CN105181427B - The detection method and characterizing method of the micropore shape defect of solid drawn tube - Google Patents
The detection method and characterizing method of the micropore shape defect of solid drawn tube Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种冷拔无缝钢管缺陷的检测方法和评级方法，属于冶金工业生产的金属材料领域。本发明提供一种冷拔无缝钢管微孔状缺陷的检测方法，包括以下步骤：1)在冷拔无缝钢管上切取一段横向管段，其纵向长度不小于40毫米，在该管段横向上每隔45°～90°取4～8个保留内、外表面的金相试样，且其纵向长度不小于30毫米；金相试样中至少包含一个从冷拔无缝钢管壁厚最薄区域切取的试样；2)将金相试样的纵向检验面作为检验面并对其进行磨制、抛光；3)显微镜下观察金相试样的检验面，检验面上分布的孔洞即为微孔状缺陷。本发明方法能够快速准确地检测冷拔无缝钢管心部微孔状缺陷的分布情况，并对其质量状况进行评估。
The invention relates to a detection method and a rating method for defects of cold-drawn seamless steel pipes, belonging to the field of metal materials produced in the metallurgical industry. The invention provides a method for detecting microporous defects in cold-drawn seamless steel pipes, which comprises the following steps: 1) cutting a section of horizontal pipe section on the cold-drawn seamless steel pipe, the longitudinal length of which is not less than 40 mm, and every Take 4 to 8 metallographic samples at intervals of 45° to 90° to retain the inner and outer surfaces, and their longitudinal length is not less than 30 mm; the metallographic samples include at least one region with the thinnest wall thickness from cold drawn seamless steel pipe 2) take the longitudinal inspection surface of the metallographic sample as the inspection surface and grind and polish it; 3) observe the inspection surface of the metallographic sample under a microscope, and the holes distributed on the inspection surface are microscopic Hole defects. The method of the invention can quickly and accurately detect the distribution of microporous defects at the core of the cold-drawn seamless steel pipe, and evaluate its quality.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种冷拔无缝钢管缺陷的检测方法和评级方法，属于冶金工业生产的金属材料领域。The invention relates to a detection method and a rating method for defects of cold-drawn seamless steel pipes, belonging to the field of metal materials produced in the metallurgical industry.
背景技术Background technique
在冷拔无缝钢管的生产过程中，如果管坯未经过退火或回火热处理以及管坯退火或回火热处理的效果不佳、酸洗、磷化、皂化效果不佳、冷拔工艺参数不当、钢管壁厚不均，就可能在冷拔无缝钢管内外壁之间的心部形成微孔状缺陷。In the production process of cold drawn seamless steel pipe, if the tube blank has not been annealed or tempered heat treatment and the tube blank annealed or tempered heat treatment effect is not good, pickling, phosphating, saponification effect is not good, cold drawing process parameters are improper 1. If the wall thickness of the steel pipe is uneven, microporous defects may be formed in the center between the inner and outer walls of the cold-drawn seamless steel pipe.
冷拔无缝钢管的心部存在着微孔状缺陷，不仅造成该缺陷处应力集中度高，易形成疲劳源或裂纹源，而且微孔状缺陷处的延伸与冲击韧性等力学性能也会降低，严重的微孔状缺陷还将造成冷拔产品过早失效。因而对冷拔无缝钢管心部的微孔状缺陷进行检测非常必要。There are microporous defects in the core of cold-drawn seamless steel pipes, which not only cause high stress concentration at the defect, and are easy to form fatigue sources or crack sources, but also reduce the mechanical properties such as elongation and impact toughness at the microporous defect. , Severe microporous defects will also cause premature failure of cold drawn products. Therefore, it is very necessary to detect the microporous defects in the core of cold drawn seamless steel pipe.
目前，尚无该类冷拔无缝钢管心部微孔状缺陷的检测方法和评判标准。At present, there is no detection method and evaluation standard for microporous defects in the core of this type of cold-drawn seamless steel pipe.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的就是针对现有技术中的不足，提供一种冷拔无缝钢管心部微孔状缺陷的检验和评级方法，它能够快速准确地检测冷拔无缝钢管心部微孔状缺陷的分布情况，并对其质量状况进行评估。The purpose of the present invention is to address the deficiencies in the prior art and provide a method for inspecting and grading microporous defects in the core of cold-drawn seamless steel pipes, which can quickly and accurately detect microporous defects in the core of cold-drawn seamless steel pipes distribution and assess its quality.
