CN105325473A - 一种具有杀红蜘蛛和气传真菌活性的植物提取物组合物 - Google Patents
一种具有杀红蜘蛛和气传真菌活性的植物提取物组合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种具有杀红蜘蛛和气传真菌活性的植物提取物组合物,包括以下重量百分比的成分:植物油脂肪酸1-50%或植物精油1-50%,抗氧化剂0.1-0.5%,表面活性剂10-30%,余量为乳酸。本发明解决了植物油不能施用于红蜘蛛控制的技术问题,本红蜘蛛控制药物不含毒性,对环境无污染,属于绿色环保型制剂。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及农业防治病害领域,具体地说是一种具有杀红蜘蛛和气传真菌活性的植物提取物组合物。
背景技术
红蜘蛛俗称火龙,是螨类。其个体很小,体长不到1毫米,圆形或卵圆形,橘黄或红褐色。体分段,分节不明显,体区分为体前区和体后区2部分。体前区包括头部和前足部,体后区包括后足部和足后部,有足4对,无翅和触角。一般红蜘蛛一生要经过卵、幼虫、若虫和成虫4个阶段,但不经过蛹,属不完全变态。
红蜘蛛繁殖能力很强,一般一年可达10多代,既可进行有性生殖又可进行孤雌生殖。尤其是在高温干旱的条件下,繁殖迅速,危害严重。30℃以上,5天左右即可完成一代,且世代重叠,以雌成虫或卵在枝、干树皮缝或土缝中过冬。
红蜘蛛是农业作物上常见的害虫,分布很广,各地普遍发生,它们以成、幼、若虫刺吸寄主汁液,被害叶的叶绿素受到破坏。危害严重时,叶面呈现密集细小的灰黄色班点或斑块。叶片渐渐枯黄脱落,甚至变成光杆,严重影响农业作物的生长。
灰霉病和黄瓜白粉病是露地、保护地作物常见且比较难防治的真菌性病害,分别由灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytiscinerea)和葫芦科白粉菌(Erysiphecucerbitacearum)侵染所致,属真菌病害,花、果、叶、茎均可发病,是世界性分布的农业病害,寄主范围广泛,会导致各类农作物腐烂、猝倒。病害严重发生的年份可导致大量的死苗,造成重种、补种、毁种,植物生育期推迟,造成大量减产。上述的红蜘蛛对植物的侵害也使得作物更易受到这些真菌病害侵染。
然而,红蜘蛛繁殖能力强,对药剂的选择压力强,容易产生抗药性,应及时用药和轮换用药。目前常用药剂有:三唑锡可湿性粉剂、溴螨乳油、甲脒乳油、三氯杀螨醇、卡死克乳油、敌敌畏乳油、氧化乐果等。
然而由于合成化学杀菌剂本身的高毒缺点以及长期不合理使用,已经暴露出了很多严重的问题:1)病菌产生抗药性;2)高毒化学农药残留直接通过环境和食物链等传递给人畜;3)毒杀天敌会引起生态系统失衡等等。
因此开发生物活性高、环境友好的天然杀菌剂目前已经成为杀菌剂发展的新趋势。在现代农业体系下,高毒化学农药的大量使用已经给人类环境、食品安全等带来了严重的不良影响,社会需要一种高效安全、环境友好、可续行发展的新制剂,为农业服务。
发明内容
本发明的目的就在于针对上述现有技术的不足,旨在提供一种具有杀红蜘蛛和气传真菌活性的植物提取物组合物,它的活性成分均来自天然植物提取物,对环境无污染,属于绿色环保型制剂。
本发明提供一种具有杀气传真菌、红蜘蛛作用的组合物,包括以下重量百分比的成分:植物油脂肪酸1-50%或植物精油1-50%,抗氧化剂0.1-0.5%,表面活性剂10-30%,余量为乳酸。
其中,所述植物油为椰子油、油菜油、海滨锦葵种子油中的一种或几种。
其中,所述抗氧化剂为叔丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ),丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA),2,6-二叔丁基对甲苯酚(BHT)中的一种或几种。
其中,表面活性剂为Dofax111和111中的一种或两种。
