CN105315475B - Fiber-resin composite and its preparation method and application - Google Patents
Fiber-resin composite and its preparation method and application Download PDFInfo
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- CN105315475B CN105315475B CN201410339379.9A CN201410339379A CN105315475B CN 105315475 B CN105315475 B CN 105315475B CN 201410339379 A CN201410339379 A CN 201410339379A CN 105315475 B CN105315475 B CN 105315475B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of preparation method of fiber-resin composite, comprise the following steps:Fiber Jing Guo surface oxidation treatment is subjected to coating treatment;Fiber Jing Guo coating treatment is subjected to 3 D stereo braiding according to required shape;Woven three dimensional fabric is put into mould, adds thermosetting resin, low temperature injection molding.The present invention is using three-dimensional braid as skeleton, it is filler with thermoset resin material, it is characterized in that, processing temperature is low (160 DEG C of <), obtained three-dimensional structure composite material in horizontal, longitudinal direction in addition to having higher mechanical strength, and due to the presence of 3 D weaving frame, drastically increase shock resistance and the shock resistance of material.The present invention also uses fiber-resin composite made from aforementioned preparation process, forms electric automobile battery box body.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of system of the fiber-resin composite with high-mechanical property and high impact-resistance
Preparation Method;Moreover, it relates to fiber-resin composite made from aforementioned preparation process and fiber reinforcement tree
The purposes of resin composite material.
Background technology
The Battery case of electric automobile, which all uses, all the time is easy to molding metal cabinet, but metal cabinet is excessively heavy
And corrosion resistant degree of corrosion is not high, very big problem is brought to practical application.With the continuous development of injection molding technology, people start handle
Sight is transferred on resin material.For example, the Battery case mistake of Frankfurt, Germany (on December 20th, 2011) electric car (EV)
Go to be made of metal, nowadays, the Battery case of thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics is just under development, and thermoplastic material
Battery module frame formally put into production.
But relative to conventional dyes automobile, the most dangerous part of electric automobile is exactly battery pack, and at present, electricity
The characteristics of cell system is inflammable and explosive, this just proposes challenge to the security of electric automobile.And Battery case is as battery pack
Carrier, key effect is played to the trouble free service and protection of battery pack.
The operation conditions of vehicle is sufficiently complex, pitches, violent torsion and shake are all can hardly be avoided.To avoid running
When battery between, between battery and other objects frequently phase mutual friction, collision, extruding, it is necessary to battery reliably to protect
And buffering.D braided composites are a kind of high specific strength, high ratio modulus, shock resistance, corrosion resistant high-performance new material, this
Just make it possible D braided composites as the first load-carrying construction part of making and high-performance product.With it is traditional laminated multiple
Condensation material is compared, and D braided composites can resist the extension of impact injury well after being impacted.
Find by literature search, the patent in relation to fiber-resin composite lays particular emphasis on inorganic/organic fiber and tree
The research of fat material interface adhesion property.Chinese patent CN102775622A discloses a kind of fiber reinforcement heat in 2012-11-14
The preparation method and applications of plastic composites, the fiber reinforced thermolplastic composite material of the patent by weaving into
Type, has obtained the composite material of three-dimensional structure, although assigning material higher rigidity, due to warm needed for resin molding process
Degree is higher, injection cost is also improved therewith, and can be to the property of organic fiber if reinforcing material is done using organic fiber
It can cause damage.In addition, Chinese patent CN102775622A is that fiber is impregnated to direct knitting forming after cooling in resin,
Obtained impregnated tape rigidity is higher, and certain difficulty can be carried out to braid over braid.
The content of the invention
For the deficiencies in the prior art, according to an embodiment of the invention, it is desirable to provide one kind has high mechanicalness
The preparation method of the fiber-resin composite of energy and high impact-resistance, and propose composite wood made from the preparation method
Expect the purposes as batteries of electric automobile component tank material.
According to embodiment, a kind of preparation method of fiber-resin composite provided by the invention, its innovative point exists
In comprising the following steps:
Fiber Jing Guo surface oxidation treatment is subjected to coating treatment;
Fiber Jing Guo coating treatment is subjected to 3 D stereo braiding according to required shape;
Woven three dimensional fabric is put into mould, adds thermosetting resin, low temperature injection molding.
