CN105210778A - 一种华山松育苗方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种华山松育苗方法,包括步骤:1)选地建圃:在靠近水源的阴坡或半阴坡处,选择土壤肥沃、湿润、疏松、微酸,质地沙壤的生荒地作圃地;2)容器育苗:育苗基质由圃地土、腐熟砻糠、泥炭、干塘泥、缓释颗粒肥、腐殖质酸钙、生根粉、必速灭颗粒剂混合而成;3)补填基质:出苗后揭去秸秆,管护幼苗生长18~20天后,向营养钵中补填消毒营养基质;4)苗期管理;5)出圃移栽。本发明在圃地处理时,将松针及翻出的杂物(如草根、杂草等)粉碎后连同腐蚀农家肥施入,可形成“仿生态”施肥技术,更能使松针中特有的利于华山松幼苗生长的营养物质释放并作用于幼苗,提高幼苗成活率和出苗率。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于植物栽培技术领域,尤其涉及一种华山松育苗方法。
背景技术
华山松又名果松、青松、五叶松、白松、五须松、马袋松、葫芦松,是松科中的常绿乔木,其树形高大挺拔,树皮灰绿色,叶5针一束,冠形优美,姿态奇特,生长迅速,是人们喜爱的绿化树种。华山松喜光,较耐寒,不耐高温和干燥,喜温凉和湿润的气候,在深厚、排水良好的酸性土壤中生长很快,也是荒山造林的主要树种。此外,华山松还能用作建筑木材和工业原料,其松木材质轻软,纹理细致,易于加工,而且耐水、耐腐,有“水浸千年松”的声誉,用于制作家具、雕刻、胶合板、枕木、电杆、车船和桥梁用材;花粉在医学上称为“松黄”,浸酒温服,有医治创伤出血,头旋脑胀的功效,还可作预防汗疹的爽身粉;松节油也有生肌止痛、燥湿杀虫的功效;种子粒大饱满,含油量达42.8%(出油率22.24%),仁内还含蛋白质17.83%,常作干果炒食,味美清香。松籽榨油,属干性油,是工业上制皂、硬化油、调制漆和润滑油的重要原料;针叶可蒸馏提炼芳香油(其精油中的龙脑脂含量比马尾松油高,味香)、造酒、制隔音板、造纸、人造棉毛和制绳。因此,华山松具有很高的应用价值,其种植前景广阔。
近年来,随着农业科技的发展,容器育苗以节省原种,缩短育苗周期,提高造林成活率等优点,越来越受到人们关注。华山松作为热销树种之一,其育苗及栽培技术也受到人们重视。目前,有关华山松育苗技术的报道较少,并都集中在容器育苗技术上,如赵治洲公开的《子午岭华山松容器苗培育技术》,医学教育网公开的《华山松最新育苗技术》等。这两篇报道公开的容器育苗技术均为常规方法,在育苗过程中未进行特殊管护,如种苗生长幼期进行除草、施肥、浇水、遮阴等操作,虽然这些操作能够保证幼苗正常甚至快速、健壮生长,但华山松对土壤酸碱性要求较高,普通施肥无疑会改变土壤酸碱度,进而影响幼苗的生长,也就是说这两篇报道披露的容器育苗技术存在或多或少的缺陷,利则保证幼苗正常生长或加速幼苗生长,不利则导致幼苗生长不良,施肥到底对幼苗产生正作用还是副作用,其与基质酸碱度和缓冲能力有很大关系,因此,采用这两篇报道公开的技术育苗,其局限性很大,而且人工检测工作繁重复杂。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于:提供一种华山松育苗方法,幼苗期通过补填营养基质替代传统施肥,减少肥料对育苗基质酸碱性的影响,使其始终维持在适宜华山松生长的范围内,保证幼苗正常快速生长。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种华山松育苗方法,包括以下步骤:
1)选地建圃
①圃地选择:在靠近水源的阴坡或半阴坡处,选择土壤肥沃、湿润、疏松、微酸,质地沙壤的生荒地作圃地;