相对于现有的制剂,本发明在具有杀灭红蜘蛛、气传真菌灰霉菌、白粉菌的良好效果的同时,使用了椰子油、海滨锦葵种子油、油菜油的一种或几种植物油,环境毒性低;植物油与其它组分混合制成微乳化制剂,便于施用于红蜘蛛控制;表面活性剂使植物油在水中均匀分散形成稳定的微乳化液,溶剂起到稀释作用。本发明使用的溶剂为为低VOC溶剂,对生态环境无危害。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明的具体实施方法作进一步描述。该实施例用于更加清楚地说明本发明的技术方案,而不能以此来限制本发明的保护范围。
本发明的优选实施例制剂组如下:(按重量百分比)
组分(W/W%) | 实施例1 | 实施例2 | 实施例3 |
油菜油 | 20 | - | - |
椰子油 | - | 20% | - |
海滨锦葵油 | - | - | 20% |
乳酸 | 50% | 50% | 50% |
表面活性剂 | 30% | 30% | 30% |
4℃ 冷贮1周 | 合格 | 合格 | 合格 |
54℃热贮2周 | 合格 | 合格 | 合格 |
将上述制剂分别用于进行试验,以说明本发明的具体实施过程并验证技术优势效果。
(一)杀红蜘蛛盆栽实验。
在杀红蜘蛛盆栽实验中,优选采用喷雾瓶喷药进行叶正背面均匀喷射,喷施叶片而不滴水为止。药后24h调查活虫数,并计算起防治效果。其中:
虫口减退率(%)=[(防治前的活虫数—防治后的活虫数)/防治前的活虫数]×100;
防治效果(%)=[(处理区虫口减退率—空白对照区虫口减退率)/(1—空白对照区虫口减退率)]×100。
实验结果如下
经计算,毒力回归方程EC50和EC90分别为:
油菜油:y=34.957x+0.5878,R2=0.93307
海滨锦葵油:y=40.788x+0.584,R2=0.90276
椰子油:y=0.0339x+0.8499,R2=0.86088。
由上可见,实验中各浓度梯度的油菜油、海滨锦葵油和椰子油均有强烈的杀红蜘蛛活性。
(二)对气传真菌灰霉菌的室内生测试验
本试验采用生长素率测定法检测。将供试药物用无菌去离子水配制成1000mg·L-1母液,然后再稀释成5~6个浓度梯度的药液,现配现用。取供试药液1mL加到9mLPDA培养基中,倒入培养皿,在每个培养皿中央放置1个菌饼(直径为6mm),以无菌水为溶剂对照,每个处理重复3次,并置于28℃恒温培养,72小时之后观察记录菌丝生长情况,十字交叉法测量菌落生长直径,用下述公式计算菌丝生长抑制率:
菌丝生长抑制率(%)=(对照菌落直径-菌饼直径)-(对照菌落直径-菌饼直径)/(处理菌落直径-菌饼直径)*100。
试验结果如下:
由上可见,实验中个浓度的油菜油、海滨锦葵油和椰子油均有较好的杀真菌效果。
(三)对白粉菌的抑制实验
针对白粉菌采用盆栽药效试验法,实验对象为黄瓜。试验时黄瓜刚刚开花坐果。按所需浓度稀释配制的精油进行常量喷雾。保护作用喷药24h后采用孢子悬浮液毛笔涂抹法接菌,治疗作用采用孢子悬浮液毛笔涂抹法接菌24h后喷药,7d后调查病情指数,计算防治效果,并以DMRT法对结果进行统计分析。
实验设溶剂对照和药剂对照,每处理重复3次。黄瓜白粉病标准分级如下:
0级:无病斑;
1级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的10%以下;
2级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的10%~25%;
3级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的26%~50%;
4级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的51%~75%;
5级:病斑面积占整个叶面积的75%以上。
病情指数=∑(各级发病叶数×各级代表值)/调查总叶数×最高级代表值×100
防治效果(%)=[1-(CK0病指数×pt1病指数)/(CK1病指数×pt0病指数)]
对白粉菌的抑制效果见下表格:
