CN105302997A - Liquid column separation-bridged water hammer simulation method based on three-dimensional CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) - Google Patents
Liquid column separation-bridged water hammer simulation method based on three-dimensional CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a liquid column separation-bridged water hammer simulation method based on three-dimensional CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). The liquid column separation-bridged water hammer simulation method comprises the following steps: by carrying out three-dimensional modeling and mesh generation, firstly, carrying out single-phase compressible stable-state calculation of a water body to obtain a stable-state fluid field; then carrying out liquid column separation gas-liquid two-phase transient flowing calculation; and finally, processing a computed result by using post-processing software. According to the liquid column separation-bridged water hammer simulation method, on the basis of simultaneously considering the compressibility of the water body and steam, the mass transfer between gas and liquid is considered, and liquid column separation types do not need to be distinguished, so that a mathematical model and a solving method thereof are simplified to a certain extent and the simulation accuracy is relatively high; and unreal pressure pulse similar with one-dimensional simulation is not formed, and visualization of primary formation, development and collapsing processes of a hollow hole in a liquid column separation process is realized.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to water delivery crosses in streaming system, three-dimensional simulation method during column separation-make up water hammer gas-liquid two-phase transient flow occurs, belongs to power station (pumping plant) hydraulics numerical simulation technology field.
Background technology
Cross in streaming system in water delivery, the unexpected removal of load of Hydropower Plant, water pump assembly start and stop, accident conditions shutdown and control valve are jerked, and all can cause the sharply change of flow and pressure.When pressure is reduced to below pressure for vaporization, vaporizing liquid forms cavitation bubble.Cavitation bubble along with liquid flow, even may grow, agglomeration to occupying whole overflow section, break fluid column, occur column separation phenomenon.When the pressure in pipe raises, crumble and fall in hole, the fluid column of separation makes up again, and its high pressure produced may reach and be enough to booster degree, very serious to the potential threat crossing streaming system.
At present, for the column separation in " reservoir-pipeline-valve-reservoir " simple water delivery pipeline system-make water hammer up, its analogy method mainly adopts one-dimensional characteristic method (MOC, MethodofCharacteristics).Discrete steam-hole model (DVCM that WylieandStreeter proposes based on this, discretevapor-cavitymodel), because it calculates simple, and the fluctuation of pressure after can crumbling and fall predict hole first time, and be widely applied in engineering calculation.But this model needs many supposition: there is not free gas in (1) pipeline, and do not consider air release; (2) in continuous fluid region, velocity of wave propagation is constant; (3) as long as manifold pressure reaches pressure for vaporization, namely hole produces, and is fixed on computing nodes, and its pressure keeps pressure for vaporization constant until crumble and fall in hole; (4) adopt steady flow resistance coefficient to be used for unsteady flow to calculate.These supposition limit the accuracy of analog result all to a certain extent, and this model does not distinguish partial cavity (localized (discrete) vaporcavity) and expanding distribution cavity district (distributedvaporouscavitationregion), and corresponding improved model is extremely complicated, solve difficulty, and computational accuracy does not promote a lot.In addition, this class model is when duct segments number increases, and crumbling and fall of multi-hole can cause a lot of false pressure pulse.
But column separation in streaming system-make water hammer up is crossed in water delivery, is a kind of complicated gas-liquid two-phase transient flow relating to Heat transmission, compressibility and turbulence effect.Already present one-dimensional model can not the form in hole and change in location in simulated solution column separation process effectively.Especially, betide the column separation phenomenon in power station, pumped storage power plant tail water pipe, its Calculations of Hydraulic Transient will be more complicated, and there is circumferential speed component in its entrance current, due to the effect of centrifugal force, certainly exist rotation vortex rope in draft tube, and vortex rope center pressure is minimum, now one-dimensional model is difficult to simulation.Therefore, to water delivery cross in streaming system column separation-making water hammer up carries out high Dimensional Simulation of Air Motion, and then disclose the essence of its complicated transient phenomena more accurately and inherent law is very necessary.
