CN105399245B - The prosthetic device and its restorative procedure of hexavalent chromium polluted underground water - Google Patents

The prosthetic device and its restorative procedure of hexavalent chromium polluted underground water Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105399245B
CN105399245B CN201510955512.8A CN201510955512A CN105399245B CN 105399245 B CN105399245 B CN 105399245B CN 201510955512 A CN201510955512 A CN 201510955512A CN 105399245 B CN105399245 B CN 105399245B
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water
water distribution
hexavalent chromium
underground water
reduction reaction
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CN105399245A (en
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李月中
廖书林
张进锋
华建敏
马强
尹贞
金慧宁
朱卫兵
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Welly Environmental Technology Group Co., Ltd.
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Jiangsu Welle Environmental Protection Technology Co Ltd
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F9/00Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/281Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using inorganic sorbents
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/70Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by reduction
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/20Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
    • C02F2101/22Chromium or chromium compounds, e.g. chromates
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/06Contaminated groundwater or leachate

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)
  • Water Treatment By Sorption (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a kind of prosthetic devices of hexavalent chromium polluted underground water, pumping system includes pumped well, well casing and immersible pump, well casing is equipped in pumped well, the middle and lower part of well casing is screen casing, immersible pump is mounted in screen casing, tube at one end connect with immersible pump communicate, the other end on ground conduit connection communicate;Multiple water distribution branch pipes and water distribution supervisor on water distribution system connect, and water main is connect with conduit;Reduction reaction packing layer, absorption filled layer and permeable formation of the filling system in baffle from top to bottom, multiple water distribution branch pipes are radially laid in the top of reduction reaction packing layer, the reduction reaction medium of reduction reaction packing layer filling is used to the hexavalent chromium pollutant in underground water being reduced to trivalent chromium, the adsorbing medium filled in the absorption filled layer is used to permeate the underground water after repairing for remaining hexavalent chromium pollutant in attached ground water, the permeating medium of permeable formation filling.The present invention can reduce difficulty of construction and rehabilitation cost, can replace to repair materials.

Description

The prosthetic device and its restorative procedure of hexavalent chromium polluted underground water
Technical field
The present invention relates to the prosthetic devices and its restorative procedure of a kind of hexavalent chromium polluted underground water, belong to groundwater remediation skill Art field.
Background technique
With the rapid development of social economy and the increasingly quickening of process of industrialization, underground water pollution problem are increasingly tight Weight, it is wherein hexavalent chromium polluted especially noticeable due to its significant harmfulness in underground water.Cr VI is studied " three cause " pollutant confirmed, it is in soil and groundwater mainly with CrO42~And HCrO4~Etc. forms exist, it is soluble strong, It is easy to migrate, it is decided to be in environment and endangers one of maximum pollutant, it is necessary to control effectively to it.
It is extracting processing respectively currently, mainly using two kinds of technologies to be repaired for hexavalent chromium polluted underground water Technology and original position PRB recovery technique.
1), pump-and-treat system recovery technique (P&T) is the classical recovery technique of underground water dystopy processing, and latter stage in last century is in state Outer application is relatively broad, it is that contaminated underground water is released, and is then handled on the ground.Due to by underground water Processing place is transferred on ground, therefore optional technology is more, the groundwater treatment suitable for all types of pollutions.But the skill The disadvantages such as art has repair time long, and rehabilitation cost is high, and treatment effeciency is low, thus in reparation field in recent years, the technology is simultaneously It does not obtain promoting and applying on a large scale.
2), original position PRB (Permeable Reactive Barrier) recovery technique.PRB recovery technique is permeability The abbreviation of reaction wall recovery technique, it is dirty by installing permeable reaction material wall in underground to intercept underground water pollution plumage Dye plumage and reaction wall medium generation physics, chemistry, absorption etc. are a variety of to react, to reduce underground water target pollutant concentration.It passes The PRB technology of system is that passively based technique for in-situ remediation, its repairing effect have very big be associated with hydrogeologic condition to one kind.When In the lesser situation of Polluted area soil layer infiltration coefficient to be repaired, traditional PRB repairing effect is relatively poor;Meanwhile it is traditional PRB technology often needs large area to excavate when carrying out extensive area groundwater remediation, this is not only resulted in, and difficulty of construction is big, repairs Multiple increased costs, while being also unfavorable for the replacement of later period PRB reaction material.
Summary of the invention
Difficulty of construction and rehabilitation cost can be reduced the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of, repair materials can be replaced The prosthetic device and its restorative procedure of hexavalent chromium polluted underground water.