According to one embodiment, in the preparation method of foregoing fiber-resin composite of the invention, the fiber is
Glass fibre, carbon fiber, or the mixture of the two.If the two mixture, then the mass ratio of glass fibre and carbon fiber is 0.5
~2:1.
According to one embodiment, in the preparation method of foregoing fiber-resin composite of the invention, thermosetting resin
For phenolic resin, epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester resin, furane resins, organic siliconresin, vinyl ester resin, melamine
One or more mixtures in mela mine-formaldehyde resin;Thermosetting resin is more preferably the mixing of epoxy resin and linear phenolic resin
Thing.
According to one embodiment, in the preparation method of foregoing fiber-resin composite of the invention, the Surface Oxygen
It is O to change processing3Oxidation, liquid phase oxidation, anode electrolysis oxidation or plasma oxidation;The surface oxidation treatment more preferably Oxygen in Liquid
Change, oxidation solution is concentrated nitric acid, acid potassium permanganate, sodium hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid.Surface oxidation treatment method is as follows:
It is solvent using 200ml/L ethanol solutions, removes the surface oil stain of fiber, after oil removing, is washed with deionized water only simultaneously
It is drying fibrous.Then, fiber sample is immersed in oxidation solution and flowed back, then with deionized water rinsing to neutrality, dry, done in vacuum
Dried in dry case.
According to one embodiment, in the preparation method of foregoing fiber-resin composite of the invention, coating treatment institute
It is organic polymer and amino silicane coupling agent with coating material, and the mass ratio of organic polymer and amino silicane coupling agent is
50~150:1;Organic polymer is polypropylene, polyamide, polyimides, or the alternate copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride;
Amino silicane coupling agent is γ-aminopropyl three (first) Ethoxysilane, N- β (aminoethyl)-γ-aminopropyl front three (second) epoxide silicon
Three base oxysilane of alkane, aminopropyltriethoxysilane triethoxysilane or aminoethylaminopropyl.Fiber surface coating process is as follows:
(1) by coating material according to pouring into spray gun after the abundant melting mixing of institute's ratio;
(2) fiber Jing Guo surface oxidation treatment is by spray booth, and the coating material that spray gun projects is under the action of high pressure
It is atomized and is scattered on fiber;The conveying speed of fiber is 3~5m/min, and spray gun spraying pressure is 0.3~0.5MPa, spray away from
From for 20~30cm.
(3) for the fiber after spraying by continuous type drying equipment, drying temperature is 120~150 DEG C, and drying time control exists
Between 2~10min.
It is described three-dimensional vertical in the preparation method of foregoing fiber-resin composite of the invention according to one embodiment
Body weaving method is that square 1 × 1 weaving in general four step rule carries out integral weaving.If bicomponent fibre weaves
(mixture of glass fibre and carbon fiber), then glass fibre and carbon fiber need to feed loom after being staggered.
According to one embodiment, in the preparation method of foregoing fiber-resin composite of the invention, low temperature is molded into
The injection temperature of type is less than 160 DEG C.
According to embodiment, fiber-resin composite provided by the invention is exactly foregoing fiber-reinforced resin composite wood
Fiber-resin composite made from the preparation method of material.
According to embodiment, present invention also offers foregoing fiber-resin composite as electric automobile battery box body
The purposes of (including shell, side wall and upper and lower cover).
According to embodiment, present invention also offers a kind of electric automobile battery box body, its babinet encapsulating material is foregoing fibre
Tie up reinforced resin composite material.
Relative to the prior art, the present invention has first carried out inorfil surface oxidation treatment, fiber surface roughness
Increase, is conducive to the mechanical twisting of fiber and interlaminar resin.Moreover, after surface treatment, carbon fiber surface-OH and-NH2 concentration increase
Add, help to improve fiber and interlaminar resin interface binding power.It is aided with coating treatment again, further increases fiber/resin two-phase
Adhesive property between interface.In combination with three dimensional weaving technique, special-shaped integral fabric is directly knit out, from weaving, be combined to
Finished product is not stratified, maintains the globality of material.Material is had outside higher mechanical strength in horizontal, longitudinal direction, also improve it
Shock resistance and shock resistance, have played mechanical humidification of the fiber to resin material most possibly.Obtained fiber reinforcement
Resin composite materials and there is high-mechanical property and highly resistance by the use of the composite material as the tank material of batteries of electric automobile component
The characteristics of impact.