Summary of the invention
Goal of the invention: the deficiency existed when simulating water delivery and crossing column separation in streaming system-make water hammer up for prior art, the present invention is based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) theoretical, propose the three-dimensional (3D of a kind of column separation-make up water hammer, threedimension) analogy method, with explore water delivery cross in streaming system there are column separation gas-liquid two-phase transient phenomena time, the dynamic perfromance in hole and inherent law.
Technical scheme: the analogy method of a kind of column separation based on three-dimensional CFD-make up water hammer, specific implementation step is as follows:
Step 1: streaming system is crossed to the normal water delivery run, sets up three-dimensional runner model, and carry out stress and strain model;
Step 2: build water body single-phase mathematical model of pressing stable-state flow, arrange boundary condition according to physical problem, solves constant fluidised form solution when governing equation obtains system normal water delivery;
Step 3: the mathematical model building the transient flow of column separation gas-liquid two-phase, setting transient condition, solves governing equation system, carries out pressure monitor, and follow the trail of liquid-gas interface control point;
Step 4: result of calculation analysis.
As preferably, in described step 2, the continuity equation of equal form that water body is single-phase when pressing the mathematical model of stable-state flow to be with based on the equation of momentum equal during Reynolds.For describing water body compressibility, need introduce characterize water body density can pressure condition equation with the water body of change in pressure, and the velocity of propagation of pressure wave in water (i.e. water hammer wave velocity).In addition, for making system of equations close, turbulence model need be introduced to calculate eddy stress.
As preferred further, water body can pressure condition equation be:
Wherein,
and K
lbe respectively liquid absolute reference pressure Δ p
*under density and bulk modulus;
Δ p
*=p
*-p
* 0, p
*for absolute pressure;
As preferred further, ignore tube wall elasticity, water hammer wave velocity is:
As preferred further, turbulence model adopts SSTk-ω.
As preferably, in described step 2, pipeline import and export arranges constant pressure boundary, and pipeline wall is without slippage.
As preferably, in described step 3, gas-liquid two-phase transient flow adopts the Mixture model being applicable to small size rate to describe, on the basis solving the continuity equation of mixed phase, the equation of momentum, energy equation and Equations of Turbulence, the volume fraction equation of coupling second-phase makes whole system close, this equation for calculating the mass transport between gas-liquid two-phase, and realizes liquid-gas interface tracking.In addition, have ignored the sliding rate between two-phase in the mathematical model of the gas-liquid two-phase transient flow of structure.
As preferred further, in column separation process, the mass transport between liquid phase and gas phase adopts SchnerrandSauer cavitation model to describe.
As preferred further, vapour density presses the change of ideal gas rule.
As preferred further, turbulence model adopts SSTk-ω, and considers compressible correction.
As preferred further, continuity equation and the equation of momentum solve the coupling algorithm (Pressure-BasedCoupledSolver) adopted based on pressure, first solve pressure and the speed of gas-liquid mixed phase simultaneously, then solve energy equation, Equations of Turbulence.Then determine whether to undergo phase transition according to the pressure calculated, calculate interphase mass transmission source item: if a. pressure reaches or lower than the pressure for vaporization set, then cavitation occurs, water body cavitation changes steam into, vapour cavity volume increases; If b. pressure is higher than the pressure for vaporization of setting, then the volume of vapour cavity reduces, and steam-condensation is water body.Finally solve the volume fraction equation of gas phase, obtain the volume fraction of gas phase in this moment, realize the tracking of liquid-gas interface.
As preferably, in described step 3, dynamic grid adaptive technique is adopted in the mathematical model solution procedure of gas-liquid two-phase transient flow, pressure gradient according to calculating adjusts spacing rate of grid automatically, more accurately to catch flow field structure, also calculate in guarantee and high efficiencyly obtain high precision solution simultaneously.