The technical solution of the present invention in order to achieve the above objectives is: a kind of prosthetic device of hexavalent chromium polluted underground water, special Sign is: including pumping system, water distribution system and filling system, the pumping system includes pumped well, well casing and immersible pump, is taken out Well casing is equipped in well, the middle and lower part of well casing has the water level face screen casing below for being placed on target stains water-bearing layer, dives Water pump is arranged in screen casing, the water outlet connection of tube at one end and immersible pump communicates, the other end stretches out well casing and on ground Water distribution supervisor's connection communicates;The water distribution system includes water distribution supervisor and multiple water distribution branch pipes, multiple water distribution branch pipes and water distribution master Pipe connection, and each water distribution branch pipe is equipped with multiple apopores along tube wall;The filling system includes baffle and is arranged in baffle Interior from top to bottom reduction reaction packing layer, absorption filled layer and permeable formation, multiple water distribution branch pipes are radially laid in reduction The top of reaction packing layer, the reduction reaction medium in reduction reaction packing layer are used for the hexavalent chromium pollutant in underground water also It originally is trivalent chromium, the adsorbing medium in the absorption filled layer is for remaining hexavalent chromium pollutant in attached ground water, institute The permeating medium in permeable formation stated is used to permeate the underground water after repairing.
Wherein: the reduction reaction medium of the reduction reaction packing layer is iron powder of the partial size in 1~5mm.
Adsorbing medium in the absorption filled layer is zeolite or/and activated carbon of the partial size in 1mm~8mm.
By mass percentage, the permeable formation fills out the partial size that interior permeating medium is 50~70% in 0.15mm~0.55mm Gravel and 30~50% partial size 0.56mm~1.0mm gravel.
The conduit top is equipped with sample tap.
There is bentonite sealant between the well casing and pumped well, exist between screen casing and pumped well filled with partial size The gravel of 0.5mm~10mm.
The present invention utilizes the prosthetic device of hexavalent chromium polluted underground water to the restorative procedure of hexavalent chromium pollutant in underground water: Pumping system and water distribution system are arranged along water (flow) direction or Pollution Plume radiation direction, and pumping system is arranged under water flow The upstream of water flow is arranged in trip, water distribution system, and the upper epidermis of the soil of water flow upstream is arranged in filling system, is arranged in well casing And it is located at target stains water-bearing layer liquid level immersible pump below for the groundwater extraction of pollution to ground, cloth is transported to by conduit In the water distribution supervisor of water system, the underground water of pollution is evenly distributed to going back for filling system by multiple water distribution branch pipes of water distribution system In former reaction packing layer, by the reduction reaction medium in reduction reaction packing layer by underground water hexavalent chrome reduction reaction at The trivalent chromium of low toxicity;Underground water is entered under the effect of gravity in absorption filled layer, adsorbs the adsorbing medium in filled layer to water In remaining Cr VI adsorbed, through reparation after underground water under gravity, by the permeable formation of bottom Permeating medium enters upstream region shallow aquifer and enters back into underground water;The underground water of pollution is transported to cloth water system in conduit It when system, is sampled by the sample tap on aqueduct, monitors the reparation situation of underground water, until to repairing to target value.
Wherein: the center of the pumping system and the centre distance of water distribution system are in 10~20m.
Prosthetic device of the invention uses pumping system, water distribution system and filling system, passes through pumping system and cloth water system For system by the ground water circulation pumping of target stains into filling system, filling system is using baffle and is arranged in baffle from upper Reduction reaction packing layer, absorption filled layer and permeable formation under, the soil of upper epidermis is separated, on the one hand can prevent by baffle Only reduction reaction packing layer, absorption filled layer and permeable formation in permeating medium material be lost, be on the other hand also convenient for construction and Management, strong operability.The upper epidermis position of soil is arranged in filling system by the present invention, facilitate prosthetic device installation and The operation and management in later period, convenient for construction and management, strong operability, especially convenient for material replacement and pipe in the filling system in later period Reason greatly reduces the cost of reparation and the cost of construction and operation.
The prosthetic device of the hexavalent chromium polluted underground water of the present invention using in former reaction packing layer reduction reaction medium and The dual mechanism for adsorbing the adsorbing medium in filled layer can remove hexavalent chromium polluted in underground water, realization sexavalence to greatest extent The efficient removal purpose of chromium pollutant, and the underground water after repair process is upper from permeable formation seepage flow to entering by gravity It swims in region shallow-layer aqueous soil layer, in the process of running, the circulation pumping water flow of pumping system and water distribution system can be to soil Earth plays the role of cycling elution, and the pollutant that can promote in soil is migrated into underground water, to improve underground water and soil Speed and effect are repaired, after repair while underground water, has also repaired hexavalent chromium polluted in soil, can guarantee to greatest extent The effect of reparation.Pumping system is mounted on the downstream of underground water by the present invention, is acted on by the extracting of extraction system, underground water exists Migration velocity in soil can be accelerated, and to improve underground water in the mobility of underground, improve PRB recovery technique for hyposmosis The adaptability of soil, while also shortening the period required for entire repair process.
