细胞中存在构建体。一旦已经鉴定到修饰的宿主细胞,然后可根据计划使用它们,例如在培养中增殖或导入宿主生物体。
根据细胞的性质,可以多种方式将细胞导入宿主生物体,例如哺乳动物。在具体实施方式中,在肿瘤位点处导入细胞,但在替代性实施方式中,细胞定位到癌症或者经修饰定位到癌症。所采用的细胞数量将取决于多种情况、导入的目的、细胞的寿命、待使用的方案、给药的次数、细胞繁殖的能力、重组构建体的稳定性等。细胞可以分散体应用,通常注射到或接近感兴趣的位点。细胞可以在生理上可接受的基质中。
在具体实施方式中,给药的途径可以是例如静脉内、动脉内、腹膜内、或皮下。多次给药可通过相同的途径或不同的途径。
本领域中常规进行合适剂量水平的测定。在具体实施方式中,可采用以下方案:剂量水平1:2x107/m2;剂量水平2:1x108/m2;剂量水平3:2x108/m2基于转导的T细胞。
DNA转导不需要在每种情况中产生整合。在一些情况中,导入的DNA的瞬时维持可能是足够的。通过这种方式,可能有短期效果,其中可将细胞导入宿主,然后在预定的时间后开启,例如,在细胞已经能够定位到特定位点之后。
可根据需要给予细胞。根据所需的响应、给药方式、细胞寿命、存在的细胞数量,可采用多种方案。给药的次数将至少部分取决于本文所述的因素。
在具体情况中,向患有癌症的个体递送多种本发明的免疫细胞。在具体实施方式中,需要单次给药。在其他实施方式中,需要多次给予细胞。例如,在第一次给予工程改造的免疫细胞之后,可能检测个体例如,是否存在癌症或者肿瘤数量和/或尺寸降低。在癌症显示需要进一步治疗的情况中,如在第一次给药之后肿瘤生长,向个体另外递送一次或多次相同的工程改造的免疫细胞(或任选地,另一类癌症疗法,包括另一类免疫疗法和/或化疗、手术和/或放疗)。在一些情况中,个体中肿瘤尺寸的减小表明特定的免疫疗法是有效的,因此向该个体提供相同疗法的进一步给药。
应理解,该系统易受各种因素的影响,如对配体的细胞响应、表达效率、以及适当地,分泌水平、表达产物的活性、患者的具体需求,这些可随着时间和环境变化,由于缺少细胞导致的细胞活性缺失率或单个细胞的表达活性等。因此,即使存在可大规模给予群体的通用细胞,预期对于各个体患者监测各患者的个体合适剂量,并且这类监测患者的实践在本领域中是常规的。
基于核酸的表达系统
在本发明的方面中,存在表达类肝素酶的细胞,其中从细胞中的重组DNA产生类肝素酶表达。可在载体上提供类肝素酶编码序列,包括例如表达载体。可从相同的表达载体上表达其他基因产物(如CAR和/或工程改造的T细胞受体和/或接合分子),或者它们可存在于细胞中与类肝素酶分开的载体上。
载体
使用术语“载体”指代运载体核酸分子,其中可插入核酸序列以导入细胞,其可在该细胞中复制。核酸序列可以是“外源的”,这表示该序列相对于导入载体的细胞是外来的,或者该序列与细胞中的序列同源,但是其位于宿主细胞核酸内原本未发现该序列的位置上。载体包括质粒、碾粒、病毒(噬菌体、动物病毒和植物病毒)和人工染色体(例如,YAC)。本领域技术人员有条件通过标准重组技术构建载体(参见,例如,Maniatis等,1988和Ausubel等,1994,两者通过引用纳入本文)。
术语“表达载体”是指包含编码能够被转录的RNA的核酸的任何类型的遗传构建体。在一些情况中,RNA分子然后翻译成蛋白、多肽或肽。在其他情况中,这些序列未经翻译,例如,在反义分子或核酶的产生中。表达载体可含有多种“控制序列”,其是指特定宿主细胞中可操作连接的编码序列的转录和可能的翻译所需的核酸序列。除了控制转录和翻译的控制序列以外,载体和表达载体可含有还具有其他功能并在下文中描述的核酸序列。
启动子和增强子
“启动子”是一种控制序列,其是核酸序列的一个区域,在该区域中控制转录的起始和速率。其可含有调控蛋白和分子(如RNA聚合物和其他转录因子)可结合的遗传元件以启动核酸序列的具体转录。术语“可操作地定位”、“可操作地连接”、“控制下”和“转录控制下”表示启动子位于相对于核酸序列的正确功能位置和/或取向以控制该序列的转录起始和/或表达。
启动子一般包含功能为定位RNA合成的起始位点的序列。其熟知的示例是TATA盒,但在一些缺少TATA盒的启动子中,例如,哺乳动物末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶基因的启动子和SV40晚基因的启动子,与其起始位点本身重叠的离散元件有助于固定启动的位置。其他启动子元件调节转录起始的频率。通常,这些位于起始位点上游30-110bp的区域中,但是几种启动子已经显示在起始位点的下游也含有功能元件。为了将编码序列置于启动子的“控制下”,将其定位于所选择启动子的“下游”(即3′端)的转录阅读框的转录起始位点的5′端。“上游”启动子刺激DNA的转录并且促进编码的RNA的表达。
启动子元件之间的间距通常是柔性的,使得当元件翻转或相对于彼此移动时保留启动子功能。在tk启动子中,在活性开始减弱之前,启动子元件之间的间距可增加到50bp。取决于启动子,单个元件似乎可协同或单独发挥作用以激活转录。启动子可与或可不与“增强子”联用,增强子是指参与核酸序列的转录活性的瞬时作用调控序列。
启动子可以是与核酸序列天然相关的启动子,如可通过分离位于编码片段和/或外显子上游的5′非编码序列获得。这种启动子可称为“内源的”。类似地,增强子可以是与核酸序列天然相关的增强子,其位于该序列的上游或下游。或者,将通过定位重组或异源启动子控制下的编码核酸片段来获得特定优势,该重组或异源启动子是指在其天然环境中通常不与核酸序列相关的启动子。重组或异源增强子也指在其天然环境中通常不与核酸序列相关的增强子。这类启动子或增强子可包括其他基因的启动子或增强子、从任意其他病毒或原核或真核细胞中分离的启动子或增强子、和“天然不存在”的启动子或增强子,即含有不同转录调控区域的不同元件,和/或改变表达的突变。例如,在重组DNA构建中最常用的启动子包括β-内酰胺酶(青霉素酶),乳糖和色氨酸(trp)启动子系统。除了通过合成产生启动子和增强子的核酸序列以外,可使用重组克隆和/或核酸扩增技术(包括PCRTM)与本文所述的组合物结合来产生序列(参见美国专利号4,683,202和5,928,906,各自通过引用纳入本文)。此外,考虑也可采用在非核细胞器如线粒体、叶绿体等内引序列的转录和/或翻译的控制序列。
天然地,采用有效引导DNA片段在选择表达的细胞器、细胞类型、组织、器官或生物体中表达的启动子和/或增强子会是重要的。分子生物学领域中的技术人员一般已知使用启动子、增强子和细胞类型的组合来表达蛋白(参见,例如,Sambrook等,1989,其通过引用纳入本文)。所采用的启动子可以是组成型、组织特异性、诱导型、和/或可用于在合适条件下引导导入的DNA片段的高水平表达,这在重组蛋白和/或肽的大规模生产中是有优势的。启动子可以是异源或内源的。在具体实施方式中,类肝素酶表达处于诱导型或组织特异性启动子的控制下。组织特异性启动子是本领域已知的,但在具体实施方式中,组织特异性根据癌症所在的组织调整。组织特异性启动子或元件的鉴定,以及表征其活性的试验是本领域技术人员熟知的,如缺氧诱导型启动子。
另外,可使用任意启动子/增强子组合来驱动表达。T3、T7或SP6胞质表达系统的使用是另一种可能的实施方式。如果以递送复合物的部分或额外的基因表达构建体提供合适的细菌聚合酶,真核细胞可支持来自特定细菌启动子的胞质转录。
编码序列的充分翻译也可能需要特异性启动信号。这些信号包括ATG起始密码子或相邻序列。可能需要提供外源性翻译控制信号,包括ATG启动密码子。本领域普通技术人员将易于确定这些并提供必要的信号。
在本发明的某些实施方式中,使用内部核糖体进入位点(IRES)元件来产生多基因,或多顺反子,信号,并且可用于本发明中。
载体可包括多重克隆位点(MCS),其为含有多个限制性酶位点的核酸区域,其中任意位点可与标准重组技术联用来消化载体。“限制性酶消化”是指用仅在核酸分子的特异性位置上发挥作用的酶催化切割核酸分子。这些限制性酶中的许多是市售可得的。本领域技术人员充分理解这类酶的使用。通常,使用在MCS内切割的限制性酶将载体线性化或片段化以使外源性序列能够连接到载体中。“连接”是指在两个可能互相毗连或不互相毗连的核酸片段之间形成磷酸二酯键的过程。涉及限制性酶和连接反应的技术是重组技术领域中的技术人员所熟知的。
也可采用剪接位点、终止信号、复制起点和选择性标志物。
质粒载体
在某些实施方式中,考虑质粒载体用于转化宿主细胞。通常,含有衍生自与宿主细胞相容的物种的控制序列和复制子的质粒载体与这些宿主结合使用。载体通常携带复制位点以及标记序列,其能够在转化的细胞中提供表型选择。在非限制性示例中,通常使用pBR322(一种衍生自大肠杆菌物种的质粒)的衍生物来转化大肠杆菌。pBR322含有氨苄青霉素和四环素抗性基因,并且因此提供了鉴定转化的细胞的便捷方式。pBR质粒,或其他微生物质粒或噬菌体必须也含有,或经修饰含有,例如可由微生物生物体使用来表达其自身蛋白的启动子。
另外,含有与宿主微生物相容的控制序列和复制子的噬菌体载体可用作与这些宿主结合使用的转化载体。例如,可采用噬菌体λGEMTM-11制备重组噬菌体载体,其可用于转化宿主细胞,例如,大肠杆菌LE392。