本发明的技术方案：Technical scheme of the present invention:
本发明提供一种冷拔无缝钢管微孔状缺陷的检测方法，所述检测方法包括以下步骤：The invention provides a detection method for microporous defects in cold-drawn seamless steel pipes, the detection method comprising the following steps:
1)在冷拔无缝钢管上切取一段横向管段，其纵向长度不小于40毫米，在该管段横向上每隔45°～90°取4～8个保留内、外表面的金相试样，且其纵向长度不小于30毫米；金相试样中至少包含一个从冷拔无缝钢管壁厚最薄区域切取的试样；1) Cut a section of transverse pipe section from the cold-drawn seamless steel pipe, the longitudinal length of which is not less than 40 mm, and take 4-8 metallographic samples with internal and external surfaces at intervals of 45°-90° in the transverse direction of the pipe section, And its longitudinal length is not less than 30 mm; metallographic samples include at least one sample cut from the thinnest area of cold-drawn seamless steel pipe;
2)将金相试样的纵向检验面作为检验面，每个试样的检验面经过粗磨、水洗和细磨，细磨好的金相试样检验面洗净并在抛光机上使用抛光剂进行第一次抛光，抛光至其表面光亮无痕；再将抛光好的金相试样检验面洗净后在抛光机上进行第二次抛光，第二次抛光以绸布作为抛光织物、清水作为抛光剂；最后金相试样检验面依次用酒精、热水清洗，吹干后即可；2) The longitudinal inspection surface of the metallographic sample is used as the inspection surface. The inspection surface of each sample is coarsely ground, washed and finely ground, and the finely ground metallographic sample inspection surface is cleaned and polished using a polishing agent on a polishing machine Carry out the first polishing until the surface is bright and traceless; then clean the polished metallographic sample inspection surface and perform the second polishing on the polishing machine. The second polishing uses silk cloth as the polishing fabric and clear water as the polishing fabric. Polishing agent; finally, the test surface of the metallographic sample is washed with alcohol and hot water in sequence, and then dried;
3)显微镜下观察金相试样的检验面，检验面上分布的孔洞即为微孔状缺陷。3) Observe the inspection surface of the metallographic sample under a microscope, and the holes distributed on the inspection surface are microporous defects.
优选的，步骤1中，在该管段横向上每隔90°取4个保留内、外表面的金相试样。Preferably, in step 1, four metallographic samples with inner and outer surfaces retained are taken at intervals of 90° in the lateral direction of the pipe section.
进一步，步骤2为：将金相试样检验面在磨床上磨平，磨平的试样经清水冲洗后，再把磨面依次放在280#-600#--800#--1000#的各号金相砂纸上进行细磨；细磨时，每次在调换下一 号更细的砂纸时，应将试样旋转90度进行研磨；再将研磨好的试样用水洗净，在抛光机上使用金刚砂抛光剂进行抛光，至其表面光亮无痕；再将抛光好的试样用水洗净，选用干净的绸布作为抛光织物，清水作为抛光剂，在抛光机上进行抛光，以去除试样上附着的抛光剂、抛光织物、沙粒等异物；再依次用酒精、热水清洗试样后，用吹风将试样检验面吹干即可。Further, step 2 is: grind the test surface of the metallographic sample on a grinding machine, and after the ground sample is rinsed with clean water, then place the ground surface in sequence at 280#-600#--800#--1000# Carry out fine grinding on each number of metallographic sandpaper; during fine grinding, each time the next number of finer sandpaper is changed, the sample should be rotated 90 degrees for grinding; then the ground sample should be washed with water, and then polished Use emery polishing agent on the machine to polish until the surface is bright and traceless; then wash the polished sample with water, use clean silk cloth as the polishing fabric, and clean water as the polishing agent to polish on the polishing machine to remove the sample. Polishing agent, polishing fabric, sand and other foreign matter attached to the surface; after cleaning the sample with alcohol and hot water in sequence, dry the inspection surface of the sample with a blower.
优选的，步骤2中所述抛光剂为金刚砂。Preferably, the polishing agent in step 2 is corundum.
进一步，步骤3中，显微镜的放大倍数为12.5～100倍。Further, in step 3, the magnification of the microscope is 12.5-100 times.