The present invention is filler with thermoset resin material using three-dimensional braid as skeleton, the low (< 160 of its processing temperature
DEG C), obtained three-dimensional structure composite material in horizontal, longitudinal direction in addition to having higher mechanical strength, and due to 3 D weaving
The presence of frame, drastically increases shock resistance and the shock resistance of material.The fiber-resin composite is prepared, is made
With fiber-resin composite, electric automobile battery box body is formed.The fiber-resin composite that the present invention obtains
And Battery case has the characteristics that high-mechanical property and high impact-resistant.
Embodiment
With reference to specific embodiment, the present invention is further explained.These embodiments are interpreted as being merely to illustrate this hair
It is bright rather than limit the scope of the invention.After the content of the invention recorded has been read, those skilled in the art can
To be made various changes or modifications to the present invention, these equivalence changes and modification equally fall into the model that the claims in the present invention are limited
Enclose.
Embodiment 1
Glass fibre is immersed in ethanol solution, removes the surface finish of fiber, processing time 15min, after oil removing, is used
Deionized water is cleaned and drying fibrous.Then, glass fiber sample is immersed in concentrated nitric acid the 2h that flows back, then uses deionized water rinsing
To neutrality, dry, 105 DEG C of drying in vacuum drying chamber.Again by polypropylene and N- β (aminoethyl)-γ-aminopropyl trimethoxy
Silane presses 15:Spray gun is poured into after the 1 abundant melting mixing of ratio.Then the fiber after oxidation processes is made to pass through spray booth.Fiber
Conveying speed be 5m/min, spray gun spraying pressure is 0.35MPa, spray distance 20cm.Fiber after spraying passes through continuous
Formula drying equipment, drying temperature are 150 DEG C, time 3min.Fiber after drying is sent into braider and carries out three-dimensional entirety
After knitting forming, it is put into mould.Then, resin extender is plasticized in an extruder after mixing, the heating temperature of extruder
Spend for 150 DEG C.Resin after plasticizing is pushed into mould through screw rod, and push-in pressure is 200MPa, and the punch die time is 10 seconds.Resin is in mould
60 seconds postcoolings of pressurize cure in tool, and demould up to fiber-resin composite.The composite material each group distribution ratio
And mechanical experimental results, as shown in table 1.
Embodiment 2
Carbon fiber is immersed in ethanol solution, removes the surface finish of fiber, processing time 15min, after oil removing, spends
Ionized water is cleaned and drying fibrous.Then, carbon fiber samples are immersed in acid potassium permanganate the 3h that flows back, then are rushed with deionized water
It is washed till neutrality, dries, 105 DEG C of drying in vacuum drying chamber.Polyamide and gamma-aminopropyl-triethoxy-silane are pressed 15 again:1
The abundant melting mixing of ratio after pour into spray gun.Then the fiber after oxidation processes is made to pass through spray booth.The conveying speed of fiber
For 5m/min, spray gun spraying pressure is 0.4MPa, spray distance 25cm.Fiber after spraying by continuous type drying equipment,
Drying temperature is 150 DEG C, time 3min.Fiber after drying is sent into braider after carrying out three-dimension integrally braiding shaping,
It is put into mould.Then, resin extender is plasticized in an extruder after mixing, the heating-up temperature of extruder is 160 DEG C.Modeling
Resin after change is pushed into mould through screw rod, and push-in pressure is 200MPa, and the punch die time is 10 seconds.Resin pressurize 60 seconds in a mold
Postcooling cures, and demoulds up to fiber-resin composite.The composite material each group distribution ratio and mechanical property are surveyed
Test result, as shown in table 1.