其他可用的质粒载体包括pIN载体(Inouye等,1985)和pGEX载体,其用于生成谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)可溶性融合蛋白用于随后的纯化和分离或切割。其他合适的融合蛋白是具有β-半乳糖苷酶、泛素等的哪些。
包含表达载体的细菌宿主细胞,例如,大肠杆菌在数种合适培养基中的任一种中生长,例如LB。如本领域技术人员所知,可通过将宿主细胞与对特定启动子有特异性的抗原接触,例如通过向培养基中加入IPTG或通过将孵育切换到较高的温度来诱导特定载体中重组蛋白的表达。在继续培养细菌之后(一般为2至24小时),细胞通过离心收集并洗涤以去除残留的培养基。
病毒载体
特定病毒通过受体介导的胞吞感染细胞或进入细胞并整合到宿主细胞基因组中并稳定和高效地表达病毒基因的能力使其成为将外来核酸转入细胞(例如,哺乳动物细胞)的有吸引力的候选者。本发明的组分可以是编码类肝素酶的病毒载体。下文中描述了可用于递送本发明的核酸的病毒载体的非限制性示例。
1.腺病毒载体
递送核酸的具体方法包括使用腺病毒表达载体。已知腺病毒载体具有低的整合到基因组DNA的能力,这一特征被通过这些载体得到的高效基因转化所平衡。“腺病毒表达载体”往往包括含有足够的腺病毒序列以(a)支持构建体的包装和(b)最终表达已经在其中克隆的组织或细胞特异性构建体的那些构建体。根据腺病毒(一种36kb的线性双链DNA病毒)的遗传组织的知识,能够用高达7kb的外来序列取代腺病毒DNA的大片段(Grunhaus和Horwitz,1992)。
2.AAV载体
可使用腺病毒辅助的转染来将核酸导入细胞。已经在使用腺病毒偶联的系统的细胞系统中报道了增加的转染效率(Kelleher和Vos,1994;Cotton等,1992;Curiel,1994)。腺相关病毒(AAV)是用于本发明的细胞中的吸引人的载体系统,由于其具有高整合频率并且可感染非分裂细胞,因此使其可用于向哺乳动物细胞中递送基因,例如在组织培养中(Muzyczka,1992)或在体内。AAV具有宽的宿主感染范围(Tratschin等,1984;Laughlin等,1986;Lebkowski等,1988;McLaughlin等,1988)。关于rAAV载体生成和使用的详细内容见述于美国专利号5,139,941和4,797,368,其各自通过引用纳入本文。
3.逆转录病毒载体
由于其将它们的基因整合到宿主基因组中的能力、转化大量的外来遗传物质、感染广谱物种和细胞类型以及在特定细胞系中包装,逆转录病毒可用作递送载体(Miller,1992)。
为了构建类肝素酶逆转录病毒载体,将核酸(例如,一种编码类肝素酶的部分或全部的核酸)在特定病毒序列位置中插入病毒基因组以产生复制缺陷型的病毒。为了产生病毒颗粒,构建含有gag、pol和env基因但不含LTR和包装组分包装细胞系(Mann等,1983)。当含有cDNA和逆转录病毒LTR以及包装序列的重组质粒导入特定细胞系中(例如,通过磷酸钙沉淀)时,包装序列允许重组质粒的RNA转录物包装到病毒颗粒中,其然后分泌到培养基中(Nicolas和Rubenstein,1988;Temin,1986;Mann等,1983)。然后收集含有重组逆转录病毒的基质,任选地浓缩并用于基因转化。逆转录病毒载体能够感染广泛的细胞类型。然而,整合和稳定表达需要宿主细胞的分裂(Paskind等,1975)。
慢病毒是复杂的逆转录病毒,其除了共有的逆转录病毒基因gag、pol和env以外还含有具有调控或结构功能的其他基因。慢病毒载体是本领域熟知的(参见,例如,Naldini等,1996;Zufferey等,1997;Blomer等,1997;美国专利号6,013,516和5,994,136)。慢病毒的一些示例包括人免疫缺陷病毒:HIV-1、HIV-2和猿免疫缺陷病毒:SIV。已经通过多次减弱HIV毒力基因来生成慢病毒载体,例如删除基因env、vif、vpr、vpu和nef使得载体在生物学上是安全的。
重组慢病毒载体能够感染非分裂细胞并且可用于核酸序列的体内和离体基因转化和表达。例如,在美国专利号5,994,136中描述了能够感染非分裂细胞的重组慢病毒,其中用两种或多种携带包装功能(即gag、pol和env以及rev)的载体转染合适的宿主细胞。可通过将包膜蛋白与抗体或特定配体连接来将重组病毒靶向特定细胞类型的受体。例如,通过在病毒载体中插入感兴趣的序列(包括调控区)和编码针对特定目标细胞上的受体的配体的另一种基因,该载体现在是目标特异性的。
4.其他病毒载体
其他病毒载体可在本发明中用作疫苗构建体。可采用衍生自病毒,如豆苗病毒(Ridgeway,1988;Baichwal和Sugden,1986;Coupar等,1988)、辛德比斯病毒、巨细胞病毒和单纯疱疹病毒的载体。它们提供了对多种哺乳动物细胞的若干有吸引力的特征(Friedmann,1989;Ridgeway,1988;Baichwal和Sugden,1986;Coupar等,1988;Horwich等,1990)。
使用修饰的病毒的递送
待递送的核酸可以内装在感染性病毒中,该感染性病毒已经工程改造以表达特异性结合配体。因此,病毒颗粒将特异性结合目标细胞的相关受体并将内容物递送到细胞中。基于通过向病毒包膜化学添加乳糖残基对逆转录病毒进行的化学修饰开发了设计使逆转录病毒载体特异性靶向的新方法。这种修饰可通过唾液酸糖蛋白受体特异性感染干细胞。
设计了另一种重组逆转录病毒靶向的方法,其中使用针对逆转录病毒包膜蛋白和特定细胞受体的生物素化抗体。通过使用链霉亲和素由生物素组分偶联抗体(Roux等,1989)。使用针对I类和II类主要组织相容性复合物抗原的抗体,它们用亲嗜性病毒在体外显示多种人细胞的感染,这些人细胞带有那些表面抗原(Roux等,1989)。
载体递送和细胞转化
本领域普通技术人员已知用于细胞转染或转化的核酸递送的合适方法。这类方法包括,但不限于,DNA的直接递送,如通过离体转染、通过注射等。通过本领域已知技术的应用,可稳定或瞬时转化细胞。
离体转化
本领域技术人员已知在离体环境中从生物体中去除组织和转染真核细胞的方法。因此,可考虑去除细胞或组织并使用类肝素酶或本发明的其他核酸离体转染该细胞或组织。在具体方面中,可将移植的细胞或组织放入生物体中。在优选的方面中,核酸在移植的细胞中表达。
试剂盒
本文所述的任意组合物可包含于试剂盒中。在一个非限制性实施例中,试剂盒中可包含一种或多种用于细胞疗法的含有重组表达的类肝素酶的细胞和/或试剂,该试剂用于生成一种或多种用于细胞疗法的含有重组表达的类肝素酶的细胞。以合适的容器用具提供试剂盒组分。在具体实施方式中,试剂盒包含重组工程改造试剂,如载体、引物、酶(限制性酶、连接酶、聚合酶等)、缓冲剂、核苷酸等。
试剂盒的一些组分可包装在水性基质中或包装成冻干形式。所述试剂盒的容器用具通常包括至少一种小瓶、试管、烧瓶、瓶、注射器或其它容器用具,其中该组分可放置,并优选适当分装于其中。在试剂盒中存在超过一种组分的情况中,该试剂盒通常还含有第二、第三或其他容器,其中可分开放置其他组分。然而,可在小瓶中包含组分的各种组合。本发明的试剂盒通常还包含用于市售的封闭约束形式含有该组分的器具。此类容器可包括注塑或吹塑的塑料容器,其中保留所需小瓶。
当在一种和/或多种液体溶液中提供试剂盒的组分时,液体溶液是水性溶液,无菌水性溶液是特别有用的。在一些情况中,容器用具本身可以是注射器、移液器和/或其他这类设备,从中可将制剂施用于身体的受感染区域、注射到动物中和/或甚至用于和/或与试剂盒的其他组分混合。
然而,试剂盒的组分可以干粉形式提供。当以干粉提供试剂和/或组分时,可通过加入合适的溶剂来重建粉末。设想也可以在另一种容器用具中提供溶剂。该试剂盒还可包含含有无菌的、药学上可接受的缓冲剂和/或其他稀释剂的第二容器用具。
在本发明的具体实施方式中,在试剂盒中提供待用于细胞疗法的细胞,并且在一些情况中,细胞基本上是试剂盒的唯一组分。该试剂盒可包含替代或其他试剂和材料以使细胞重组类肝素酶。在具体实施方式中,该试剂和材料包含用于扩增类肝素酶的引物、核苷酸、合适的缓冲剂或缓冲试剂、盐等,并且在一些情况中,该试剂包括编码类肝素酶和/或其调控元件的DNA和/或载体。
在具体实施方式中,试剂盒中存在一种或多种适用于从个体提取一个或多个样品的用具。该用具可以是注射器、解剖刀等。
在本发明的一些情况中,除了细胞疗法实施方式以外,试剂盒还包括第二肿瘤疗法,例如化疗、激素疗法和/或免疫疗法。该试剂盒可对个体的具体癌症调整并且包含该个体的相应第二癌症疗法。
在本发明的一些情况中,可修饰试剂盒中的细胞以表达除类肝素酶以外的治疗性分子。其他治疗性分子可以是任何类型,但在具体实施方式中,该治疗性分子是例如嵌合抗原受体。
在一些情况中,除了细胞疗法实施方式以外,该试剂盒还包括第二肿瘤疗法,例如化疗、激素疗法和/或免疫疗法。该试剂盒可对个体的具体癌症调整并且包含该个体的相应第二癌症疗法。
联合治疗
本发明的特定实施方式中,本发明临床方面的方法与过度增殖性疾病治疗中有效的其他试剂如抗癌试剂(其也可称为癌症疗法)结合。“抗癌”试剂能对对象的癌症产生不利影响,例如通过杀死癌细胞、诱导癌细胞凋亡、降低癌细胞生长速率、降低转移的发生率或数量、降低肿瘤尺寸、抑制肿瘤生长、减少对肿瘤或癌细胞的血液供给、促进对癌细胞或肿瘤的免疫应答、阻止或抑制癌症发展、或延长患癌对象的寿命。更一般地,这些其他组合物会以有效杀死或抑制细胞增殖的组合量提供。该过程可涉及用表达构建体和试剂或多种因子同时接触所述癌细胞。这可通过用单一组合物或包括两种试剂的药物制剂接触所述细胞,或者通过用两种不同组合物或制剂同时接触所述细胞来实现,其中一种组合物包括所述表达构建体而另一种包括所述第二试剂。
