CN105372149A - Test device and test method for carbon black content of wire and cable sheath material - Google Patents
Test device and test method for carbon black content of wire and cable sheath material Download PDFInfo
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- CN105372149A CN105372149A CN201510731001.8A CN201510731001A CN105372149A CN 105372149 A CN105372149 A CN 105372149A CN 201510731001 A CN201510731001 A CN 201510731001A CN 105372149 A CN105372149 A CN 105372149A
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N5/00—Analysing materials by weighing, e.g. weighing small particles separated from a gas or liquid
- G01N5/04—Analysing materials by weighing, e.g. weighing small particles separated from a gas or liquid by removing a component, e.g. by evaporation, and weighing the remainder
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of wire and cable material test and relates to a test device for the carbon black content of a wire and cable sheath material. The device comprises a tubular device, a circular heating device, a quartz tube, a first solenoid valve, a second solenoid valve, a bearing body, a support body, a thermocouple assembly, a test instrument, a combustion boat and a cork; connection holes are formed in the cork which is plugged into the cavity in one end of the quartz tube; a channel which can accommodate the quartz tube is formed in the tubular device, and the quartz tube is not in contact with the tubular device in the installation state; part of the heating device is distributed in the tubular device; an outlet of the first solenoid valve is connected to one connection hole of the cork, and an outlet of the second solenoid valve is connected to the cavity in the other end of the quartz tube. The invention further discloses a carbon black content test method. The test device and the test method mainly have the advantages that the test device is simple in structure, easy to manufacture and low in cost, and the test data are accurate and reliable; the test method is simple and easy to master, and the test cost is low.
Description
The present invention is that name is called: electric wire and cable jacket material oxidation induction period and content of carbon black proving installation, the applying date are: on 05 26th, 2014, application number is: the divisional application of the application for a patent for invention of 201410224862.2.
Technical field
The invention belongs to electric wire and cable material inspection technology field, especially relate to electric wire and cable jacket material content of carbon black proving installation and method of testing.
Background technology
Air and sunlight are absolutely necessary to tellurian human survival and plant growth, but this plays severe destruction in polyolefine material use procedure.Oxygen in air and the ultraviolet in sunlight cause plastic material generation thermal oxide or photooxidation reaction, and the physical and mechanical properties being used in the polyolefine material of photoelectricity cable jacket and insulation is deteriorated, and loses original function and use value in advance.Plastic material because of molecular structure different, or with molecular structure because polymerization technique is different, processing technology is different, environment for use is different with condition, self thermal oxide, photooxidation reaction speed and thermal oxidation resistance, photooxidation reaction ability have a great difference.Antioxidant and light stabilizer make an addition in plastic material can suppress or reduce the macromolecular thermal oxide of plastics, photooxidation reaction speed effectively, improve heat-resisting, the light fastness of plastic material significantly, delay the degraded of plastic material, ageing process, to extend plastic products serviceable life.But because supplier is in order to reduce costs use regenerated plastics, or antioxidant and light stabilizer add not enough and poor performance and make polyolefine material antioxygenic property variation in physical environment, reduce mechanical and physical performance and the serviceable life of photoelectricity cable, thus larger harm is caused to all trades and professions.Therefore the thermo oxidative stability of test material can be extremely important, and to the oxidation induction period of material be exactly reflection material thermo oxidative stability can an important indicator, the serviceable life of product is differentiated, the quality of raw-material performance by the test of oxidation induction period.Oxidation induction period method is that it is generally acknowledged, if oxidation induction period is one minute, the serviceable life of product is 1 year by accelerating the hot oxygen life-span of the aging material of extrapolating of catalysis material under high temperature pure oxygen.For cable or optical cable, serviceable life, General Requirements was not less than 20 years, for this reason, Black Environment-resistant cracking Low Density Polyethylene protective cover material (NDH) is defined in the People's Republic of China every household standard GB/T15065-2009 " electric wire black polyethylene plastics ", black linear low density polyethylene protective cover material (LDH), black medium density polyethylene protective cover material (MH), the oxidation induction period of black high density polyethylene protective cover material (GH) must be not less than 30min, but, due to the continuous aggravation of competition, market there is the electric wire and cable jacket material that multiple employing recycled plastic is made, serious sheath cracking has just been there is in this material in use was less than 5 years, distortion, premature ageing, reduce the serviceable life of cable, for this reason, user side's demand compares strict test to oxidation induction period.