②圃地处理:圃地深翻土地25~35cm,施入腐熟农家肥1300~1700kg/亩;将翻出的杂物晒干后粉碎备用;从松林收集落地松针并粉碎,将其干燥后与杂物粉碎料混合,再按120~180kg/亩的用量施入圃地,最后晒圃地10~15天;熟地充分至播种前7~10天时,将硫酸亚铁和硝石灰研细后,均匀撒于圃地,其中硫酸亚铁用量为12~15kg/亩,硝石灰用量为10~15kg/亩;
③圃地建床:在圃地内建高15~20cm、宽1.2~1.5m的苗床,床面平整,土块细碎,同时搭建拱棚,拱棚用遮阴网覆盖;
2)容器育苗
①配制基质:将处理过的圃地土、腐熟砻糠、泥炭、干塘泥、缓释颗粒肥、腐殖质酸钙、生根粉、必速灭颗粒剂按8~15:4~8:2~5:2~5:0.1~0.2:0.2~05:0.01~0.03:0.08~0.1的比例混合,得到育苗基质;
②育苗容器:将所述育苗基质填充至育苗容器中,以填入容器容积的1/2为准,然后向育苗容器中浇水,以恰好润湿基质为准,再将填充好基质的育苗容器放入苗床中,育苗容器要排列整齐、紧凑,所述育苗容器为12cm×10cm的塑料营养钵;
③播种:3月下旬至4月初,将籽粒饱满、成熟的种子装入麻袋中,装入量以麻袋容积1/3为准,将麻袋浸入50~60℃水中,恒温处理12~15小时,然后趁热埋入马粪中,继续处理3~5天;取出后种子再浸入50%多菌灵800倍液中消毒10~15小时,取出晾干后下播,播种量为2~3粒/营养钵,播种后用秸秆覆盖苗床以保温;
3)补填基质
出苗后揭去秸秆,管护幼苗生长18~20天后,向营养钵中补填相当于其容积1/4的消毒营养基质,所述营养基质由以下组分混合而成:细黄心土40%、废菌棒20%、焦泥灰20%、腐殖土17%、基肥3%;
4)苗期管理
①浇水:出苗10天后,除阴雨天或土壤潮湿外,每天需喷雾状水1~2次,以土壤湿透为准,或使用悬挂式微喷设备,在中午前后喷雾,以降低大棚内温度,增加棚内湿度;
②除草:容器育苗一般不会有大量杂草生长,若有杂草生出,人工及时拔除,或用23.5%果尔600~750ml/hm2兑水600~750kg/hm2喷雾;
③病虫害防治:病虫害以早中期危害较多,病害以茎腐病为主,发病时用敌克松1000倍液喷洒;虫害以蝼蛄、小地老虎、斜纹夜蛾和蝼蛄为多,在晴天晚上用敌百虫500倍液进行喷洒或用毒饵诱杀;其他害虫用马拉硫磷1000倍液加敌百虫800倍液喷洒防治;
④促进根团形成:为促进容器苗根团形成和防止根系向苗床生长,在平时管理中经常搬动容器,在搬动时适当用手轻揉容器,能起到松土、促进根系生长的作用;
⑤炼苗:待幼苗生长至可移植时,避开中午高温时段撤去遮阴网炼苗2~3小时,以后逐渐增加苗木的日照时间,使其能适应全天候生长;
5)出圃移栽
炼苗结束后,进行大田移栽。
所述消毒营养基质的配制方法为:向所述营养基质喷洒浓度为0.3%的高锰酸钾溶液,并充分搅拌后堆放,用塑料薄膜覆盖密封7天,检测pH值在5.5~6.5之间时,备用。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果在于:
1)本发明苗圃地选择阴坡或半阴坡处,这样可以起到遮阴作用,也能起到一定保温作用,沙尘较大的地区也能防风沙对幼苗的破坏,更不会形成积水,保证幼苗健壮生长。
2)本发明在圃地处理时,将松针及翻出的杂物(如草根、杂草等)粉碎后连同腐蚀农家肥施入,可形成“仿生态”施肥技术,更能使松针中特有的利于华山松幼苗生长的营养物质释放并作用于幼苗,提高幼苗成活率和出苗率。
3)本发明在种子处理时,将其装入麻袋中温水浸泡以及马粪催芽处理,相比单一温水浸泡处理或马粪催芽处理,其催芽效率更高,能够明显缩短萌发时间,更重要的是该方法处理时不污染种子,有利于出苗和提高出苗率。