As preferably, in described step 4, first, the pressure result three-dimensional CFD method calculated and experimental data, one-dimensional discrete steam-hole model (DVCM, discretevapor-cavitymodel) result of calculation contrasts, to verify the feasibility that the present invention proposes a plan.Then, utilize the poster processing soft Tecplot360 observation analysis interior flow field, dynamically observe the growth-process of grow-crumbling and fall in steam hole in column separation process, realize its visual Simulation.
Beneficial effect: compared with prior art, the analogy method of the column separation based on three-dimensional CFD provided by the invention-make up water hammer, tool has the following advantages:
(1) in CFD software for calculation, introduce water hammer wave velocity by definition water body compressibility, consider the compressibility in steam hole, closer to reality simultaneously; (2) mass transport between water body and steam hole is considered; (3) do not need to distinguish column separation type, thus simplify mathematical model and method for solving thereof to a certain extent; (4) use of dynamic grid adaptive technique calculates in guarantee and high efficiencyly obtains high precision solution simultaneously; (5) there is not false pressure pulse in result of calculation; (6) formation-process of grow-crumbling and fall in hole in column separation process can be observed, and its position distribution.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the simplification experimental provision schematic diagram of the specific embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 2 is the process flow diagram that the present invention is based on the column separation of three-dimensional CFD-make up the analogy method of water hammer;
Fig. 3 is the Three-dimensional CAD of the specific embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 4 is the comparison diagram of valve place pressure curve and experimental data in the specific embodiment of the invention;
When Fig. 5 is vapour volume maximum (t=1366ms) in the specific embodiment of the invention, the vapour volume score distribution cloud atlas near valve;
In Fig. 1: 1-upstream pressure water tank; 2-upstream pressure Water in Water Tank bit line; 3-pipeline water inlet elevation; 4-water-supply-pipe; 5-ball valve; 6-pipe water outlet elevation; 7-downstream pressure Water in Water Tank bit line; 8-downstream pressure water tank.
In Fig. 3: 1-water inlet; 2-valve downstream side ducts; 3-valve; 4-valve downstream side ducts; 5-water delivering orifice.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, illustrate the present invention further, these embodiments should be understood only be not used in for illustration of the present invention and limit the scope of the invention, after having read the present invention, the amendment of those skilled in the art to the various equivalent form of value of the present invention has all fallen within the application's claims limited range.
Embodiment: in order to verify and analyze the simulate effect of the column separation based on CFD provided by the invention-make up the analogy method of water hammer, choose Simpson and designed the column separation-make water hammer experimental provision system up for verifying the validity of the inventive method of building in 1986, Fig. 1 is shown in by its experimental provision schematic diagram simplified.System is by upstream pressure water tank, and copper pipe, downstream ball valve, downstream pressure water tank forms.Copper pipe overall length 36m, internal diameter 19.05mm.Water hammer wave velocity is 1280m/s.Column separation-make water hammer Hydraulic Transient up to cause by closing suddenly downstream ball valve.Experiment condition parameter is in table 1.
Table 1Simpson (1986) experiment condition parameter
The present embodiment is based on the column separation-make the process flow diagram of the analogy method of water hammer up as shown in Figure 2 of CFD, and concrete steps are as follows:
Step 1: streaming system is crossed to the normal water delivery run, sets up three-dimensional runner model, and carry out stress and strain model.
Experimentally parameter, pipeline import and export is constant pressure boundary, ball valve standard-sized sheet during original state, then only need to set up three-dimensional runner simplified model to pipeline and valve, sees Fig. 3.
Model is imported ANSYS software I CEM module, define each boundary surface, and grid division.Whole computational fields adopts hexahedron structure grid, near ball valve and column separation may there is location-appropriate refinement.
Step 2: build water body single-phase mathematical model of pressing stable-state flow, arrange boundary condition according to physical problem, solves constant fluidised form solution when governing equation obtains system normal water delivery.
(1) write the physical property UDF (UserDefineFunctions) of compressible water body, the computing formula of water body density and water hammer wave velocity is shown in formula (1), (2) respectively.