由上可见,实验中个浓度的油菜油、海滨锦葵油和椰子油对白粉菌的抑制效果显著。
本发明是研究上述三种植物提取物对红蜘蛛的控制效果而得到的成果。本发明中使用的植物油为椰子油、海滨锦葵种子油、油菜油的一种或几种,其中:
椰子(CocosnuciferaL.)是由外层为纤维的壳组成的、提供椰子皮纤维和内含可食厚肉质的大坚果。椰子油是一种提取自成熟椰果肉中的食用油。椰子油在食品制造、药物和工业上有多种用途,对热非常稳定,因此它具有氧化慢,抗酸败的特点。椰子含油35%-45%。油中含游离脂肪酸20%,羊油酸(caproicacid)2%,棕榈酸(palmiticacid),羊脂酸(caprylicacid)9%,羊蜡酸(capricacid),油酸(oleicacid)2%,月桂酸(lauricacid)。
海滨锦葵(Kosteletzkyavirginica)为锦葵科多年生草本植物,是适应于海滨重盐土环境的先锋耐盐植物,海滨锦葵肉质根产量可高达15000kg/hm2,其中多糖(约5.36%左右)、黄酮(约0.72%)、皂苷(约0.62%)等活性物质含量丰富,作为食物(饲料)、能源植物、景观植物的开发潜力很大。海滨锦葵种子含油量18%以上,蛋白质20%以上,堪比大豆。
油菜(BrassicacampestrisL.)为十字花科、芸薹属植物,农艺学上将植物中种子含油的多个物种统称油菜。油菜营养丰富,其中维生素C含量很高。油菜籽可以榨油,油菜油中含有多种维生素,如维生素A、维生素D和维生素E,其中维生素E含量达60毫克/100克油,尤其是甲型维生素E含量高达13.2毫克/100克油,为大豆油的2.58倍,而且在长期储存和加热后减少不多,可作为食品中维生素E的来源。是人体脂溶性维生素的重要来源。油菜油中的植物甾醇含量也较豆油等常见植物油为高,且种类繁多,有些甾醇还具有特殊的生理功能。
上述三种植物的提取物均具有杀死红蜘蛛的作用,它们环境毒性低,在美国EPA40CFR152:25B明确注明免于登记。
另外,本发明将植物油与其它组分混合制成微乳化制剂,便于施用于红蜘蛛控制。表面活性剂使植物油在水中均匀分散形成稳定的微乳化液,溶剂起到稀释作用。并且本发明使用的溶剂为为低VOC溶剂,对生态环境无危害。
因此,本发明解决了植物油不能施用于红蜘蛛控制的技术问题,本红蜘蛛控制药物不含毒性,对环境无污染,属于绿色环保型制剂。
上述仅为本发明的优选实施方式,应指出的是,对于本行业内的普通技术技术人员而言,在本发明的原理之下可以由一些改进和替换,该改进和替换也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (4)
1.一种具有杀红蜘蛛和气传真菌活性的植物提取物组合物,其特征在于包括以下重量百分比的成分:植物油脂肪酸或植物精油1-50%,抗氧化剂0.1-0.5%,表面活性剂10-30%,余量为乳酸。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种具有杀红蜘蛛和气传真菌活性的植物提取物组合物,其特征在于:所述植物油为椰子油、油菜油、海滨锦葵种子油中的一种或几种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种具有杀红蜘蛛和气传真菌活性的植物提取物组合物,其特征在于:所述抗氧化剂为叔丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ),丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA),2,6-二叔丁基对甲苯酚(BHT)中的一种或几种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种具有杀红蜘蛛和气传真菌活性的植物提取物组合物,其特征在于:表面活性剂为Dofax111和111中的一种或两种。
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