4)本发明在华山松幼苗期不施肥,只需补填营养基质,众所周知,华山松对土壤(育苗基质)酸碱性要求严格,过大的pH变动会影响幼苗生长,传统施肥时或多或少会影响幼苗生长,甚至会破坏幼苗根系,而本发明则以有机质含量较高的营养基质补充营养元素,其缓冲效果好,补填后基质酸碱度波动范围很小,也就是通过补填基质能够起到更好的补肥效果。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明的技术方案作进一步说明,以便于同领域技术人员的理解。
实施例1
试验单位:甘肃康鑫苗木绿化工程有限责任公司,其坐落于徽县高桥乡,当地属于北亚热带向暖温带过渡性的大陆季风气候,年平均降水量745.8mm,蒸发量1178mm,多年平均气温11.36℃,最高气温38.3℃,最低气温零下15℃,平均日照度1126.4小时,日照率39%,无霜期174天,全年辐射量(光能)102.8kCal/cm2。
试验项目:一种华山松育苗方法
试验方法,包括以下步骤:
1)选地建圃
①圃地选择:在靠近水源的阴坡或半阴坡处,选择土壤肥沃、湿润、疏松、微酸,质地沙壤的生荒地作圃地;
②圃地处理:圃地深翻土地25~35cm,施入腐熟农家肥1300~1700kg/亩;将翻出的杂物晒干后粉碎备用;从松林收集落地松针并粉碎,将其干燥后与杂物粉碎料混合,再按120~180kg/亩的用量施入圃地,最后晒圃地10~15天;熟地充分至播种前7~10天时,将硫酸亚铁和硝石灰研细后,均匀撒于圃地,其中硫酸亚铁用量为12~15kg/亩,硝石灰用量为10~15kg/亩;
③圃地建床:在圃地内建高15~20cm、宽1.2~1.5m的苗床,床面平整,土块细碎,同时搭建拱棚,拱棚用遮阴网覆盖;
2)容器育苗
①配制基质:将处理过的圃地土、腐熟砻糠、泥炭、干塘泥、缓释颗粒肥、腐殖质酸钙、生根粉、必速灭颗粒剂按8~15:4~8:2~5:2~5:0.1~0.2:0.2~05:0.01~0.03:0.08~0.1的比例混合,得到育苗基质;
②育苗容器:将所述育苗基质填充至育苗容器中,以填入容器容积的1/2为准,然后向育苗容器中浇水,以恰好润湿基质为准,再将填充好基质的育苗容器放入苗床中,育苗容器要排列整齐、紧凑,所述育苗容器为12cm×10cm的塑料营养钵;
③播种:3月下旬至4月初,将籽粒饱满、成熟的种子装入麻袋中,装入量以麻袋容积1/3为准,将麻袋浸入50~60℃水中,恒温处理12~15小时,然后趁热埋入马粪中,继续处理3~5天;取出后种子再浸入50%多菌灵800倍液中消毒10~15小时,取出晾干后下播,播种量为2~3粒/营养钵,播种后用秸秆覆盖苗床以保温;
3)补填基质
出苗后揭去秸秆,管护幼苗生长18~20天后,向营养钵中补填相当于其容积1/4的消毒营养基质,所述营养基质由以下组分混合而成:细黄心土40%、废菌棒20%、焦泥灰20%、腐殖土17%、基肥3%,所述消毒营养基质的配制方法为:向所述营养基质喷洒浓度为0.3%的高锰酸钾溶液,并充分搅拌后堆放,用塑料薄膜覆盖密封7天,检测pH值在5.5~6.5之间时,备用;
4)苗期管理
①浇水:出苗10天后,除阴雨天或土壤潮湿外,每天需喷雾状水1~2次,以土壤湿透为准,或使用悬挂式微喷设备,在中午前后喷雾,以降低大棚内温度,增加棚内湿度;
②除草:容器育苗一般不会有大量杂草生长,若有杂草生出,人工及时拔除,或用23.5%果尔600~750ml/hm2兑水600~750kg/hm2喷雾;
③病虫害防治:病虫害以早中期危害较多,病害以茎腐病为主,发病时用敌克松1000倍液喷洒;虫害以蝼蛄、小地老虎、斜纹夜蛾和蝼蛄为多,在晴天晚上用敌百虫500倍液进行喷洒或用毒饵诱杀;其他害虫用马拉硫磷1000倍液加敌百虫800倍液喷洒防治;
④促进根团形成:为促进容器苗根团形成和防止根系向苗床生长,在平时管理中经常搬动容器,在搬动时适当用手轻揉容器,能起到松土、促进根系生长的作用;
⑤炼苗:待幼苗生长至可移植时,避开中午高温时段撤去遮阴网炼苗2~3小时,以后逐渐增加苗木的日照时间,使其能适应全天候生长;