Detailed description of the invention
The embodiment of the present invention is described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawing.
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram of the prosthetic device of the hexavalent chromium polluted underground water of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the water distribution sectional view of filling system of the present invention.
Wherein: 1-permeable formation, 2-absorption filled layers, 3-reduction reaction packing layers, 4-overburden layers, 5-water distributions supervisor, 6-water distribution branch pipes, 7-conduits, 8-baffles, 9-shallow-layer aqueous soil layers, 10-sample taps, 11-well casings, 12-pumped wells, 13-sealants, 14-gravels, 15-screen casings, 16-immersible pumps.
Specific embodiment
As shown in Fig. 1~2, the prosthetic device of hexavalent chromium polluted underground water of the invention, including pumping system, water distribution system And pumping system and water distribution system can be arranged along water (flow) direction or Pollution Plume radiation direction when in use for filling system, and The downstream of water flow is arranged in pumping system, and the upstream of water flow is arranged in water distribution system, and the soil of water flow upstream is arranged in filling system At the upper epidermis of earth, facility is simple, is easy to construct and manage, strong operability, convenient for the material replacement and management in later period, significantly Reduce the cost of reparation.
As shown in Figure 1, pumping system of the present invention includes pumped well 12, well casing 11 and immersible pump 16, is equipped in pumped well 12 Well casing 11, the middle and lower part of well casing 11 have the water level face screen casing 15 below for being placed on target stains water-bearing layer, well casing 11 Caliber be in 60mm~200mm, and the caliber of screen casing 15 is identical as 11 caliber of well casing, 15 hole of screen casing in 0.1mm~1mm, 15 part of screen casing can be located to the water level face in target stains water-bearing layer or less 1m~10m, immersible pump 16 is arranged in screen casing 15, dives Water pump 16 can be located at target stains aquifer water plane or less 1m~5m, and 7 one end of conduit connect phase with the water outlet of immersible pump 16 The logical, other end, which stretches out well casing 11 and connect with the water distribution supervisor 5 on ground, to be communicated, by the groundwater extraction of pollution to water distribution system In, 7 top of conduit of the present invention is equipped with sample tap 10, therefore the underground water that can be extracted by 10 Duis of the sample tap detects.See Shown in Fig. 1, the present invention has bentonite sealant 13 between well casing 11 and pumped well 12, fills out between screen casing 15 and pumped well 12 Gravel 14 filled with partial size 0.5mm~10mm makes the underground water of target stains by passing through the hole on screen casing 15 after gravel 14 And enter in pumped well 12, then ground is arrived by immersible pump 16 and the extracting of conduit 7.
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 water distribution system of the present invention includes water distribution supervisor 5 and multiple water distribution branch pipes 6, the pipe of water distribution supervisor 5 Diameter can connect in 30mm~100mm, multiple water distribution branch pipes 6 with water distribution supervisor 5 in 30mm~100mm, the caliber of water distribution branch pipe 6 It connects, each water distribution branch pipe 6 is equipped with multiple apopores along tube wall, which is equipped with 3~10 apopores, and apopore hole The underground moisture of pollution can be laid in filling system by diameter in 0.1mm~1mm.As shown in Figure 2, water distribution branch pipe 6 of the invention It is radially connected with supervisor, forms water distribution system.