耐受化疗和放疗试剂的肿瘤细胞是临床肿瘤学中的主要问题。现有的癌症研究的一个目标是寻找通过将化疗和放疗与基因疗法组合改善化疗和放疗的效率的方式。例如,通过逆转录病毒载体系统递送单纯疱疹胸苷激酶(HS-tK)基因到脑肿瘤时,其成功诱导了对抗病毒试剂更昔洛韦的易感性(Culver等,1992)。本发明的内容中,除了其他促调亡或细胞周期调控试剂外,预期细胞治疗可相似地与化疗、放疗或免疫治疗介入联用。
或者,本发明治疗可先于或在其他试剂治疗之后,间隔数分钟到数周。在所述其他试剂和本发明对所述个体分别应用的实施方式中,一般需保证各递送的时间之间没有显著的时间段,从而所述试剂和发明治疗法仍可在细胞上产生有利的组合效果。在这类情况中,考虑可将细胞与两种方案接触,互相间隔在约12-24小时内,并且更优选互相间隔在约6-12小时内。然而在一些情况中,可能需要显著延长治疗时间,其中各给药之间间隔数天(2、3、4、5、6或7)到数周(1、2、3、4、5、6、7或8)。
可采用各种组合,本发明为“A”,所述第二试剂如放疗或化疗为“B”。
A/B/AB/A/BB/B/AA/A/BA/B/BB/A/AA/B/B/BB/A/B/B
B/B/B/AB/B/A/BA/A/B/BA/B/A/BA/B/B/AB/B/A/A
B/A/B/AB/A/A/BA/A/A/BB/A/A/AA/B/A/AA/A/B/A
预期所述治疗循环在需要时重复。还预期各种标准治疗法以及外科手术介入可与本发明细胞治疗法联用。
A.化疗
癌症疗法可包括多种同时有基于化学物和放射的治疗的组合疗法。组合抗癌药物包括,例如,阿西维辛;阿柔比星;盐酸阿考达唑;阿克罗宁;阿多来新;阿地白介素;六甲蜜胺;安波霉素;乙酸阿美蒽醌;安吖啶;阿那曲唑;安曲霉素;门冬酰胺酶;曲林菌素;阿扎胞苷;阿扎替派;阿佐霉素;巴马司他;苯佐替派;比卡鲁胺;盐酸比生群;二甲磺酸双奈法德;比折来新;硫酸博来霉素;布喹那钠;溴匹立明;白消安;放线菌素C;卡普睾酮;卡醋胺;卡贝替姆;卡铂;卡莫司汀;盐酸卡柔比星;卡折来新;西地芬戈;塞来考昔(COX-2抑制剂);苯丁酸氮芥;西罗霉素;顺铂;克拉屈滨;甲磺酸克立那托;环磷酰胺;阿糖胞苷;达卡巴嗪;放线菌素D;盐酸柔红霉素;地西他滨;右奥马铂;地扎胍宁;甲磺酸地扎胍宁;地吖醌;多西他赛;多柔比星;盐酸多柔比星;屈洛昔芬;柠檬酸屈洛昔芬;丙酸屈他雄酮;达佐霉素;依达曲沙;盐酸依氟鸟氨酸;依沙芦星;恩洛铂;恩普氨酯;依匹哌啶;盐酸表柔比星;厄布洛唑;盐酸依索比星;雌莫司汀;雌莫司汀磷酸钠;依他硝唑;依托泊苷;磷酸依托泊苷;氯苯乙嘧胺;盐酸法倔唑;法扎拉滨;芬维A胺;氮尿苷;磷酸氟达拉滨;氟尿嘧啶;氟西他滨;磷喹酮;福司曲星钠;吉西他滨;盐酸吉西他滨;羟基脲;盐酸伊达比星;异环磷酰胺;伊莫福新;异丙铂;伊立替康;盐酸伊立替康;乙酸兰瑞肽;来曲唑;乙酸亮丙瑞林;盐酸利阿唑;洛美曲索钠;洛莫司汀;盐酸洛索蒽醌;马索罗酚;美登素;盐酸氮芥;乙酸基孕甾酮;乙酸美仑孕酮;苯丙氨酸氮芥;美诺立尔;巯嘌呤;氨甲喋呤;氨甲喋呤钠;氯苯氨啶;美妥替哌;米丁度胺;米托卡星;丝裂红素;米托洁林;丝裂马菌素;丝裂霉素;米托司培;米托坦;盐酸米托蒽醌;霉酚酸;诺考达唑;诺拉霉素;奥马铂;奥昔舒仑;紫杉醇;培门冬酶;培利霉素;奈莫司汀;硫酸培洛霉素;培磷酰胺;哌泊溴烷;哌泊舒凡;盐酸吡罗蒽醌;普卡霉素;普洛美坦;卟菲尔钠;泊非霉素;泼尼莫司汀;盐酸丙卡巴肼;嘌罗霉素;盐酸嘌罗霉素;吡唑呋喃菌素;利波腺苷;沙芬戈;盐酸沙芬戈;司莫司汀;辛曲秦;磷乙酰天冬氨酸钠;司帕霉素;盐酸锗螺胺;螺莫司汀;螺铂;链黑霉素;链佐星;磺氯苯脲;他利霉素;替可加兰钠;泰索帝;替加氟;盐酸替洛蒽醌;替莫泊芬;替尼泊苷;替罗昔隆;睾内酪;硫咪嘌呤;硫鸟嘌呤;塞替派;噻唑呋林;替拉扎明;柠檬酸托瑞米芬;乙酸曲托龙;磷酸曲西立滨;三甲曲沙;葡糖醛酸三甲曲沙;曲普瑞林;盐酸妥布氯唑;乌拉莫司汀;乌瑞替派;伐普肽;维替泊芬;硫酸长春碱;硫酸长春新碱;长春地辛;硫酸长春地辛;硫酸长春匹定;硫酸长春甘酯;硫酸长春罗新;酒石酸长春瑞滨;硫酸长春罗定;硫酸长春利定;伏氯唑;折尼铂;净司他丁;盐酸佐柔比星;20-表-1,25二羟基维生素D3;5-乙炔基尿嘧啶;阿比特龙;阿柔比星;酰基富烯;腺环戊醇(adecypenol);阿多来新;阿地白介素;ALL-TK拮抗剂;六甲蜜胺;氨莫司汀;阿米多克斯(amidox);氨磷汀;氨基乙酰丙酸;氨柔比星;安吖啶;阿那格雷;阿那曲唑;穿心莲内酯;血管新生抑制剂;拮抗剂D;拮抗剂G;安雷利克斯;抗-背侧化形成蛋白-1;抗雄激素;前列腺癌;抗雌激素;抗瘤酮(antineoplaston);反义寡核苷酸;甘氨酸阿非迪霉素;凋亡基因调节剂;凋亡调节剂;脱嘌呤核酸;ara-CDP-DL-PTBA;精氨酸脱氨酶;阿苏拉科林(asulacrine);阿他美坦;阿莫司汀;阿西他汀(axinastatin)1;阿西他汀2;阿西他汀3;阿扎司琼;阿扎毒素;重氮酪氨酸;浆果赤霉素III衍生物;巴拉醇(balanol);巴马司他;BCR/ABL拮抗剂;苯并二氢卟酚(benzochlorin);苯甲酰星孢素;β内酰胺衍生物;β-阿里辛(β-alethine);贝塔克拉霉素(betaclamycin)B;桦木酸;bFGF抑制剂;比卡鲁胺;比生群;双氮丙啶精胺;双奈法德;比特迪尼(bistratene)A;比折来新;贝伏特(breflate);溴匹立明;布度钛;丁基硫堇亚胺;卡泊三醇;卡弗他丁(calphostin)C;喜树碱衍生物;卡培他滨;羧酰胺-氨基-三唑;羧基酰胺三唑;CaRestM3;CARN700;软骨衍生的抑制剂;卡折来新;酪蛋白激酶抑制剂(ICOS);澳粟精胺;杀菌肽B;西曲瑞克;双氢叶吩(chlorlns);氯代喹喔啉磺酰胺;西卡前列素;顺-卟啉;克拉屈滨;恩氯米芬类似物;克霉唑;克利霉素(collismycin)A;克利霉素B;考布他汀A4;考布他汀类似物;克纳宁(conagenin);科莱贝司丁(crambescidin)816;克立那托;自念珠藻环肽(cryptophycin)8;自念珠藻环肽A衍生物;麻疯树毒蛋白(curacin)A;环戊蒽醌(cyclopentanthraquinone);环普拉坦(cycloplatam);塞培霉素(cypemycin);阿糖胞苷十八烷基磷酸钠;细胞裂解因子;磷酸己烷雌酚(cytostatin);达昔单抗;地西他滨;脱氢代代宁B;地洛瑞林;地塞米松;右异环磷酰胺;右雷佐生;右维拉帕米;地吖醌;代代宁B;二羟基苯并氧肟酸(didox);二乙基正精胺;二氢-5-氮杂胞苷;二氢紫杉醇,9-;二氧霉素(dioxamycin);二苯基螺莫斯汀;多西他赛;二十二烷醇;多拉司琼;去氧氟尿苷;多柔比星;屈洛昔芬;屈大麻酚;多卡霉素SA;依布硒;依考莫司汀;依地福新;依决洛单抗;依氟鸟氨酸;榄香烯;乙嘧替氟;表柔比星;依立雄胺;雌莫司汀类似物;雌激素激动剂;雌激素拮抗剂;依他硝唑;磷酸依托泊甙;依西美坦;法倔唑;法扎拉滨;芬维A胺;非格司亭;非那雄胺;夫拉平度(flavopiridol);氟卓斯汀;夫卢丝龙(fluasterone);氟达拉滨;盐酸氟代柔红霉素(fluorodaunorunicin);福酚美克;福美坦;福司曲星;福莫司汀;德卟啉钆(gadoliniumtexaphyrin);硝酸镓;加洛他滨;加尼瑞克;明胶酶抑制剂;吉西他滨;谷胱甘肽抑制剂;赫舒反(hepsulfam);调蛋白;环己基双乙酰胺;金丝桃蒽酮;伊班膦酸;黄胆素;艾多昔芬;伊决孟酮;伊莫福新;伊洛马司他;伊马替尼(例如,);咪喹莫特;免疫刺激肽;胰岛素样生长因子1受体抑制剂;干扰素激动剂;干扰素;白介素;碘苄胍;碘阿霉素;甘薯苦醇,4-;伊罗普拉;伊索拉定;异本格唑(isobengazole);异高软海绵素(isohomohalicondrin)B;伊他司琼;结丝立得(jasplakinolide);卡哈拉得(kahalalide)F;片螺素(lamellarin)-N三乙酸;兰瑞肽;雷纳霉素(leinamycin);来格司亭;硫酸蘑菇多糖;莱托斯汀(leptolstatin);来曲唑;白血病抑制因子;白细胞α干扰素;亮丙瑞林+雌激素+孕酮;亮丙瑞林;左旋咪唑;利阿唑;直链多胺类似物;亲脂性二糖肽;亲脂性铂化合物;利索纳得(lissoclinamide)7;洛铂;胍乙基磷酸丝氨酸;洛美曲索;氯尼达明;洛索蒽醌;洛索立宾;勒托替康;德卟啉镥(lutetiumtexaphyrin);莱索菲林(lysofylline);细胞裂解肽;美坦新;慢诺他汀(mannostatin)A;马立马司他;马索罗酚;马斯平(maspin);基质溶解因子抑制剂;基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂;美诺立尔;硫巴妥苯胺;美替瑞林;甲硫氨酸酶;甲氧氯普胺;MIF抑制剂;米非司酮;米替福新;米立司亭;米托胍腙;二溴卫矛醇;丝裂霉素类似物;米托萘胺;迈托毒素(mitotoxin)成纤维细胞生长因子