Electric wire has differentiation that is indoor and outdoor application, cable for outdoor is normally exposed in air and sunlight, owing to having a large amount of ultraviolets in sunlight, for the aging of sheath, there is accelerating effect, therefore, if without appropriate antiultraviolet composition in cable material, cable cannot reach expected life, in industry, be typically employed in sheath material the mode of adding carbon black to realize.Carbon black filling in the plastic does not embody and strengthens effect significantly, but can improve its heat-resistant deforming performance, dimensional stability, rigidity and hardness etc.Along with the increase of black loading, its pulling strengrth and impact property sharply decline, and according to carbon black, role its loading different is different in the plastic.When requiring carbon black to play stable and anti-aging effect, its addition is 2 ~ 3% of the weight of plastics; Carbon black in cable jacket material also serves the painted effect of sheath material simultaneously.Therefore, in order to make electric wire have good uvioresistant effect and appropriate deformability, stability, rigidity and hardness, the content of carbon black in inspection cable jacket material is even more important.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve the problem, the object of the invention is to disclose a kind of proving installation, it both can be used for the oxidation induction period of test wires cable sheath material, and the content of carbon black that can be used in test wires cable sheath material again, it realizes by the following technical solutions.
Electric wire and cable jacket material oxidation induction period and content of carbon black proving installation, is characterized in that it includes: quartz ampoule 11, first solenoid valve 31, second solenoid valve 41, supporting body 5, base body 6, thermocouple assembly 7, testing tool 8, combustion boat 9, a cork of tubular unit 1, ring shaped heating mechanism 2, hollow; Cork has two through connecting holes, cork plug is in the cavity of quartz ampoule one end; Tubular unit inside has the passage that can hold quartz ampoule and when installment state, quartz ampoule and tubular unit are discontiguous; Ring shaped heating mechanism is spirally distributed in tubular unit, between the passage and the outer wall of quartz ampoule of quartz ampoule; The delivery outlet of the first solenoid valve is connected in a connecting hole of cork, and the delivery outlet of the second solenoid valve is connected in the cavity of the quartz ampoule other end; Rest body is positioned on supporting body, tubular unit is placed on a base body, testing tool controls the first solenoid valve by the first control module, testing tool controls the second solenoid valve by the second control module, it is discontiguous that the thermometric end of thermocouple assembly is arranged in the cavity of the quartz ampoule other end and with the inwall of quartz ampoule, and the other end of thermocouple assembly is connected on the temperature input interface of testing tool.
Electric wire and cable jacket material oxidation induction period described above and content of carbon black proving installation, is characterized in that described tubular unit is made up of transparent material.
Electric wire and cable jacket material oxidation induction period described above and content of carbon black proving installation, is characterized in that being provided with glass wireway in another connecting hole that described cork has.
Electric wire and cable jacket material oxidation induction period described above and content of carbon black proving installation, is characterized in that described thermocouple assembly is copper thermocouple assembly or platinum thermocouple assembly.
The principle that the present invention tests oxidation induction period is such: first power taking line cable jacket material is some, that inserts combustion boat holds in thing unit 91, combustion boat is put into the cavity of quartz ampoule, and is placed on centre position as far as possible, then by cork plug in the cavity of quartz ampoule one end, on testing tool, set temperature value is 200 DEG C, nitrogen 4 is accessed the air intake opening of the second solenoid valve by pipeline, oxygen 3 is accessed the air intake opening of the first solenoid valve by pipeline, open the second solenoid valve, and the air inflow of nitrogen is controlled by testing tool, open the first solenoid valve, and be zero by the air inflow of testing tool control oxygen, ring shaped heating mechanism is heated, testing tool is when by the thermometric end of thermocouple assembly, to monitor heating-up temperature be setting value, close the second solenoid valve namely cut off nitrogen supply (NS) and open further the first solenoid valve make air feed be oxygen and oxygen flow and confession nitrogen time flow the same and start timing, and be labeled as the very first time, the temperature in quartz ampoule is made to be in the stable state rising and become steady, occur on the display screen of testing tool temperature suddenly rising markers be rapidly designated as the second time, now stop passing into of the heating of ring shaped heating mechanism and oxygen, the difference of the second time and the very first time is oxidation induction period, another connecting hole on cork serves ventilative, to make quartz ampoule inside pressure remained steady.