As shown in Figure 1, filling system of the invention includes baffle 8 and is arranged in the reduction reaction in baffle 8 from top to bottom Packing layer 3, absorption filled layer 2 and permeable formation 1 are additionally provided with overburden layer 4 on 3 top of reduction reaction packing layer, and baffle 8 is for preventing Filled media material is lost, also can be of the invention convenient for the replacement and management of the reduction reaction medium and adsorbing medium in later period ABS plastic etc. can be used in baffle 8, and baffle 8 can form different shapes, and it is anti-that multiple water distribution branch pipes 6 are radially laid in reduction The top of packing layer 3 is answered, the reduction reaction medium in reduction reaction packing layer 3 is used for the hexavalent chromium pollutant in underground water also It originally is trivalent chromium, the reduction reaction medium of reduction reaction packing layer 3 of the present invention is iron powder of the partial size in 1~5mm, iron of the invention Zeroth order iron powder can be used in powder, and has very strong reproducibility, can be with the Cr in water6+Reduction reaction can effectively occur, to Cr6+ Treatment effect it is very good, underground water energy after reduction reaction reduces toxicity.The present invention adsorbs the absorption in filled layer 2 and is situated between For matter for remaining hexavalent chromium pollutant in attached ground water, it is partial size in 1mm that the present invention, which adsorbs the adsorbing medium in filled layer 2, The zeolite or/and activated carbon of~8mm, when zeolite is mixed with activated carbon, the ratio of the two is unlimited by mass percentage, and the two Partial size is unlimited, and such as 50% partial size passes through adsorbing medium strong adsorption underground in 1mm zeolite and 50% partial size in the activated carbon of 1mm Remaining hexavalent chromium pollutant in water, and the removal effect of Cr VI is further increased, the present invention is strong by reduction reaction sum Power absorption dual mechanism, can remove to greatest extent it is hexavalent chromium polluted in underground water, realize hexavalent chromium pollutant efficiently go Except purpose.As shown in Figure 1, the permeating medium in permeable formation 1 of the present invention is used to permeate the underground water after repairing, by quality percentage Than, permeable formation 1 fill out in permeating medium be 50~70% partial size 0.15mm~0.55mm gravel and 30~50% grain Diameter and can achieve the effect that rapid osmotic in the gravel of 0.56mm~1.0mm, will treated that underground water passes through permeable formation 1 It is entered back into underground water in into the shallow-layer aqueous soil layer 9 of lower part, it can be while repairing underground water, to the sexavalence in soil Pollution of chromium is repaired, and can guarantee the effect repaired to greatest extent.
Method of the present invention to hexavalent chromium pollutant reparation in underground water: by pumping system and water distribution system along water flow side To or the setting of Pollution Plume radiation direction, and pumping system is arranged in the downstream of water flow, and water distribution system is arranged in the upstream of water flow, two The distance of person can test determination according to hydrogeological actual conditions, and the center of pumping system and the centre distance of water distribution system exist In 10~20m, the soil of water flow upstream is arranged in filling system for 10~20m, as catheter center and water distribution supervisor's centre distance Upper epidermis, be arranged in well casing 11 and be located at target stains water-bearing layer liquid level immersible pump 16 below for hexavalent chromium polluted ground Extracting is lauched to ground, is transported in the water distribution supervisor 5 of water distribution system by conduit 7, multiple water distribution branch pipes 6 of water distribution system will The underground water of pollution is evenly distributed in the reduction reaction packing layer 3 of filling system, passes through the reduction in reduction reaction packing layer 3 Reaction medium is by the hexavalent chrome reduction reaction in underground water at the trivalent chromium of low toxicity;Subsequent underground water enters under the effect of gravity It adsorbs in filled layer 2, the adsorbing medium adsorbed in filled layer 2 adsorbs Cr VI remaining in underground water, further mentions High repairing effect, the underground water after repairing under gravity, are entered by the permeating medium in the permeable formation 1 of bottom Upstream region shallow-layer aqueous soil layer 9 and enter underground water in, the hexavalent chromium polluted underground water of target is transported to water distribution in conduit 7 When system, be sampled by the sample tap 10 on aqueduct, can timing or grab sample, monitor the reparation feelings of underground water Condition, until to repairing to target value, such as repairing to target value is Cr VI average removal rate up to 95% or more.
The present invention repairs hexavalent chromium pollutant in the underground water in certain hexavalent chromium polluted region.The groundwater level depth 3m, water-bearing layer thickness 8m, aeration zone and water-bearing layer are mainly silty clay, and soil layer infiltration coefficient is 7 × 10~7cm/s.The dirt Contaminate local ground watering water quality: pH 6.95;Cr VI mean concentration is 9.5mg/L in underground water, and the top of screen casing 15 is located at ground 1m below lower water level, 5m below the water level located underground of immersible pump 16, the gravel grain filled between screen casing 15 and pumped well 12 Diameter is shown in Table 1 in 5mm, the pump speed 300mL/min of immersible pump 16, other design parameters.
Table 1
The present invention is for every eight hours monitored once water quality, is measured by the mensuration mode of GB-T 7467-87, operation 80 days after stabilization, water quality is monitored by sample tap 10, the specific data of the underground water after reparation are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Project Embodiment 1 Embodiment 2 Embodiment 3 Embodiment 4 Embodiment 5 Embodiment 6
Hexavalent chromium concentration (mg/L) 0.38 0.21 0.29 0.39 0.38 0.37
Cr VI average removal rate (%) 96 98 97 96 96 96
From table 2 it can be seen that the underground water after repairing reaches reparation to target value.The device of the invention is in operational process In, since the circulation pumping water flow of pumping system and water distribution system can play the role of cycling elution to soil, it can promote soil In pollutant migrated into underground water, to improve the reparation speed and effect of underground water and soil.Meanwhile also accelerating ground It is lauched migration velocity in the soil, can be shortened the period of entire reparation.