-皂草毒蛋白;米托蒽醌;莫法罗汀;莫拉司亭;Erbitux,人绒毛膜促性腺激素;单磷酰基脂质A+分支杆菌细胞壁骨架;莫哌达醇;芥类抗癌剂;印度洋海绵(mycaperoxide)B;分枝杆菌细胞壁提取物;米亚普龙(myriaporone);N-乙酰基地那林;N-取代的苯甲酰胺;那法瑞林;那瑞替喷(nagrestip);纳洛酮+镇痛新;纳帕英(napavin);萘萜二醇(naphterpin);那托司亭;奈达铂;奈莫柔比星;奈立膦酸;尼鲁米特;尼萨霉素(nisamycin);氮氧化物调节剂;硝基氧抗氧化剂;尼多林(nitrullyn);奥利默森O6-苄基鸟嘌呤;奥曲肽;奥可斯酮(okicenone);寡核苷酸;奥那司酮;昂丹司琼;昂丹司琼;奥莱辛(oracin);口服细胞因子诱导物;奥马铂;奥沙特隆;奥沙利铂;氧杂奥诺霉素(oxaunomycin);紫杉醇;紫杉醇类似物;紫杉醇衍生物;帕劳胺(palauamine);棕榈酰根霉素;帕米磷酸;人参炔三醇;帕诺米芬;副菌铁素(parabactin);帕折普汀;培门冬酶;培得星;戊聚硫钠;喷司他丁;喷托唑(pentrozole);全氟溴烷;培磷酰胺;紫苏子醇;苯那霉素(phenazinomycin);乙酸苯酯(phenylacetate);磷酸酶抑制剂;皮西巴尼(picibanil);盐酸匹鲁卡品;吡柔比星;吡曲克辛;胎盘素(placetin)A;胎盘素B;纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂;铂络合物;铂化合物;铂-三胺络合物;卟菲尔钠;泊非霉素;氯泼尼松;丙基双吖啶酮;前列腺素J2;蛋白酶体抑制剂;基于蛋白A的免疫调节剂;蛋白激酶C抑制剂;蛋白激酶C抑制剂,微藻(microalgal);蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶抑制剂;嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶抑制剂;红紫素;吡唑啉吖啶;吡哆醛化的血红蛋白聚氧乙烯偶联物;raf拮抗剂;雷替曲塞;雷莫司琼;ras法尼基蛋白转移酶抑制剂;ras抑制剂;ras-GAP抑制剂;去甲基化的瑞替普汀;依替膦酸铼Re186;根霉素;核酶;RII维甲酰胺(retinamide);罗希吐碱(rohitukine);罗莫肽;罗喹美克;卢比格酮(rubiginone)B1;卢伯西(ruboxyl);沙芬戈;伞托平(saintopin);SarCNU;萨可菲醇(sarcophytol)A;沙格司亭;Sdi1模拟物;司莫司汀;衰老衍生的抑制剂1;正义寡核苷酸;信号转导抑制剂;西佐喃;索布佐生;硼卡钠;苯基乙酸钠;索尔醇(solverol);生长调节素结合蛋白;索纳明;膦门冬酸;斯卡霉素(spicamycin)D;螺莫司汀;脾脏五肽(splenopentin);海绵他汀(spongistatin)1;角鲨胺;斯提酰胺(stipiamide);基质分解素抑制剂;斯菲诺辛(sulfinosine);强效血管活性肠肽拮抗剂;素拉迪塔(suradista);苏拉明;苦马豆碱;他莫司汀;他莫昔芬甲碘化物;牛磺莫司汀;他扎罗汀;替可加兰钠;替加氟;碲吡喃洋(tellurapyrylium);端粒酶抑制剂;替莫泊芬;替尼泊苷;十氧化四氯(tetrachlorodecaoxide);四佐胺(tetrazomine);泰立拉汀(thaliblastine);噻可拉林;血小板生成素;血小板生成素模拟物;胸腺法新;胸腺生成素受体激动剂;胸腺曲南;促甲状腺激素;本紫红素乙酯锡;替拉扎明;二氯环戊二烯钛;拓扑森汀(topsentin);托瑞米芬;翻译抑制剂;维甲酸;三乙酰基尿苷;曲西立滨;三甲曲沙;曲普瑞林;托烷司琼;妥罗雄脲;酪氨酸激酶抑制剂;酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂(tyrphostin);UBC抑制剂;乌苯美司;泌尿生殖窦衍生的生长抑制因子;脲激酶受体拮抗剂;伐普肽;瓦立奥林(variolin)B;维拉雷琐;藜芦明;瓦尔丁(verdins);维替泊芬;长春瑞滨;威科萨汀(vinxaltine);维他辛;伏氯唑;扎诺特隆;折尼铂;亚苄维C;和净司他丁斯酯,或前述的任意类似物或衍生物变体。在具体实施方式中,化疗与本发明结合使用,例如,在本发明的给药之前、期间和/或之后。示例性化疗剂至少包括达卡巴嗪(也称为DTIC)、替莫唑胺、紫杉醇、顺铂、卡莫司汀、福莫司汀、长春地辛、长春新碱或博来霉素。
B.放疗
造成DNA损伤并已广泛使用的其他因素包括通常称为γ射线、X射线和/或将放射性同位素直接递送给肿瘤细胞。也考虑其它形式的DNA破坏因素,如微波和紫外辐射。所有这些因素很有可能会对DNA、DNA前体、DNA复制和修复、染色体装配和维持造成较宽范围的损伤。X-射线的剂量范围从延长期间(3至4周)50至200伦琴的每天剂量到2000至6000伦琴的单次剂量。放射性同位素的剂量范围差异很大,取决于所述同位素的半衰期、发射辐射的强度和类型、以及肿瘤细胞的摄入。
本文所用术语“接触”和“暴露”用于细胞时,描述治疗构建体和化疗或放疗试剂递送给靶细胞或放置成与所述靶细胞直接并置所用的方法。为了实现细胞杀死或静止,以有效杀死所述细胞或阻止其分裂的结合量将两种试剂递送给细胞。
C.免疫疗法
一般免疫治疗法依赖于使用免疫效应细胞和分子靶向并破坏癌细胞。所述免疫效应物可为例如对肿瘤细胞表面的一些标记特异的抗体。抗体本身可用作治疗效应物或其可招募其他细胞以实际影响细胞杀死。抗体也可与药物或毒素(化疗剂、放射性核素、蓖麻毒素A链、霍乱毒素、百日咳毒素等)偶联并且仅用作靶向剂。或者所述效应物可为携带表面分子的淋巴细胞,所述分子直接或间接与肿瘤细胞靶标相互作用。各种效应细胞包括细胞毒性T细胞和NK细胞。
因此,免疫治疗可用作组合治疗的部分,与本细胞治疗联用。组合疗法的一般方法如下所述。一般而言,肿瘤细胞必须携带一些易于靶向的标志物,即,不存在于大多数其它细胞上。存在许多肿瘤标志物并且这些标志物中的任一种适用于在本发明的内容中靶向。常见的肿瘤标志物包括癌胚抗原、前列腺特异抗原、泌尿肿瘤相关抗原、胎儿抗原、酪氨酸酶(p97)、gp68、TAG-72、HMFG、唾液酸化Lewis抗原、MucA、MucB、PLAP、雌激素受体、层粘连蛋白受体、erbB和p155等。
免疫疗法可包括,例如,白介素-2(IL-2)或干扰素(IFN)。在某些实施方式中,免疫疗法是针对Notch通路配体或受体的抗体,例如,针对DLL4、Notch1、Notch2/3、Fzd7或Wnt的抗体。在某些其它实施方式中,免疫疗法是针对r-spondin(RSPO)1、RSPO2、RSPO3或RSPO4的抗体。
D.基因
在另一实施方式中,所述第二治疗为基因治疗,其中在本发明临床实施方式之前、之后或同时给予治疗性多核苷酸。本发明涵盖各种表达产物,包括细胞增殖诱导剂、细胞增殖抑制剂或细胞程序性死亡调节剂。
E.手术
约60%的癌症患者会经历一些类型的外科手术,包括预防性、诊断性或分期、治愈性和缓解性外科手术。治愈性外科手术是可与其他治疗法联用的癌症治疗,所述治疗法如本发明的治疗、化疗、放疗、激素治疗、基因治疗、免疫治疗和/或其他治疗。
治愈性外科手术包括切除术,其中所有或部分癌组织被物理移除、切割和/或破坏。肿瘤切除是指物理去除至少部分肿瘤。除了肿瘤切除术,外科手术治疗包括激光手术、冷冻手术、电外科手术和显微镜控制手术(莫氏(Mohs)手术)。还预期本发明可与浅表性癌、初癌或附带量的正常组织移除联用。
所有癌细胞、组织或肿瘤的部分切割后,可在体内形成空腔。治疗可通过灌注、直接注射或局部区域应用其他抗癌治疗来实现。该治疗可例如每1、2、3、4、5、6或7天或每1、2、3、4和5周或每1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11或12个月重复。这些治疗也可用不同的剂量。
F.其它药剂
可考虑将其它药剂与本发明联用以改善治疗功效。这些其他试剂包括免疫调节剂、影响细胞表面受体和GAP连接上调的试剂、细胞抑制和分化试剂、细胞粘附抑制剂、或增加所述过度增殖性细胞对凋亡诱导物的敏感性的试剂。免疫调节剂包括肿瘤坏死因子;干扰素α、β和γ;IL-2和其他细胞因子;F42K和其他细胞因子类似物;或MIP-1、MIP-1β、MCP-1、RANTES和其他趋化因子。还考虑细胞表面受体或其配体如Fas/Fas配体、DR4或DR5/TRAIL的上调将通过对过度增殖细胞建立自分泌或旁分泌作用来增强本发明的凋亡诱导能力。通过提高GAP接头的数量将提高对相邻过度增殖细胞群的抗-过度增殖作用。在其他实施方式中,细胞抑制或分化试剂可与本发明联用以改进所述治疗的抗过度增殖效力。考虑细胞粘附抑制剂来改善本发明的功效。细胞粘附抑制剂的例子为粘着斑激酶(FAK)抑制剂和洛伐他汀。还可考虑能提高过度增殖细胞对凋亡的敏感性的其它药剂,如抗体c225与本发明联用以提高治疗功效。
实施例
纳入下列实施例以显示本发明的优选实施方式。本领域的普通技术人员应理解,根据本发明人揭示的技术,实施例中公开的技术能很好地用于实施本发明,从而可将其视为实施本发明的优选模式。但是,本领域技术人员根据本公开应理解,在不偏离本发明精神和范围的前提下,可对所公开的具体实施方式进行许多变化,同时仍能获得相同或类似的结果。