The principle of content of carbon black of the present invention is such: the first step: be heated to by combustion boat scorching hot, then in exsiccator, at least 30 minutes are cooled, combustion boat of weighing obtains original weight, the electric wire and cable jacket material test that (1.0000 ± 0.1000) g is heavy is put in combustion boat, weigh together, the weight deducting combustion boat obtains the head weight tested again; Second step: the parameter value of setting testing tool, the first stage is 350 DEG C, raising speed is 33 DEG C/minute of kinds, Time constant is 20 minutes; Subordinate phase is 450 DEG C, raising speed is 10 DEG C/minute of kinds, Time constant is 10 minutes; Phase III is 500 DEG C, raising speed is 5 DEG C/minute of kinds, Time constant is 30 minutes; Phase III is 550 DEG C, raising speed is 3 DEG C/minute of kinds, Time constant is 40 minutes; Nitrogen is accessed the air intake opening of the second solenoid valve by pipeline, it is discontiguous that the thermometric end of thermocouple assembly is arranged in the cavity of the quartz ampoule other end and with the inwall of quartz ampoule, combustion boat will be put in the cavity of quartz ampoule by fixture, and be placed on centre position as far as possible, then by cork plug in the cavity of quartz ampoule one end; The flow velocity that testing tool controls nitrogen is 200ml/min, and logical nitrogen, until the phase III terminates, is closed and passed into nitrogen; 3rd step: take out combustion boat and cool in exsiccator and to weigh after 20 ~ 30 minutes and the original weight deducting combustion boat obtains time weight; 4th step: adopt fixture again to be inserted in quartz ampoule by combustion boat, and by cork plug in the cavity of quartz ampoule one end, carry out the test of the fourth stage set in second step, passing into oxygen makes the electric wire and cable jacket material in combustion boat burn until extinguish completely, close the supply of testing tool and oxygen, take out combustion boat and be placed in exsiccator to cool and weigh after 20 ~ 30 minutes and the original weight deducting combustion boat obtains whole weight; 5th step: calculate content of carbon black=(secondary weight-end is heavy)/first heavy × 100%.
Test method described above, weight all needs to be accurate to 0.0001g.
The present invention at the trial can be hotter on tubular unit, heat insulation by supporting body, can not damage a base body.
Device in the present invention has the advantages that structure simply, easily makes, cost is low, testing tool is made up of industrial computer or notebook computer or the additional control element of desktop computer, because the technology of Controlling solenoid valve conducting and closedown or opening degree is prior art, therefore, applicant does not do further expansion in this application; In addition, being also common technology because the thermocouple assembly by having thermopair is incorporated into industrial computer or notebook computer or desktop computer measuring tempeature, therefore also launching explanation in detail; Meanwhile, show for prior art in the mode of form work curve for the temperature data monitored on computers, therefore the application does not elaborate yet yet, and technical staff in the field can implement by prior art; Meanwhile, by programming, coming set pressure, temperature, flow, time, temperature raising speed, monitoring/writing time etc. is all prior art, therefore does not also elaborate, and technical staff in the field can implement by prior art.
The present invention has following main beneficial effect: proving installation structure is simple, easily make, cost is low, test data accurately and reliably; Method of testing simply, is easily grasped, and testing cost is low.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of apparatus of the present invention.