Claims (8)

1. a kind of prosthetic device of hexavalent chromium polluted underground water, it is characterised in that: including pumping system, water distribution system and filler system System, pumping system and water distribution system are arranged along water (flow) direction or Pollution Plume radiation direction, and water flow is arranged in pumping system The upstream of water flow is arranged in downstream, water distribution system, and filling system is arranged at the upper epidermis of the soil of water flow upstream, described to draw water System includes pumped well (12), well casing (11) and immersible pump (16), well casing (11) is equipped in pumped well (12), in well casing (11) Lower part has the water level face screen casing below (15) for being placed on target stains water-bearing layer, and immersible pump (16) is arranged in screen casing (15) in, conduit (7) one end connect with the water outlet of immersible pump (16) communicate, the other end stretching well casing (11) and on ground Water distribution supervisor (5) connection communicates;The water distribution system includes water distribution supervisor (5) and multiple water distribution branch pipes (6), multiple water distribution branch pipes (6) it is connect with water distribution supervisor (5), and each water distribution branch pipe (6) is equipped with multiple apopores along tube wall;The filling system includes Reduction reaction packing layer (3), absorption filled layer (2) and the permeable formation (1) of baffle (8) and setting in baffle (8) from top to bottom, Multiple water distribution branch pipes (6) are radially laid in the top of reduction reaction packing layer (3), going back in reduction reaction packing layer (3) Former reaction medium is used to the hexavalent chromium pollutant in underground water being reduced to trivalent chromium, the suction in the absorption filled layer (2) Attached medium is used for remaining hexavalent chromium pollutant in attached ground water, and the permeating medium in the permeable formation (1) is for permeating Underground water after reparation.
2. the prosthetic device of hexavalent chromium polluted underground water according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the reduction reaction is filled out The reduction reaction medium of the bed of material (3) is iron powder of the partial size in 1~5mm.
3. the prosthetic device of hexavalent chromium polluted underground water according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the absorption filled layer (2) adsorbing medium in is zeolite or/and activated carbon of the partial size in 1mm~8mm.
4. the prosthetic device of hexavalent chromium polluted underground water according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: by mass percentage, The partial size that permeating medium in the permeable formation (1) is 50~70% 0.15mm~0.55mm gravel and 30~50% grain Gravel of the diameter in 0.56mm~1.0mm.
5. the prosthetic device of hexavalent chromium polluted underground water according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: on the conduit (7) Portion is equipped with sample tap (10).
6. the prosthetic device of hexavalent chromium polluted underground water according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the well casing (11) with There are bentonite sealant (13) between pumped well (12), filled with partial size in 0.5mm between screen casing (15) and pumped well (12) The gravel of~10mm.
7. being repaired using the prosthetic device of hexavalent chromium polluted underground water described in claim 1 to hexavalent chromium pollutant in underground water Compound method: pumping system and water distribution system are arranged along water (flow) direction or Pollution Plume radiation direction, and pumping system setting exists The upstream of water flow is arranged in the downstream of water flow, water distribution system, and the upper epidermis of the soil of water flow upstream is arranged in filling system, setting In the well casing (11) and it is located at target stains water-bearing layer liquid level immersible pump below (16) for the groundwater extraction of pollution to ground, It is transported in the water distribution supervisor (5) of water distribution system by conduit (7), multiple water distribution branch pipes (6) of water distribution system are by the ground of pollution It is lauched in the reduction reaction packing layer (3) for being evenly distributed to filling system, passes through the reduction reaction in reduction reaction packing layer (3) Medium is by the hexavalent chrome reduction reaction in underground water at the trivalent chromium of low toxicity;Underground water enters absorption filling under the effect of gravity In layer (2), the adsorbing medium in absorption filled layer (2) adsorbs Cr VI remaining in water, the underground after repairing Water under gravity, enters upstream region shallow aquifer by the permeating medium in the permeable formation (1) of bottom and enters back into In underground water;When the underground water of pollution is transported to water distribution system by conduit (7), by the sample tap (10) on aqueduct into Row sampling, monitors the reparation situation of underground water, until to repairing to target value.
8. the prosthetic device of hexavalent chromium polluted underground water according to claim 7 repairs hexavalent chromium pollutant in underground water Compound method: it is characterized by: the center of the pumping system and the centre distance of water distribution system are in 10~20m.
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