Embodiment 3
By glass fibre and carbon fiber with 1:1 ratio is immersed in ethanol solution, removes the surface finish of fiber, during processing
Between be 15min, after oil removing, be washed with deionized water net and drying fibrous.Then, composite fibre sample is immersed in concentrated nitric acid and time chlorine
Flow back 2h in the mixed solution of acid, then with deionized water rinsing to neutrality, dry, 105 DEG C of drying in vacuum drying chamber.Again will
Polypropylene and gamma-aminopropyl-triethoxy-silane press 14:Spray gun is poured into after the 1 abundant melting mixing of ratio.Then make at oxidation
Fiber after reason passes through spray booth.The conveying speed of fiber is 5m/min, and spray gun spraying pressure is 0.4MPa, and spray distance is
25cm.Fiber after spraying is by continuous type drying equipment, and drying temperature is 150 DEG C, time 3min.By the fiber after drying
It is sent into braider after carrying out three-dimension integrally braiding shaping, is put into mould.Then, resin extender is being extruded after mixing
It is plasticized in machine, the heating-up temperature of extruder is 150 DEG C.Resin after plasticizing is pushed into mould through screw rod, and push-in pressure is 200MPa,
The punch die time is 10 seconds.60 seconds postcoolings of pressurize cure resin in a mold, and demould up to fiber-resin composite.
The composite material each group distribution ratio and mechanical experimental results, as shown in table 1.
Embodiment 4
By glass fibre and carbon fiber with 3:5 ratio is immersed in ethanol solution, removes the surface finish of fiber, during processing
Between be 15min, after oil removing, be washed with deionized water net and drying fibrous.Then, composite fibre sample is immersed in concentrated nitric acid and flowed back
2h, then with deionized water rinsing to neutrality, dry, in vacuum drying chamber 105 DEG C drying.Again by polyamide and N- β (ammonia second
Base)-γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane press 14:Spray gun is poured into after the 1 abundant melting mixing of ratio.Then after making oxidation processes
Fiber pass through spray booth.The conveying speed of fiber is 5m/min, and spray gun spraying pressure is 0.45MPa, spray distance 30cm.
Fiber after spraying is by continuous type drying equipment, and drying temperature is 150 DEG C, time 3min.Fiber after drying is sent into
After carrying out three-dimension integrally braiding shaping in braider, it is put into mould.Then, by resin extender after mixing in an extruder
Plasticizing, the heating-up temperature of extruder is 150 DEG C.Resin after plasticizing is pushed into mould through screw rod, and push-in pressure is 200MPa, punch die
Time is 12 seconds.60 seconds postcoolings of pressurize cure resin in a mold, and demould up to fiber-resin composite.It is described
Composite material each group distribution ratio and mechanical experimental results, as shown in table 1.
Embodiment 5
By glass fibre and carbon fiber with 3:5 ratio is immersed in ethanol solution, removes the surface finish of fiber, during processing
Between be 15min, after oil removing, be washed with deionized water net and drying fibrous.Then, composite fibre sample is immersed in acid potassium permanganate
Middle reflux 3h, then with deionized water rinsing to neutrality, dry, in vacuum drying chamber 105 DEG C drying.Again by polyamide and N- β
(aminoethyl)-γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane presses 14:Spray gun is poured into after the 1 abundant melting mixing of ratio.Then make at oxidation
Fiber after reason passes through spray booth.The conveying speed of fiber is 5m/min, and spray gun spraying pressure is 0.35MPa, and spray distance is
20cm.Fiber after spraying is by continuous type drying equipment, and drying temperature is 150 DEG C, time 3min.By the fiber after drying
It is sent into braider after carrying out three-dimension integrally braiding shaping, is put into mould.Then, resin extender is being extruded after mixing
It is plasticized in machine, the heating-up temperature of extruder is 160 DEG C.Resin after plasticizing is pushed into mould through screw rod, and push-in pressure is 150MPa,
The punch die time is 10 seconds.60 seconds postcoolings of pressurize cure resin in a mold, and demould up to fiber-resin composite.
The composite material each group distribution ratio and mechanical experimental results, as shown in table 1.