Embodiment
Ask for an interview Fig. 1, electric wire and cable jacket material oxidation induction period and content of carbon black proving installation, is characterized in that it includes: quartz ampoule 11, first solenoid valve 31, second solenoid valve 41, supporting body 5, base body 6, thermocouple assembly 7, testing tool 8, combustion boat 9, a cork of tubular unit 1, ring shaped heating mechanism 2, hollow; Cork has two through connecting holes, cork plug is in the cavity of quartz ampoule one end; Tubular unit inside has the passage that can hold quartz ampoule and when installment state, quartz ampoule and tubular unit are discontiguous; Ring shaped heating mechanism is spirally distributed in tubular unit, between the passage and the outer wall of quartz ampoule of quartz ampoule; The delivery outlet of the first solenoid valve is connected in a connecting hole of cork, and the delivery outlet of the second solenoid valve is connected in the cavity of the quartz ampoule other end; Rest body is positioned on supporting body, tubular unit is placed on a base body, testing tool controls the first solenoid valve by the first control module, testing tool controls the second solenoid valve by the second control module, it is discontiguous that the thermometric end of thermocouple assembly is arranged in the cavity of the quartz ampoule other end and with the inwall of quartz ampoule, and the other end of thermocouple assembly is connected on the temperature input interface of testing tool.
Electric wire and cable jacket material oxidation induction period described above and content of carbon black proving installation, is characterized in that described tubular unit is made up of transparent material.
Electric wire and cable jacket material oxidation induction period described above and content of carbon black proving installation, is characterized in that being provided with glass wireway in another connecting hole that described cork has.
Electric wire and cable jacket material oxidation induction period described above and content of carbon black proving installation, is characterized in that described thermocouple assembly is copper thermocouple assembly or platinum thermocouple assembly.
The principle that the present invention tests oxidation induction period is such: first power taking line cable jacket material is some, that inserts combustion boat holds in thing unit 91, combustion boat is put into the cavity of quartz ampoule, and is placed on centre position as far as possible, then by cork plug in the cavity of quartz ampoule one end, on testing tool, set temperature value is 200 DEG C, nitrogen 4 is accessed the air intake opening of the second solenoid valve by pipeline, oxygen 3 is accessed the air intake opening of the first solenoid valve by pipeline, open the second solenoid valve, and the air inflow of nitrogen is controlled by testing tool, open the first solenoid valve, and be zero by the air inflow of testing tool control oxygen, ring shaped heating mechanism is heated, testing tool is when by the thermometric end of thermocouple assembly, to monitor heating-up temperature be setting value, close the second solenoid valve namely cut off nitrogen supply (NS) and open further the first solenoid valve make air feed be oxygen and oxygen flow and confession nitrogen time flow the same and start timing, and be labeled as the very first time, the temperature in quartz ampoule is made to be in the stable state rising and become steady, occur on the display screen of testing tool temperature suddenly rising markers be rapidly designated as the second time, now stop passing into of the heating of ring shaped heating mechanism and oxygen, the difference of the second time and the very first time is oxidation induction period, another connecting hole on cork serves ventilative, to make quartz ampoule inside pressure remained steady.
The principle of content of carbon black of the present invention is such: the first step: be heated to by combustion boat scorching hot, then in exsiccator, at least 30 minutes are cooled, combustion boat of weighing obtains original weight, the electric wire and cable jacket material test that (1.0000 ± 0.1000) g is heavy is put in combustion boat, weigh together, the weight deducting combustion boat obtains the head weight tested again; Second step: the parameter value of setting testing tool, the first stage is 350 DEG C, raising speed is 33 DEG C/minute of kinds, Time constant is 20 minutes; Subordinate phase is 450 DEG C, raising speed is 10 DEG C/minute of kinds, Time constant is 10 minutes; Phase III is 500 DEG C, raising speed is 5 DEG C/minute of kinds, Time constant is 30 minutes; Phase III is 550 DEG C, raising speed is 3 DEG C/minute of kinds, Time constant is 40 minutes; Nitrogen is accessed the air intake opening of the second solenoid valve by pipeline, it is discontiguous that the thermometric end of thermocouple assembly is arranged in the cavity of the quartz ampoule other end and with the inwall of quartz ampoule, combustion boat will be put in the cavity of quartz ampoule by fixture, and be placed on centre position as far as possible, then by cork plug in the cavity of quartz ampoule one end; The flow velocity that testing tool controls nitrogen is 200ml/min, and logical nitrogen, until the phase III terminates, is closed and passed into nitrogen; 3rd step: take out combustion boat and cool in exsiccator and to weigh after 20 ~ 30 minutes and the original weight deducting combustion boat obtains time weight; 4th step: adopt fixture again to be inserted in quartz ampoule by combustion boat, and by cork plug in the cavity of quartz ampoule one end, carry out the test of the fourth stage set in second step, passing into oxygen makes the electric wire and cable jacket material in combustion boat burn until extinguish completely, close the supply of testing tool and oxygen, take out combustion boat and be placed in exsiccator to cool and weigh after 20 ~ 30 minutes and the original weight deducting combustion boat obtains whole weight; 5th step: calculate content of carbon black=(secondary weight-end is heavy)/first heavy × 100%.