实施例1
肿瘤特异性T细胞中类肝素酶的恢复表达增强了它们在神经母细胞瘤模型中的抗肿瘤效果。
基于过继T细胞的疗法已经显示出在患有淋巴瘤的患者中的有希望的结果,但是似乎在实体瘤中效果较差。具体地,神经母细胞瘤(NB)中的最近临床实验显示CAR-介导的T细胞仅在中等块状疾病(modestbulkdisease)的患者中显示出抗肿瘤功效,表明离体增殖的效应T细胞可能具有有限的透过并迁移通过实体瘤的胞外基质(ECM)的能力。
虽然调节活化和效应T细胞迁移通过ECM的机制尚未充分研究,发明人发现与循环T细胞不同,离体增殖的T细胞缺少类肝素酶(HPSE)的表达,这是一种参与硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖(HSPG)降解的关键酶,硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖组成了皮下基底膜(BM)和ECM。重要的是,这种酶活性的丢失伴随着离体增殖的T细胞与静息T细胞(23%±8%)或快速活化的T细胞(34%±8%)相比显著削弱的侵入能力(8%±6%)(p=0.01)。因此发明人估计是否是逆转录病毒基因修饰对离体培养的抗原特异性T细胞中HPSE的恢复拯救了它们的侵入性质,导致改善的抗肿瘤活性。当HPSE和GD2-特异性CAR(CAR)在T细胞中共表达以靶向NB时,CAR(I)HPSE+T细胞保留了与CAR+T细胞相当的表型特征和抗肿瘤活性,但是获得了比CAR+T细胞(13%±9%;p<0.001)优越的侵入ECM的能力(66%±1%)。重要的是,当在ECM存在下进行NB肿瘤细胞的共培养实验时,与CAR+T细胞相比,CAR(I)HPSE+T细胞的体外抗肿瘤活性提高(残留肿瘤细胞:对照、CAR+和CAR(I)HPSE+T细胞分别是68%±3%,52%±9%和19%±1%)(p=0.0001对照对比CAR(I)HPSE并且p=0.017CAR对比CAR(I)HPSE)。当比较异种移植神经母细胞瘤模型中的抗肿瘤活性时,与用对照T细胞(p<0.001)或CAR+T细胞处理的小鼠(p<0.007)相比,用CAR(I)HPSE+T细胞处理的小鼠到第40天具有显著改善的存活率。另外,47%的注入CAR(I)HPSE+的小鼠到第40天没有肿瘤,相比之下,28%的注入CAR+T细胞的小鼠到第40天没有肿瘤。与从对照(0.6%±0.5;p=0.029)或CAR+T细胞(0.1%±0.1;p=0.043)处理的小鼠收集的肿瘤相比,CAR(I)HPSE+T处理的小鼠显示出更强的T细胞肿瘤渗透(4.6%±2.4%)。总之,抗原特异性T淋巴细胞中HPSE的恢复表达对实体瘤的T-细胞免疫疗法有显著影响。
实施例2
恢复肿瘤特异性T淋巴细胞中类肝素酶的缺陷型表达增强了它们的抗肿瘤效果。
由于缺少HPSE,增殖的T细胞具有削弱的降解ECM的能力。首先评估离体增殖的T细胞是否在其降解ECM的能力上是有缺陷的。使用基于基质胶(Matrigel)的侵入试验,他们比较了新鲜分离的静息T细胞(FT)(初始,效应-记忆和中枢-记忆T细胞)、暴露于OKT3/CD28抗体24小时的快速激活的T细胞(BA-T)、长期离体增殖的T细胞(LTE-T)(活化并培养12-14天)(中枢-记忆和效应-记忆T细胞)和新鲜分离的单核细胞(阳性对照)。如预期的那样,从5个不同的健康供体中分离的单核细胞显示出最高的降解ECM的能力(63%±23%)(图1A)。与之前在啮齿动物中报告的数据相一致(deMestre等,2007),BA-T显示出与FT相比,增强的ECM侵入(分别为34%±8%对比23%±8%;p=0.05)。然而,LTE-T与BA-T(p=0.01)和FT(p=0.022)相比具有降低的降解ECM的能力(8%±6%)。
为了仔细研究上述观察的机制,在各细胞组中评价HPSE的表达和功能。与侵入试验相一致,单核细胞与CD4+和CD8+FT以及BA-T保留了HPSE的活性形式(50KDa)的表达,而LTE-T到培养第2天丧失了HPSE表达,并且在培养期间一致性地保持阴性(图1B)。此外,即使当LTE-T静息并使用OKT3/CD28抗体在培养第14天在活化时,HPSE不再表达。由免疫荧光分析确认LTE-T缺少HPSE表达(图1C)。通过从外周血中分离中枢-记忆(CD45RO+CD62L+)和效应-记忆(CD45RO+CD62L-)细胞,也在用OKT3/CD28抗体刺激18小时后在两个子集中证明HPSE从潜伏形式(65kDa)向活化形式(50kDa)转化(图7)。
LTE-T中缺少HPSE蛋白与HPSEmRNA的下调相关,如由定量RT-PCR所评估。如图1D所示,与CD14+细胞相比,CD4+和CD8+T细胞中的HPSE-特异性mRNA在活化后立即降低,并且在14天的培养期间保持低位(对于CD4+T细胞,p<0.005,并且CD8+T细胞,p<0.031)。到用OKT3/CD28抗体培养第14天时在活化LTE-T没有诱导HPSEmRNA的上调。也由培养上清中缺少酶活性来确认LTE-T中缺少这种细胞HPSE。如图1E所示,在FT活化的第一个72小时内收集的上清中检测HPSE酶活性,FT可归因于培养基中的累积,但是在72小时后酶活性回到背景水平(对于CD4+和CD8+分别从0.34U/ml±0.2U/ml和0.45U/ml±0.27U/ml到0.22U/ml±0.06)(图1E)。
肿瘤抑制剂p53通过结合其启动子调节HPSE基因表达。基于之前的研究,其显示p53在过表达HPSE的肿瘤细胞中下调或突变丧失功能,认为活化的T淋巴细胞中的功能性p53将参与HPSEmRNA的下调。发现活化后并且在离体培养期间,p53mRNA(图9A)和蛋白亚基(图9B)在CD4+和CD8+T细胞中都持续上调。因为如p53染色质免疫沉淀(ChIP)所估计p53结合到LTE-T中的HPSE启动子,p53上调和HPSE下调确实关联(图9C)。为了进一步证明该事件并非简单地在离体培养的T细胞(LTE-T)中观察到而是在生理上从初始(CD45RA+)转化到抗原刺激过的T细胞(CD45RO+)期间发生,在T-细胞受体(TCR)交联活化前后,在新鲜分离的CD45RA+T细胞中重复p53ChIP。如图9D所示,初始CD45RA+T细胞显示仅在TCR交联后72小时与HPSE启动子结合的p53,这表示它们从初始T细胞转化成抗原刺激过的T细胞。因此,活化的T细胞中p53上调导致永久性下调的HPSEmRNA表达。
HPSE的再表达恢复了离体增殖的LTE-T降解ECM的能力。已经发现LTE-T下调HPSE表达,从而丧失了其降解ECM的能力,通过逆转录病毒基因在LTE-T中再表达HPSE被认为会恢复其侵入能力。如图2A所示,由qRT-PCR和WB评价用编码GFP和HPSE表达GFP(51%±18%)以及HPSE的逆转录病毒载体转导的LTE-T(图2B和C)。如功能性试验所证明,HPSE(I)GFP+LTE-T(48%±19%)比对照LTE-T(29%±18%;p=0.025)更好地降解ECM(图2D)。当转导的T细胞基于对GFP阳性细胞选择(>90%)的HPSE表达富集时并且在由MatrigelTM细胞侵入试验测试之前(69%±19%,p<0.001),这种差异被进一步强化。HPSE-抑制剂,肝素H1(Nakajima等,1984)的加入确认HPSE(I)GFP+LTE-T恢复的侵入性质是HPSE-特异性的,如GFP-分选的LTE-T的侵入从74%±14%显著降低至29%±9%(p<0.01)(图2E)。用于过继T细胞转移的离体培养的LTE-T中HPSE的再表达恢复了记忆细胞降解ECM的生理性质。
GD2-特异性CAR-修饰的T淋巴细胞中HPSE的共表达增强了ECM的侵入,而不降低效应功能。已经证明LTE-T中表达HPSE恢复了它们降解ECM的能力,接着确定这种性质是否会与抗肿瘤特异性相联。使用NB作为模型,并且通过GD2-特异性CAR的表达生成靶向NB-相关抗原GD2的T细胞(Pule等,2005)。用单独编码CAR或同时编码HPSE和CAR(CAR(I)HPSE)的逆转录病毒载体转导来自5个健康供体的LTE-T。在培养第14天,当使用CAR和CAR(I)HPSE载体时,CAR表达分别为71%±14%和56%±6%(图3A)。由CD4+和CD8+T细胞同时表达CAR分子(CD4+和CD8+分别为9%±19%和60%±18%;CAR(I)HPSE:CD4+和CD8+分别为38%±13%和61%±13%)。通过Western印迹在CAR(I)HPSE转导的T细胞中持续检测到HPSE(图3B)。CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T保留针对NB靶细胞的效应功能。在标准51Cr-释放试验中,CAR+和CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T都特异性裂解GD2+LAN1细胞(分别具有71%±22%和41%±16%的20∶1E∶T比例的杀伤)和GD2+CHLA-255细胞(分别为76%±7%和55%±13%)。