Embodiment 6
By glass fibre and carbon fiber with 1:1 ratio is immersed in ethanol solution, removes the surface finish of fiber, during processing
Between be 15min, after oil removing, be washed with deionized water net and drying fibrous.Then, composite fibre sample is immersed in acid potassium permanganate
Middle reflux 3h, then with deionized water rinsing to neutrality, dry, in vacuum drying chamber 105 DEG C drying.Again by polypropylene and γ-
Aminopropyl triethoxysilane presses 14:Spray gun is poured into after the 1 abundant melting mixing of ratio.Then lead to the fiber after oxidation processes
Cross spray booth.The conveying speed of fiber is 5m/min, and spray gun spraying pressure is 0.5MPa, spray distance 30cm.After spraying
Fiber is by continuous type drying equipment, and drying temperature is 150 DEG C, time 3min.Fiber after drying is sent into braider
After carrying out three-dimension integrally braiding shaping, it is put into mould.Then, resin extender is plasticized in an extruder after mixing, squeezed
The heating-up temperature for going out machine is 160 DEG C.Resin after plasticizing is pushed into mould through screw rod, and push-in pressure is 150MPa, and the punch die time is
15 seconds.60 seconds postcoolings of pressurize cure resin in a mold, and demould up to fiber-resin composite.The composite wood
Expect each group distribution ratio and mechanical experimental results, as shown in table 1.
Embodiment 7
By glass fibre and carbon fiber with 5:3 ratio is immersed in ethanol solution, removes the surface finish of fiber, during processing
Between be 15min, after oil removing, be washed with deionized water net and drying fibrous.Then, composite fibre sample is immersed in concentrated nitric acid and flowed back
2h, then with deionized water rinsing to neutrality, dry, in vacuum drying chamber 105 DEG C drying.Again by polypropylene and γ-aminopropyl
Triethoxysilane presses 15:Spray gun is poured into after the 1 abundant melting mixing of ratio.Then the fiber after oxidation processes is made to pass through spraying
Room.The conveying speed of fiber is 5m/min, and spray gun spraying pressure is 0.35MPa, spray distance 20cm.Fiber after spraying leads to
Continuous type drying equipment is crossed, drying temperature is 150 DEG C, time 3min.Fiber after drying is sent into braider and carries out three
After tieing up integral weaving shaping, it is put into mould.Then, resin extender is plasticized in an extruder after mixing, extruder
Heating-up temperature is 150 DEG C.Resin after plasticizing is pushed into mould through screw rod, and push-in pressure is 250MPa, and the punch die time is 10 seconds.Tree
80 seconds postcoolings of pressurize cure fat in a mold, and demould up to fiber-resin composite.The composite material each group
When mechanical experimental results are distributed, as shown in table 1.
Embodiment 8
By glass fibre and carbon fiber with 5:3 ratio is immersed in ethanol solution, removes the surface finish of fiber, during processing
Between be 15min, after oil removing, be washed with deionized water net and drying fibrous.Then, composite fibre sample is immersed in hypochlorous acid and flowed back
3h, then with deionized water rinsing to neutrality, dry, in vacuum drying chamber 105 DEG C drying.Again by polyamide and N- β (ammonia second
Base)-γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane press 15:Spray gun is poured into after the 1 abundant melting mixing of ratio.Then after making oxidation processes
Fiber pass through spray booth.The conveying speed of fiber is 5m/min, and spray gun spraying pressure is 0.5MPa, spray distance 30cm.
Fiber after spraying is by continuous type drying equipment, and drying temperature is 130 DEG C, time 5min.Fiber after drying is sent into
After carrying out three-dimension integrally braiding shaping in braider, it is put into mould.Then, by resin extender after mixing in an extruder
Plasticizing, the heating-up temperature of extruder is 150 DEG C.Resin after plasticizing is pushed into mould through screw rod, and push-in pressure is 200MPa, punch die
Time is 12 seconds.80 seconds postcoolings of pressurize cure resin in a mold, and demould up to fiber-resin composite.It is described
Composite material each group distribution ratio and mechanical experimental results, as shown in table 1.
Table 1
As shown in table 1, fiber-resin composite made from embodiment 1-8 has high-mechanical property and high impact-resistant
The characteristics of:Compression strength is all higher than or equal to 58MPa, and the modulus of elasticity in static bending is all higher than being equal to 10GPa, and impact strength is all higher than
In 41Kj/m2, it has been entirely capable of enough the prerequisite high-mechanical property of electric automobile battery box body and high impact-resistant requirement.