The present invention at the trial can be hotter on tubular unit, heat insulation by supporting body, can not damage a base body.
Device in the present invention has the advantages that structure simply, easily makes, cost is low, testing tool is made up of industrial computer or notebook computer or the additional control element of desktop computer, because the technology of Controlling solenoid valve conducting and closedown or opening degree is prior art, therefore, applicant does not do further expansion in this application; In addition, being also common technology because the thermocouple assembly by having thermopair is incorporated into industrial computer or notebook computer or desktop computer measuring tempeature, therefore also launching explanation in detail; Meanwhile, show for prior art in the mode of form work curve for the temperature data monitored on computers, therefore the application does not elaborate yet yet, and technical staff in the field can implement by prior art; Meanwhile, by programming, coming set pressure, temperature, flow, time, temperature raising speed, monitoring/writing time etc. is all prior art, therefore does not also elaborate, and technical staff in the field can implement by prior art.
The present invention has following main beneficial effect: proving installation structure is simple, easily make, cost is low, test data accurately and reliably; Method of testing simply, is easily grasped, and testing cost is low.
Device of the present invention also can be used in the inspection of the plastic materials such as PP pipe, pvc pipe.
In the present invention, same device can test two kinds of parameters, cost savings the input of equipment.
The present invention is not limited to above-mentioned preferred forms, and should be appreciated that design of the present invention can be implemented to use by other various forms, they drop in protection scope of the present invention equally.
Claims (1)
1. electric wire and cable jacket material content of carbon black proving installation, is characterized in that it includes: the quartz ampoule of a tubular unit, a ring shaped heating mechanism, a hollow, the first solenoid valve, the second solenoid valve, a supporting body, base body, a thermocouple assembly, a testing tool, a combustion boat, a cork; Cork has two through connecting holes, cork plug is in the cavity of quartz ampoule one end; Tubular unit inside has the passage that can hold quartz ampoule and when installment state, quartz ampoule and tubular unit are discontiguous; Ring shaped heating mechanism is spirally distributed in tubular unit, between the passage and the outer wall of quartz ampoule of quartz ampoule; The delivery outlet of the first solenoid valve is connected in a connecting hole of cork, and the delivery outlet of the second solenoid valve is connected in the cavity of the quartz ampoule other end; Rest body is positioned on supporting body, tubular unit is placed on a base body, testing tool controls the first solenoid valve by the first control module, testing tool controls the second solenoid valve by the second control module, it is discontiguous that the thermometric end of thermocouple assembly is arranged in the cavity of the quartz ampoule other end and with the inwall of quartz ampoule, and the other end of thermocouple assembly is connected on the temperature input interface of testing tool; In another connecting hole that described cork has, glass wireway is installed; Described thermocouple assembly is copper thermocouple assembly or platinum thermocouple assembly; The method step of described electric wire and cable jacket material content of carbon black proving installation test wires cable sheath material content of carbon black is such: the first step: be heated to by combustion boat scorching hot, then in exsiccator, at least 30 minutes are cooled, combustion boat of weighing obtains original weight, the electric wire and cable jacket material test that (1.0000 ± 0.1000) g is heavy is put in combustion boat, weigh together, the weight deducting combustion boat obtains the head weight tested again; Second step: the parameter value of setting testing tool, the first stage is 350 DEG C, raising speed is 33 DEG C/minute of kinds, Time constant is 20 minutes; Subordinate phase is 450 DEG C, raising speed is 10 DEG C/minute of kinds, Time constant is 10 minutes; Phase III is 500 DEG C, raising speed is 5 DEG C/minute of kinds, Time constant is 30 minutes; Phase III is 550 DEG C, raising speed is 3 DEG C/minute of kinds, Time constant is 40 minutes; Nitrogen