5)出圃移栽
炼苗结束后,进行大田移栽。
试验结果:
在10亩试验田中,每亩播种量为190~220g/亩,均发芽率为94.7%;幼苗生长健壮,长势良好,毛细根数量充足,枝干粗壮直立,且移栽成活率达97.2%以上。
Claims (2)
1.一种华山松育苗方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
1)选地建圃
①圃地选择:在靠近水源的阴坡或半阴坡处,选择土壤肥沃、湿润、疏松、微酸,质地沙壤的生荒地作圃地;
②圃地处理:圃地深翻土地25~35cm,施入腐熟农家肥1300~1700kg/亩;将翻出的杂物晒干后粉碎备用;从松林收集落地松针并粉碎,将其干燥后与杂物粉碎料混合,再按120~180kg/亩的用量施入圃地,最后晒圃地10~15天;熟地充分至播种前7~10天时,将硫酸亚铁和硝石灰研细后,均匀撒于圃地,其中硫酸亚铁用量为12~15kg/亩,硝石灰用量为10~15kg/亩;
③圃地建床:在圃地内建高15~20cm、宽1.2~1.5m的苗床,床面平整,土块细碎,同时搭建拱棚,拱棚用遮阴网覆盖;
2)容器育苗
①配制基质:将处理过的圃地土、腐熟砻糠、泥炭、干塘泥、缓释颗粒肥、腐殖质酸钙、生根粉、必速灭颗粒剂按8~15:4~8:2~5:2~5:0.1~0.2:0.2~05:0.01~0.03:0.08~0.1的比例混合,得到育苗基质;
②育苗容器:将所述育苗基质填充至育苗容器中,以填入容器容积的1/2为准,然后向育苗容器中浇水,以恰好润湿基质为准,再将填充好基质的育苗容器放入苗床中,育苗容器要排列整齐、紧凑,所述育苗容器为12cm×10cm的塑料营养钵;
③播种:3月下旬至4月初,将籽粒饱满、成熟的种子装入麻袋中,装入量以麻袋容积1/3为准,将麻袋浸入50~60℃水中,恒温处理12~15小时,然后趁热埋入马粪中,继续处理3~5天;取出后种子再浸入50%多菌灵800倍液中消毒10~15小时,取出晾干后下播,播种量为2~3粒/营养钵,播种后用秸秆覆盖苗床以保温;
3)补填基质
出苗后揭去秸秆,管护幼苗生长18~20天后,向营养钵中补填相当于其容积1/4的消毒营养基质,所述营养基质由以下组分混合而成:细黄心土40%、废菌棒20%、焦泥灰20%、腐殖土17%、基肥3%;
4)苗期管理
①浇水:出苗10天后,除阴雨天或土壤潮湿外,每天需喷雾状水1~2次,以土壤湿透为准,或使用悬挂式微喷设备,在中午前后喷雾,以降低大棚内温度,增加棚内湿度;
②除草:容器育苗一般不会有大量杂草生长,若有杂草生出,人工及时拔除,或用23.5%果尔600~750ml/hm2兑水600~750kg/hm2喷雾;
③病虫害防治:病虫害以早中期危害较多,病害以茎腐病为主,发病时用敌克松1000倍液喷洒;虫害以蝼蛄、小地老虎、斜纹夜蛾和蝼蛄为多,在晴天晚上用敌百虫500倍液进行喷洒或用毒饵诱杀;其他害虫用马拉硫磷1000倍液加敌百虫800倍液喷洒防治;
④促进根团形成:为促进容器苗根团形成和防止根系向苗床生长,在平时管理中经常搬动容器,在搬动时适当用手轻揉容器,能起到松土、促进根系生长的作用;
⑤炼苗:待幼苗生长至可移植时,避开中午高温时段撤去遮阴网炼苗2~3小时,以后逐渐增加苗木的日照时间,使其能适应全天候生长;
5)出圃移栽
炼苗结束后,进行大田移栽。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种分段补填基质的华山松育苗方法,其特征在于:所述消毒营养基质的配制方法为:向所述营养基质喷洒浓度为0.3%的高锰酸钾溶液,并充分搅拌后堆放,用塑料薄膜覆盖密封7天,检测pH值在5.5~6.5之间时,备用。
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