According to the structural requirement of electric automobile battery box body, the shell, side wall and upper and lower cover of Battery case, structure are processed
Into electric automobile battery box body, ventilation pipe, medium channel and power interface are reserved in the correspondence position of babinet.
According to the test result of table 1,1-8 of the embodiment of the present invention uses thermoset resin material using three-dimensional braid as skeleton
For filler, its processing temperature is low (160 DEG C of <), and obtained three-dimensional structure composite material is higher except having in horizontal, longitudinal direction
Outside mechanical strength, and due to the presence of 3 D weaving frame, shock resistance and the shock resistance of material are drastically increased.
Claims (12)
1. a kind of preparation method of fiber-resin composite, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
Fiber Jing Guo surface oxidation treatment is subjected to coating treatment;Coating treatment used coating material is organic polymer and ammonia
Base silane coupling agent, and the mass ratio of organic polymer and amino silicane coupling agent is 50~150:1;Organic polymer is poly- third
Alkene, polyamide, polyimides, or the alternate copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride;Amino silicane coupling agent is γ-aminopropyl three
Methoxy silane, gamma-aminopropyl-triethoxy-silane, N- β-aminoethyl-γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N- β-aminoethyls-
Gamma-aminopropyl-triethoxy-silane or aminopropyltriethoxysilane triethoxysilane;
Fiber Jing Guo coating treatment is subjected to 3 D stereo braiding according to required shape;
Woven three dimensional fabric is put into mould, adds thermosetting resin, low temperature injection molding, the note of low temperature injection molding
It is less than 160 DEG C to mould temperature.
2. the preparation method of fiber-resin composite as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the fiber is glass
Glass fiber, carbon fiber, or the mixture of the two, the mass ratio of glass fibre and carbon fiber is 0.5~2 in mixture:1.
3. the preparation method of fiber-resin composite as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that thermosetting resin is
Phenolic resin, epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester resin, furane resins, organic siliconresin, vinyl ester resin, melamine first
One or more mixtures in urea formaldehyde.
4. the preparation method of fiber-resin composite as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that thermosetting resin is
The mixture of epoxy resin and linear phenolic resin.
5. the preparation method of fiber-resin composite as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the surface oxidation
Handle as O3Oxidation, liquid phase oxidation, anode electrolysis oxidation or plasma oxidation.
6. the preparation method of fiber-resin composite as claimed in claim 5, it is characterised in that the surface oxidation
It is concentrated nitric acid, acid potassium permanganate, sodium hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid to handle as liquid phase oxidation, oxidation solution;Surface oxidation treatment method
It is as follows:Be solvent with 200ml/L ethanol solutions, remove the surface oil stain of fiber, be washed with deionized water it is net and drying fibrous, by fibre
Dimension is immersed in oxidation solution and flows back, then with deionized water rinsing to neutrality, dries, dried in vacuum drying chamber.
7. the preparation method of fiber-resin composite as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that coating treatment technique
It is as follows:
(1) spray gun will be poured into after coating material proportionally abundant melting mixing;
(2) by spray booth, the coating material that spray gun projects is atomized the fiber Jing Guo surface oxidation treatment under the action of high pressure
And be scattered on fiber, the conveying speed of fiber is 3~5m/min, and spray gun spraying pressure is 0.3~0.5MPa, and spray distance is
20~30cm;
(3) for the fiber after spraying by continuous type drying equipment, drying temperature is 120~150 DEG C, drying time for 2~
10min。
8. the preparation method of fiber-resin composite as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the 3 D stereo
Weaving method is that square 1 × 1 weaving in general four step rule carries out integral weaving;The fiber is glass fibre and carbon
The mixture of fiber, glass fibre and carbon fiber feed loom after being staggered.
9. fiber-resin composite made from any one of claim 1-8 preparation method.
10. purposes of the fiber-resin composite as electric automobile battery box body described in claim 9.
11. purposes according to claim 10, it is characterised in that form the shell of electric automobile battery box body, side wall, on
Fiber-resin composite described in lid and the equal usage right requirement 9 of lower cover.
12. a kind of electric automobile battery box body, it is characterised in that its babinet encapsulating material increases for the fiber described in claim 9
Strong resin composite materials.
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