is accessed the air intake opening of the second solenoid valve by pipeline, it is discontiguous that the thermometric end of thermocouple assembly is arranged in the cavity of the quartz ampoule other end and with the inwall of quartz ampoule, combustion boat will be put in the cavity of quartz ampoule by fixture, and be placed on centre position as far as possible, then by cork plug in the cavity of quartz ampoule one end; The flow velocity that testing tool controls nitrogen is 200ml/min, and logical nitrogen, until the phase III terminates, is closed and passed into nitrogen; 3rd step: take out combustion boat and cool in exsiccator and to weigh after 20 ~ 30 minutes and the original weight deducting combustion boat obtains time weight; 4th step: adopt fixture again to be inserted in quartz ampoule by combustion boat, and by cork plug in the cavity of quartz ampoule one end, carry out the test of the fourth stage set in second step, passing into oxygen makes the electric wire and cable jacket material in combustion boat burn until extinguish completely, close the supply of testing tool and oxygen, take out combustion boat and be placed in exsiccator to cool and weigh after 20 ~ 30 minutes and the original weight deducting combustion boat obtains whole weight; 5th step: calculate content of carbon black=(secondary weight-end is heavy)/first heavy × 100%.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410224862.2A CN103954528B (en) | 2014-05-26 | 2014-05-26 | Electric wire and cable jacket material oxidation induction period and content of carbon black proving installation |
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| CN201410224862.2A Division CN103954528B (en) | 2014-05-26 | 2014-05-26 | Electric wire and cable jacket material oxidation induction period and content of carbon black proving installation |
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| CN105372149A true CN105372149A (en) | 2016-03-02 |
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| CN201410224862.2A Expired - Fee Related CN103954528B (en) | 2014-05-26 | 2014-05-26 | Electric wire and cable jacket material oxidation induction period and content of carbon black proving installation |
| CN201510731001.8A Pending CN105372149A (en) | 2014-05-26 | 2014-05-26 | Test device and test method for carbon black content of wire and cable sheath material |
| CN201510731005.6A Pending CN105241780A (en) | 2014-05-26 | 2014-05-26 | Apparatus and method for testing carbon black content of wire and cable sheathing material |
| CN201510731047.XA Expired - Fee Related CN105223233B (en) | 2014-05-26 | 2014-05-26 | Electric wire and cable jacket material oxidation induction period test device and method of testing |
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| CN201510731005.6A Pending CN105241780A (en) | 2014-05-26 | 2014-05-26 | Apparatus and method for testing carbon black content of wire and cable sheathing material |
| CN201510731047.XA Expired - Fee Related CN105223233B (en) | 2014-05-26 | 2014-05-26 | Electric wire and cable jacket material oxidation induction period test device and method of testing |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN105021492B (en) * | 2015-07-27 | 2017-10-27 | 华侨大学 | Cable heated and combustion characteristics test device under a kind of simulated failure arcing |
| CN106932295A (en) * | 2015-12-30 | 2017-07-07 | 中核北方核燃料元件有限公司 | Residual burnt assay method in a kind of phenolic resin |
| CN108414509A (en) * | 2018-02-09 | 2018-08-17 | 广东华标检测中心有限公司 | A kind of flame-retardant electric wire and cable evolved gas detecting system and detection method |
| CN108445144A (en) * | 2018-02-11 | 2018-08-24 | 江阴爱科森博顿聚合体有限公司 | A method of PE reclaimed materials carbon black contents are measured using combustion method |
| CN110596192B (en) * | 2019-09-22 | 2021-11-23 | 安徽上造智能设备科技有限公司 | Cable aging infrared detection device and use method thereof |
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- 2014-05-26 CN CN201410224862.2A patent/CN103954528B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-05-26 CN CN201510731001.8A patent/CN105372149A/en active Pending
- 2014-05-26 CN CN201510731005.6A patent/CN105241780A/en active Pending
- 2014-05-26 CN CN201510731047.XA patent/CN105223233B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN105241780A (en) | 2016-01-13 |
| CN105223233B (en) | 2017-12-08 |
| CN103954528B (en) | 2016-03-09 |
| CN105223233A (en) | 2016-01-06 |
| CN103954528A (en) | 2014-07-30 |
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Application publication date: 20160302 |