Water body density is:
Wherein,
and K
lbe respectively liquid absolute reference pressure Δ p
*under density and bulk modulus;
Δ p
*=p
*-p
* 0, p
*for absolute pressure;
Water hammer wave velocity is:
(2) boundary condition calculates:
Conduit entrance: experimentally duty parameter, calculates upstream line entrance stagnation pressure:
Wherein, P
infor upstream line entrance stagnation pressure, unit Pa; H
rufor upper pond hydrostatic head, unit m; v
0for initial flow rate, unit m/s; G is acceleration of gravity, unit m/s
2.
Pipe outlet: experimentally duty parameter, calculates downstream line exit static pressure:
Wherein, P
outfor downstream line exit static pressure, unit Pa; h
ffor the loss of flood peak, unit m.
(3) stable state CFD analog computation
Ready-portioned grid file is imported ANSYS software FLUENT module, carry out stable state and solve: select SSTk-ω turbulence model, load water body physical property UDF, set corresponding boundary condition, governing equation group solves and adopts SIMPLE algorithm.After iteration convergence, in pipeline, each cross sectional flow rate equals experiment value, obtains column separation transition presteady state flow field.
Step 3: the mathematical model building the transient flow of column separation gas-liquid two-phase, setting transient condition, solves governing equation system, carries out pressure monitor, and follow the trail of liquid-gas interface control point.
(1) on the pulsatile flow field basis that step 2 solves, change transient state into and solve, select Mixture tow phase model, do not consider sliding rate between liquid phase;
(2) vapor phase density is set by perfect gas law change;
(3) SchnerrandSauer cavitation model is selected, experimentally setting parameter pressure for vaporization;
(4) write UDF according to valve closing rule, and set moving region: assuming that valve is linearly closed, its angular velocity of rotation ω and shut-in time t
cbetween pass be:
(5) set pressure gradient dynamic self-adapting grid storage coefficient limit value: CoarsenThreshold and RefineThreshold, when the local pressure gradient's value calculated is less than CoarsenThreshold, refined net; When the local pressure gradient's value calculated is greater than RefineThreshold, coarsening grids;
(6) continuity equation and the equation of momentum solve the coupling algorithm (Pressure-BasedCoupledSolver) adopted based on pressure, set each variable relaxation factor, carry out pressure monitor to control point near valve, setting-up time step-length carries out iterative.
Step 4: result of calculation analysis.
(1) after calculating terminates, 3D calculation of pressure result and experimental data, 1DDVCM the model calculation are contrasted, the accuracy of checking 3D simulation, the pressure comparison situation at valve place is shown in Fig. 4.Can find out, 3DCFD method can time response of forecast pressure and amplitude attenuation well; And result is better than one-dimensional model.In addition, do not occur as the false pressure pulse in 1DDVCM analog result in 3D result.Comparing result shows, the technical scheme that the present invention proposes effectively can simulate the column separation phenomenon in water delivery pipeline system.
(2) the poster processing soft Tecplot360 observation analysis interior flow field is utilized, growth-the process of grow-crumbling and fall in steam hole in dynamic observation column separation process, when Fig. 5 gives hole cumulative volume maximum (t=1365ms) under this operating mode, the form cloud atlas in hole, valve vicinity.
Claims (4)
1. based on an analogy method for column separation-make up the water hammer of three-dimensional CFD, it is characterized in that: adopt three-dimensional CFD method to cross column separation in streaming system-make water hammer up to simulate water delivery, concrete steps are as follows:
Step 1: streaming system is crossed to the normal water delivery run, sets up three-dimensional runner model, and carry out stress and strain model;
Step 2: build water body single-phase mathematical model of pressing stable-state flow, arrange boundary condition according to physical problem, solves constant fluidised form solution when governing equation obtains system normal water delivery;
Step 3: the mathematical model building the transient flow of column separation gas-liquid two-phase, setting transient condition, solves governing equation system, carries out pressure monitor, and follow the trail of liquid-gas interface control point;
Step 4: result of calculation analysis.