CAR和CAR(I)HPSELTE-T显示针对GD2-靶细胞系拉吉(分别为8%±3%和2%±2%)的可忽略活性(图3C)。如预期的那样,对照LTE-T没有裂解这些靶标。CAR-修饰的T细胞的抗肿瘤活性与保留的Th1细胞因子概况(IFNγ(对于CAR+和CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T分别是927±328和527±320ρg/ml/106细胞)和IL-2(对于CAR+和CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T分别是83±6和61±27ρg/ml/106细胞)的保留释放)相关(图3D)。与它们相当的细胞毒性功能形成鲜明对比,与CAR+或对照LTE-T(分别为13%±9%和16%±10%)(p=0.004和p<0.001)相比,仅仅CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T(66%±1%)明显更好地降解ECM(图3E)。为了离体证明共表达HPSE和CAR的LTE-T在ECM存在下具有增加的抗肿瘤活性,在MatrigelTM细胞侵入试验中接种LTE-T和肿瘤细胞,其中LTE-T必须降解ECM以达到并消除肿瘤靶标。在培养3天后,在没有ECM(插入物)的情况下,与对照LTE-T(31%±6%残留GFP+LAN-1细胞)相比,CAR+和CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T都同等良好地消除了LAN-1肿瘤细胞(<3%残留GFP+肿瘤细胞)(图3F,G)。相反,在ECM存在下,CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T消除了除16%±8%的LAN-1细胞以外的全部细胞,与此相比,在CAR+LTE-T存在下有37%±12%的残留(p=0.001)(图3F、G)。在任何条件(插入物或ECM)下,对照LTE-T都没有显示出抗肿瘤活性(残留GFP+LAN-145%±9%).用NB系CHLA-255得到相同结果。因此,在ECM存在下,只有共表达HPSE和CAR的LTE-T显示稳健的抗肿瘤活性。
在ECM存在下,共表达HPSE和GD2-特异性CAR的T细胞具有增强的抗肿瘤活性。接着确定HPSE和GD2-特异性CAR的共表达在ECM存在下是否增强抗-NB活性。他们在基质胶侵入试验中接种LTE-T和肿瘤细胞并且测量T细胞降解ECM然后靶向表达GFP(用于定量)的CHLA-255和LAN1肿瘤细胞的能力。如图4A和4B所示,在培养3天后,在没有ECM的情况下,与对照LTE-T(分别为31%±6%和42%±10%的残留GFP+细胞)相比,CAR+和CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T同等良好地消除LAN1和CHLA-255肿瘤细胞(小于<3%残留GFP+细胞)。相反,在ECM存在下,CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T分别消除了除16%±8%的LAN1和19%±1%的CHAL-255细胞以外的全部细胞,与此相比,在CAR+LTE-T存在下分别有37%±12%和52%±9%的残留(p=0.001)。如预期的那样,对照LTE-T在任何条件下都没有显示抗肿瘤活性(LAN1和CHAL-255分别残留45%±9%和68%±3%)。图4C和4D总结了平均SD。
共表达HPSE和CAR-GD2的T细胞在NB的移植小鼠模型中改善了总体存活率。为了在体内验证发现,通过腹膜内注射基质胶存在下的2种不同细胞系(CHLA-255和LAN-1)植入NOG/SCID/γc -/-小鼠来建立NB的移植模型以形成复杂和结构化的肿瘤。在10天后,小鼠腹膜内接受对照LTE-T或CAR+或CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T。如图5A所示,植入CHLA-255并用CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T处理的小鼠与用对照LTE-T(p<0.001)或CAR+LTE-T(p<0.007)处理的小鼠相比有显著改善的40天存活率。在40天时,处死来自各处理组的存活小鼠并评估宏观(macroscopic)肿瘤的存在。7只注入CAR+LTE-T的存活小鼠中只有2只(29%)没有肿瘤,而17只注入CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T的存活小鼠中有8只没有肿瘤迹象。在另一组实验中,在T-细胞注入后第12-14天时处死小鼠以测量肿瘤位点处的T-细胞渗透。与从对照(0.6%±0.5;p=0.029)或CAR+LTE-T(0.1%±0.1;p=0.043)处理的小鼠收集的肿瘤相比,注入CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T的小鼠的肿瘤有更强的T细胞渗透(4.6%±2.4%)(图5B)。在用肿瘤细胞系LAN-1移植的小鼠中得到相似的结果(图5C)。注入CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T的小鼠相比用对照LTE-T(p<0.0001)或CAR+LTE-T(p<0.039)处理的小鼠有显著改善的40天存活率。当小鼠注入CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T时,与对照相比,从处死的小鼠收集的肿瘤也显示重量显著降低(0.8g±0.6g对比3.3g±2.4g)(p=0.039),并且当与注入CAR+LTE-T的小鼠相比时有相同趋势(0.8g±0.6g对比2.5g±2g)(p=0.093)(图5D)。
评估T细胞强制表达HPSE是否影响其体内生物分布。对于这些研究,用编码eGFP.FFluc的载体标记CAR(I)HPSE+和CAR+LTE-T并然后通过尾部注射注入。通过在T细胞注入后不同时间点的体内成像来评估T-细胞生物分布,并且没有显示出两组小鼠之间的显著差异(图6)。
因为NB细胞系在注入时需要MatrigelTM来形成复杂和结构化的肿瘤,在第二NOG/SCID/γc -/-模型中验证提出的方法促进T-细胞渗透的相关性,其中用萤火虫荧光素酶标记的CHLA-255肿瘤细胞植入肾中并在不需要MatrigelTM的情况下发育实体瘤。来自静脉内注入CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T的小鼠的肿瘤切片显示与CAR+LTE-T相比增强的CD3+T细胞渗透(分别为357±72和173±32;p=0.028)(图10A、B、C)。对注入小鼠的长期观察也显示注入CAR(I)HPSE+LTE-T的小鼠到第50天显示改善的存活率(p<0.005)(图10D)。
为了排除关于恢复HPSE表达的LTE-T对正常组织(如肺和肝)的非特异性渗透的问题,评估了体内T-细胞生物分布。对于这些研究,用编码GFP.FFluc的载体标记CAR(I)HPSE+和CAR+LTE-T并然后通过尾部注射注入。通过在T-细胞接种后的不同时间点上的成像和免疫组化评估的T-细胞生物分布没有显示出两组小鼠之间的显著差异,表明在再恢复HPSE表达的LTE-T的肺或肝中没有优先积累(图6)。
实施例3
特定实施方式的总结
数据显示,生成用于治疗癌症的肿瘤抗原特异性T细胞所需的延长离体培养影响了它们的HPSE生成,这是组成肿瘤ECM的HSPG的降解中的关键物质。HPSE的缺乏限制了肿瘤介导的T细胞迁移通过ECM,妨碍了接触肿瘤细胞并降低了它们消除实体瘤的能力。通过基因转移的HPSE强制表达恢复了CAR-重定向T细胞降解HSPG的能力并增强它们在NB模型中的抗肿瘤效果。
T淋巴细胞渗出通过血管到肿瘤位点的能力对于它们的抗肿瘤功能是关键的。虽然FT和BAT-L显示出可检测的活性50kDa形式的蛋白质表达,用于生产用于过继免疫疗法的T-细胞系的按照现有方案生成的LTE-T是HPSE缺陷型。实验显示HPSEmRNA在T-细胞活化之后立即下调,而HPSE-特异性酶活性在培养基中T-细胞活化后的第一个72小时内增加。这些观察与之前的研究一致,之前的研究显示预制HPSE在胞内隔室中储存并随着响应T细胞活化的早期事件释放(Bartlett等,1995)。重要的是,在触发TCR之后,从HPSE的无活性形式到活化形式的快速转化及其释放是中枢-记忆和效应-记忆T细胞的生理性质。对离体增殖的T细胞的分析也显示这些细胞同时缺少HPSEmRNA表达和酶活性,并且当LTE-T静息然后由TCR刺激再活化时HPSE的转录或翻译都没有恢复。
虽然数据显示缺少HPSE直接降低了LTE-T降解HSPG的能力,并且因此阻碍了它们在ECM存在下的抗肿瘤活性,但同样值得注意的是HS链的切割将预先储存的细胞因子释放到间质中(Gallagher,2001;Iozzo,1998)。由于这些细胞因子在肿瘤微环境中引导T细胞迁移到它们的靶细胞,缺少HPSE还可能通过降低它们的迁移来间接降低T细胞的抗肿瘤效果。
通过基因转移在LTE-T中再表达HPSE恢复了它们降解ECM的生理能力,而没有降低效应功能。HPSE可易于在单个载体中与肿瘤导向CAR结合,使得除恢复对ECM的降解以外同时获得抗肿瘤性质。这在体内导致共表达CAR和HPSE的T细胞在肿瘤环境内的渗透增加,反映了它们恢复的降解肿瘤间质ECM的能力。本文所述的方法使得在通过在CAR内包含CD28和OX40共刺激内结构域连接CAR之后HPSE+CAR+LTE-T接受共刺激(Pule等,2005)。然而,缺少HPSE的CAR-T细胞并不联接肿瘤细胞,由此无法接受抗原介导的刺激或共刺激,使得由缺少HPSE决定的总体效果是小鼠中肿瘤生长增加。
在生理条件下,紧密调节T细胞的HPSE表达以避免T-细胞外渗到非病理组织产生的组织破坏。在本发明的实施方式中,HPSE仅在CAR-T细胞中表达,并且因为抗原特异性应驱动T细胞优先在具有高抗原含量的组织中积累(Marelli-Berg等,2010),非特异性组织渗入应受到限制;当时,在注入HSPE+CAR+LTE-T的小鼠中生物分布、主治渗透或毒性没有变化。
总而言之,发明人已经在肿瘤特异性LTE-T中鉴定到HPSE的特异性缺陷,其限制了它们的抗肿瘤活性并且可通过酶的强制表达来克服。采用该策略显著增强了实体瘤患者中导向肿瘤的T细胞的活性。
实施例4
示例性的材料和方法
细胞系。在补充10%胎牛血清(FBS,Hyclone,美国宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡的热科学公司(ThermoScientific,Pittsburgh,PA,USA))和2mMGlutaMax(加利福尼亚州卡尔斯巴德的英杰公司(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA))的IMDM(Gibco,加利福尼亚州卡尔斯巴德的英杰公司)中培养细胞系293T(人胚胎肾)、DU-145(人前列腺癌)、A549(人肺表皮癌)和CHLA-255(NB)。在补充10%FBS和2mMGlutaMax的RPMI1640(HyClone)中培养细胞系MCF-7(乳腺癌)、拉吉(伯基特淋巴瘤)、K562(类红原粒细胞(eritromyeloblastoid)白血病)和LAN1(NB)。细胞在37℃下保持在含5%CO2的潮湿气氛下。
原代人T淋巴细胞的培养和分离。使用Ficoll-Paque(新泽西州皮斯卡塔韦的安玛西亚生物科学公司(AmershamBiosciences,Piscataway,N.J.))从健康供体的暗黄层(美国德克萨斯州休斯顿的墨西哥湾岸区域血液中心(GulfCoastRegionalBloodCenter,Houston,TX,USA))中分离外周血单核细胞(PBMC)。通过用CD14微珠(加利福尼亚州奥本的美天旎生物技术公司(MiltenyiBiotec,Auburn,CA,USA))的正磁性选择从PBMC得到单核细胞。通过使用特异性微珠(美天旎生物技术公司)的反磁性选择从PBMC得到CD8+和CD4+T细胞。通过使用特异性微珠(美天旎生物技术公司)的负磁性选择从PBMC得到CD8+和CD4+T细胞。在所选的实验中,也通过正磁性选择(美天旎生物技术公司)从PBMC中分离中枢-记忆细胞(CD45RO+CD62L+)和效应-记忆细胞(CD45RO+CD62L-)。用固定的抗-CD3(OKT3)(1μg/ml)和抗-CD28(美国新泽西州富兰克林湖的BD公司(BectonDickinsonBiosciences,FranklinLakes,NJ,USA))(1μg/ml)抗体来活化T淋巴细胞,然后在并补充有10%FBS和2mMGlutaMAX的含45%RPMI1640和45%Click’s培养基的完全培养基(美国加利福尼亚州桑塔亚那的伊文科学公司(IrvineScientific,SantaAna,CA,USA))中增殖。每周用重组白介素-2(IL-2)(50U/mL)饲喂细胞2次(美国加利福尼亚州埃默里威尔的西龙治疗公司(ChironTherapeutics,Emeryville,CA,USA)),如前所述(Savoldo等,2007)。
侵入试验。按照生产生的说明书使用BioCoatTMMatrigelTM侵入试验(BD生物科学公司)体外检测各细胞子集降解ECM的能力。简而言之,在上室/插入物中接种在无血清培养基中保持18小时的细胞(2.5x105细胞/室)。向较低的隔室中加入补充10%FBS的培养基以发挥化学引诱剂的作用。在24小时后,通过台盼蓝排除法对较低室中的细胞进行计数。所有实验都重复二次进行。数据表示为侵入通过基质胶和膜相对于迁移通过对照膜(8μm聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯膜孔)的百分比。如下计算侵入百分比:(侵入通过基质胶室膜的细胞平均数/迁移通过对照插入膜的细胞平均数)×100。在具体实验中,同时评价T淋巴细胞的侵入和抗肿瘤活性。简而言之,采用BioCoatTMMatrigelTM侵入试验,在24孔平板的底部接种LAN1/GFP+或CHLA255/GFP+细胞(14x104)并且在上室/插入物中接种T细胞(2.5x105个细胞)。在24小时后去除室和插入物,并且在另外培养3天后通过流式细胞术对从较低室收集的细胞进行定量以分别鉴定肿瘤细胞和T细胞。
Western印迹。在用OKT3/CD28抗体活化后的不同时间点收集CD4+和CD8+T细胞。使用补充了蛋白酶抑制剂混合物(美国密苏里州圣路易斯的西格玛奥德里奇公司(Sigma-Aldrich,St.Louis,MO,USA))的RIPA裂解缓冲液(美国马萨诸塞州丹弗斯市的细胞信号转导技术公司(CellSignalingDanvers,MA,USA))从5x106个细胞中提取蛋白质。50μg的蛋白质通过SDS-PAGE来分辨,转移到聚偏二氟乙烯膜(加利福尼亚州赫尔克里斯的伯乐公司(Bio-Rad,Hercules,CA))并在用合适的抗体探测之前用含0.1%(V/V)吐温-20的5%(W/V)脱脂奶粉的Tris缓冲盐水(TBS)封闭。这些实验中使用的抗体和稀释物如下:同时识别HPSE-1的65kDa前体和50kDa活化形式的小鼠抗人HPA1(1∶100,克隆HP130)(以色列雷霍沃特的InSight生物医药有限公司(InSightBiopharmaceuticalsLtd,Rehovot,Israel))、兔抗人HPA1多克隆抗体(1∶4000,美国北卡罗来纳州伯灵顿的塞得兰公司(Cedarlane,Burlington,NC,USA))和小鼠抗人β-肌动蛋白(1∶10000,克隆C4)(美国加利福尼亚州圣克鲁兹的圣克鲁兹生物技术公司(SantaCmzBiotechnology,SantaCmz,CA,USA))。用含0.1%(V/V)吐温-20的TBS洗涤印迹,然后用在封闭液中稀释的辣根过氧化物酶偶联的二抗染色(1∶5000,山羊抗小鼠sc-2005和山羊抗兔sc-2004)(圣克鲁兹生物技术公司)。然后用SuperSignalWest飞克级最高灵敏度底物(热科学公司(ThermoScientific))孵育印迹。
免疫荧光分析。贴壁细胞(1x105细胞/孔)在Lab-TekII腔式载玻片w/盖玻片(丹麦罗斯基勒的耐洁纽恩克国际公司(NalgeNuncIntl,Roskilde,Denmark))上生长,而非贴壁细胞(3.5x105细胞)在显微镜载玻片上涂片(cytospun)。用4%多聚甲醛(v/v)来固定细胞。在用0.1%曲通X-100(v/v)透化之后,用5%山羊血清(细胞信号技术公司(CellSignaling))和1%BSA来孵育细胞以封闭非特异性结合,然后用针对人HPSE1的一抗(HPA1,克隆HP130)(InSight生物医药有限公司)(室温下1∶100稀释,持续2小时)染色。然后用AlexaFluor555山羊抗小鼠二抗(室温下1∶500稀释持续2小时)(美国马萨诸塞州丹弗斯市的细胞信号转导技术公司)探测细胞。使用荧光显微镜(OlympusIX70,美国德克萨斯州欧文的利兹仪器公司(LeedsInstrumentsInc,Irving,TX,USA))来检测荧光信号。DAPI用作核染色。
RNA分离和定量实施PCR(qRT-PCR)。在用OKT3/CD28抗体活化后的不同时间点收集CD4+和CD8+T细胞。对于qRT-PCR,使用100ng的总RNA来制备cDNA(TaqMan一步法PCR预混试剂盒)(加利福尼亚州卡尔斯巴德的的应用生物系统公司(AppliedBiosystem,Carlsbad,CA,USA))。使用针对HPSE的特异性引物和探针(应用生物系统公司)(HPSE:Hs00935036_ml)。HPSE的循环阈值差(ΔCT)对GAPDH(甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶,Hs99999905_ml)的ΔCT标准化,并且表达倍数变化相对于被认为是阳性对照的CD14+细胞表示。
酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)。使用IFNγ和IL-2特异性ELISA(美国明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯的R&D系统公司(R&DSystems,Minneapolis,MN,USA))来分析响应GD2+LAN1细胞刺激的T细胞细胞因子释放。使用硫酸乙酰肝素(HS)降解酶试验试剂盒(日本滋贺县大津的Takara生物公司(TakaraBioInc,Otsu,Shiga,Japan))来测量HPSE活性。简而言之,生物素化HS用作酶的底物。然后用亲和素-过氧化物酶检测与成纤维细胞生长因子结合的未降解底物,在450nm处测量吸收。HPSE活性确定为吸收降低的倒数,如前所述(Roy等,2005;Zhang等,2010)。重复三次分析T细胞和肿瘤细胞上清。用生物素化HS在37℃下孵育上清75分钟,并且通过ELISA-型试验来确定HPSE-1活性。使用特异性底物来显色并且使用酶标仪(ELx808iu,伯腾仪器公司(Bio-TekInstruments))在450nm处读取。如之前对Western印迹和qRT-PCR的描述,在用OKT3/CD28抗体活化后的不同时间点上从CD4+和CD8+T细胞收集上清。在活化后第4天和第14天,细胞被收集、计数、洗涤并且在新鲜培养基中再接种。
逆转录病毒构建体,T淋巴细胞的瞬时转染和转导。HPSEcDNA(登录号NM-006665)克隆到还编码eGFP(SFG.HPSE(I)eGFP)的SFG逆转录病毒主链中(图8)。之前描述了含有CD28、OX40和内结构域的GD2-特异性CAR的构建(SFG.CAR)(Pule等,2005)。然后发明人使用IRES(SFG.CAR(I)HPSE)生成示例性双顺反子载体以共表达HPSE和CAR-GD2(图8)。之前描述了用于T细胞体内成像的编码融合蛋白萤火虫荧光素酶(eGFP.FFLuc)的逆转录病毒载体(Vera等,2006)。为了产生逆转录病毒上清,用逆转录病毒载体、编码MoMLVgag-pol的Peq-Pam质粒和编码RD114包膜的RDF质粒共转染293T细胞,如前所述(Vera等,2006)。在病毒制备期间向培养基中加入HPSE的特异性抑制剂,SST0001(化学修饰的肝素100Na,Ro-H)(3μg/ml)以增加其效价(Vlodavsky等,2007;Naggi等,2005)。然后使用重组人纤维蛋白片段(retronectin)包被的平板用逆转录病毒上清来转导活化的T淋巴细胞(Takara生物公司)。在从重组人纤维蛋白片段平板上去除之后,在IL-2(50U/mL)存在下,37℃下在含5%CO2的潮湿气氛中,T细胞系保持在完全T-细胞基质中持续2周。
流式细胞术。发明人使用以下示例性抗体:与FITC、PE、PerCP或APC荧光染料偶联的CD45、CD56、CD8、CD4和CD3(全部来自加利福尼亚州圣何塞的BD公司(BectonDickinson,SanJose,CA))。发明人在各实验中包括用合适的同种型匹配的抗体标记的对照样品。使用特异性抗-独特型抗体(1A7)检测T淋巴细胞中GD2-特异性CAR的表达(Rossig等,2002)。用配置了四重荧光信号过滤器组和CellQuest软件的BDFACScalibur系统分析样品(BD生物科技公司)。对于各样品,发明人分析了最少10000次事件。
铬释放试验。使用标准6-小时51Cr-释放试验评估T细胞的细胞毒性,如前所述(Savoldo等,2002)。靶细胞单独在培养基中或在1%曲通x-100(西格玛-奥德里奇公司)中孵育以分别确定自发和最大51Cr释放。如下计算三复孔的特异性裂解:[(测试计数-自发计数)/(最大计数-自发计数)]×100。测试的靶细胞包括LAN1、CHLA255和拉吉。
异种SCID小鼠模型。发明人使用如前所述的SCID小鼠模型(Savoldo等,2007;Quintarelli等,2007)来评估用SFG.CAR或SFG.CAR(I)HPSE逆转录病毒载体转导的对照和T细胞的体内抗肿瘤效果。按照贝勒医学院的动物饲养指南进行小鼠实验。用在基质胶(BD生物科技公司)中悬浮的CHLA255细胞(2.5x106)腹膜内(i.p.)注射8-10周龄的NOG/SCID/γc -/-小鼠(缅因州巴港的杰克逊实验室公司(JacksonLab,BarHarbor,Maine))。肿瘤接种10-12天后,腹膜内注射T细胞(20x106细胞/小鼠)。当检测到不适的信号时处死小鼠。对于T细胞的体内生物分布,用eGFP.FFluc载体标记的5x106T细胞/小鼠通过尾部注射注入。对于体内成像,如前所述使用Xenogen-IVIS成像系统(Vera等,2006)。
统计。除非另外说明,数据表示为平均值±标准偏差(SD)。使用斯氏t检验来确定样品之间的统计学显著差异,P值<0.05表明显著差异。当需要多种比较分析时,通过重复测量ANOVA之后对多重比较的NK(Newman-Keuls)或对数秩(MantelCox)检验来评估统计学显著性。使用卡普兰-迈耶存活曲线来分析小鼠的存活数据。
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尽管已经详细描述了本发明和其优势,但是应当理解,可对本文进行各种变化、替代和改变而不背离所附权利要求所定义的本发明的精神和范围。此外,本申请的范围不是旨在限制于本说明书所述的形式、手段、方法和步骤的过程、机器、制造、组合物的具体实施方式。本领域普通技术人员通过本发明的内容将容易理解,现存或后续开发的与本文所述相应实施方式实施基本相同功能或实现基本相同结果的形式、手段、方法、或步骤的过程、机器、制造、组合物均可使用。因此,所附权利要求旨在将形式、手段、方法、或步骤的过程、机器、制造、组合物包括在其范围内。
Claims (17)
1.一种离体培养的细胞,具有类肝素酶的重组表达,所述细胞中没有内源性类肝素酶的表达,或者其中现有的类肝素酶表达随类肝素酶的重组表达而过表达。
2.如权利要求1所述的细胞,其特征在于,所述细胞是T细胞、NK细胞或NKT细胞。
3.如权利要求1所述的细胞,其特征在于,所述细胞是离体增殖的T细胞。
4.如权利要求1所述的细胞,其特征在于,所述细胞是肿瘤抗原特异性T细胞。
5.如权利要求1所述的细胞,其特征在于,所述细胞是嵌合抗原受体(CAR)-特异性T细胞。
6.一种改善细胞疗法功效的方法,所述方法包括对用于所述疗法的细胞进行修饰以表达类肝素酶的步骤。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述细胞缺少内源性类肝素酶表达,并且所述修饰步骤恢复了类肝素酶表达。
8.如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述细胞具有内源性类肝素酶表达,并且类肝素酶过表达。
9.如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述细胞是肿瘤抗原特异性T细胞。
10.如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述细胞是CAR特异性T细胞。
11.如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述细胞疗法针对癌症。
12.如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述细胞疗法针对实体瘤。
13.一种治疗个体中癌症的方法,所述方法包括向所述个体递送治疗有效量的治疗性细胞的步骤,其中所述细胞是重组表达类肝素酶的离体培养的细胞。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,所述细胞:
1)缺少内源性类肝素酶表达;或
2)具有内源性类肝素酶表达,并且重组表达的类肝素酶过表达。
15.如权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,所述癌症包括实体瘤。
16.如权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,所述细胞是肿瘤抗原特异性T细胞。
17.如权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,所述细胞是CAR特异性T细胞。
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EP2964253A1 (en) | 2016-01-13 |
HK1220111A1 (zh) | 2017-04-28 |
US20160017302A1 (en) | 2016-01-21 |
WO2014138315A1 (en) | 2014-09-12 |
AU2014225708B2 (en) | 2018-10-18 |
JP2016510594A (ja) | 2016-04-11 |
CA2904236A1 (en) | 2014-09-12 |
WO2014138315A8 (en) | 2018-07-26 |
AU2014225708A1 (en) | 2015-10-08 |
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