2., as claimed in claim 1 based on the analogy method of column separation-make up the water hammer of three-dimensional CFD, it is characterized in that, the continuity equation of equal form that water body is single-phase when pressing the mathematical model of stable-state flow to be with based on the equation of momentum equal during Reynolds; For describing water body compressibility, need introduce characterize water body density can pressure condition equation with the water body of change in pressure, and the velocity of propagation of pressure wave in water and water hammer wave velocity; In addition, for making system of equations close, turbulence model need be introduced to calculate eddy stress;
The implementation procedure of step 2 is:
(1) write the physical property UDF of compressible water body, the computing formula of water body density and water hammer wave velocity is shown in formula (1), (2) respectively.
Water body density is:
Wherein,
and K
lbe respectively liquid absolute reference pressure Δ p
*under density and bulk modulus; Δ p
*=p
*-p
* 0, p
*for absolute pressure;
Water hammer wave velocity is:
(2) boundary condition calculates:
Conduit entrance: experimentally duty parameter, calculates upstream line entrance stagnation pressure:
Wherein, P
infor upstream line entrance stagnation pressure, unit Pa; H
rufor upper pond hydrostatic head, unit m; v
0for initial flow rate, unit m/s; G is acceleration of gravity, unit m/s
2;
Pipe outlet: experimentally duty parameter, calculates downstream line exit static pressure:
Wherein, P
outfor downstream line exit static pressure, unit Pa; h
ffor the loss of flood peak, unit m.
(3) stable state CFD analog computation
Ready-portioned grid file is imported ANSYS software FLUENT module, carry out stable state and solve: select SSTk-ω turbulence model, load water body physical property UDF, set corresponding boundary condition, governing equation group solves and adopts SIMPLE algorithm; After iteration convergence, in pipeline, each cross sectional flow rate equals experiment value, obtains column separation transition presteady state flow field.
3. as claimed in claim 1 based on the analogy method of column separation-make up the water hammer of three-dimensional CFD, it is characterized in that, gas-liquid two-phase transient flow adopts the Mixture model being applicable to small size rate to describe, on the basis solving the continuity equation of mixed phase, the equation of momentum, energy equation and Equations of Turbulence, the volume fraction equation of coupling second-phase makes whole system close, this equation for calculating the mass transport between gas-liquid two-phase, and realizes liquid-gas interface tracking; In addition, have ignored the sliding rate between two-phase in the mathematical model of the gas-liquid two-phase transient flow of structure;
The implementation procedure of step 3 is:
(1) on the pulsatile flow field basis that step 2 solves, change transient state into and solve, select Mixture tow phase model, do not consider sliding rate between liquid phase;
(2) vapor phase density is set by perfect gas law change;
(3) SchnerrandSauer cavitation model is selected, experimentally setting parameter pressure for vaporization;
(4) write UDF according to valve closing rule, and set moving region: assuming that valve is linearly closed, its angular velocity of rotation ω and shut-in time t
cbetween pass be:
(5) set pressure gradient dynamic self-adapting grid storage coefficient limit value: CoarsenThreshold and RefineThreshold, when the local pressure gradient's value calculated is less than CoarsenThreshold, refined net; When the local pressure gradient's value calculated is greater than RefineThreshold, coarsening grids;
(6) continuity equation and the equation of momentum solve the coupling algorithm adopted based on pressure, and set each variable relaxation factor, carry out pressure monitor to control point near valve, setting-up time step-length carries out iterative.
4., as claimed in claim 1 based on the analogy method of column separation-make up the water hammer of three-dimensional CFD, it is characterized in that, the implementation procedure of step 4 is:
(1) pressure result calculated by three-dimensional CFD and experimental data, one-dimensional discrete steam-hole model (DVCM, discretevapor-cavitymodel) result of calculation contrast, to verify the feasibility that the present invention proposes a plan;
(2), after checking simulation accurately, utilize the poster processing soft Tecplot360 observation analysis interior flow field, dynamically observe the growth-process of grow-crumbling and fall in steam hole in column separation process, realize its visual Simulation.
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