冷拔无缝钢管微孔状缺陷严重程度的表征方法，包括如下步骤：A method for characterizing the severity of microporous defects in cold-drawn seamless steel pipes, comprising the following steps:
1)采用权利要求1～3任一项所述检测方法在所测冷拔无缝钢管的一个金相试样的检验面上分别找到最接近所述金相试样内、外表面的两个微孔状缺陷；通过所述两个微孔状缺陷分别做两条平行于试样外表面的平行线，将所述两条平行线之间的距离作为该试样上微孔状缺陷区域的最大间距，记作A；以L＝A/B的比值表征该冷拔无缝钢管的微孔状缺陷的严重程度，其中B＝冷拔无缝钢管的壁厚，1) Using the detection method described in any one of claims 1 to 3, on the test surface of a metallographic sample of the measured cold-drawn seamless steel pipe, respectively find the two metallographic samples that are closest to the inner and outer surfaces of the metallographic sample. Microporous defects; two parallel lines parallel to the outer surface of the sample are respectively made through the two microporous defects, and the distance between the two parallel lines is used as the distance between the microporous defect areas on the sample. The maximum spacing is denoted as A; the severity of the microporous defects of the cold-drawn seamless steel pipe is characterized by the ratio of L=A/B, where B=the wall thickness of the cold-drawn seamless steel pipe,
2)所测冷拔无缝钢管上的至少四个金相试样重复步骤1得到相应的L值，金相试样中最大的L值表征所测冷拔无缝钢管的微孔状缺陷的严重程度，该L值越大，则所测冷拔无缝钢管的微孔状缺陷越严重。2) Repeat step 1 for at least four metallographic samples on the measured cold-drawn seamless steel pipe to obtain corresponding L values, and the largest L value in the metallographic sample represents the degree of microporous defects of the measured cold-drawn seamless steel pipe The degree of severity, the greater the value of L, the more serious the microporous defects of the measured cold-drawn seamless steel pipe.
进一步，对于普通结构用、输送流体用冷拔无缝钢管，若L≥3/4，则所测无缝钢管的微孔状缺陷非常严重，所测无缝钢管不能使用；对于高温、高压或特殊环境下应用的冷拔无缝钢管，若L≥1/2，则所测无缝钢管的微孔状缺陷非常严重，所测无缝钢管不能使用。Further, for cold-drawn seamless steel pipes for ordinary structures and for transporting fluids, if L≥3/4, the microporous defects of the seamless steel pipes tested are very serious, and the seamless steel pipes tested cannot be used; for high temperature, high pressure or For cold-drawn seamless steel pipes used in special environments, if L≥1/2, the microporous defects of the tested seamless steel pipes are very serious, and the tested seamless steel pipes cannot be used.
本发明的有益效果：Beneficial effects of the present invention:
本发明能够快速准确地测定冷拔无缝钢管心部微孔状缺陷并对其严重程度进行表征，其严重程度的指标值与其力学性能存在一定的关联，因此通过检测微孔状缺陷并对其严重程度进行表征便能够有效地解决冷拔无缝钢管的质量检测问题，满足生产的需要。The invention can quickly and accurately measure microporous defects in the core of cold-drawn seamless steel pipes and characterize their severity, and there is a certain relationship between the index value of the severity and its mechanical properties. The characterization of the severity can effectively solve the quality inspection problem of cold-drawn seamless steel pipes and meet the needs of production.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为冷拔无缝钢管上切取一段横向管段2；L1≥40mm。Figure 1 is a horizontal pipe section 2 cut from a cold-drawn seamless steel pipe; L1≥40mm.
图2为所截取金相试样在横向管段上的位置示意图，L2≥30mm。Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the position of the intercepted metallographic sample on the transverse pipe section, L2≥30mm.
图3为横向管段截面上截取金相试样的位置分布图；L3为横向截取长度，α为45°到90°。Fig. 3 is the location distribution diagram of metallographic samples intercepted on the cross section of the transverse pipe section; L3 is the transverse intercept length, and α is 45° to 90°.
图4为金相试样的结构示意图。Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the metallographic sample.
图5为横向管段上每隔90°截取金相试样的位置分布图。Fig. 5 is a position distribution map of metallographic samples intercepted every 90° on the transverse pipe section.
图中标示：1-冷拔无缝钢管，2-横向管段，3-金相试样，4-横向检验面、5-纵向检验面。Marked in the figure: 1-cold-drawn seamless steel pipe, 2-transverse pipe section, 3-metallographic sample, 4-transverse inspection surface, 5-longitudinal inspection surface.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
本发明提供一种冷拔无缝钢管微孔状缺陷的检测方法，所述检测方法包括以下步骤：The invention provides a detection method for microporous defects in cold-drawn seamless steel pipes, the detection method comprising the following steps:
1)在冷拔无缝钢管1上切取一段横向管段2，其纵向长度L1不小于40毫米，在该管段横向上每隔45°～90°取4～8个保留内、外表面的金相试样3，且其纵向长度L2不小于30毫米；金相试样中至少包含一个从冷拔无缝钢管壁厚最薄区域切取的试样；1) Cut a section of horizontal pipe section 2 from the cold drawn seamless steel pipe 1, the longitudinal length L1 of which is not less than 40 mm, and take 4 to 8 metallographic pieces with inner and outer surfaces at intervals of 45° to 90° in the transverse direction of the pipe section. Sample 3, and its longitudinal length L2 is not less than 30 mm; metallographic samples include at least one sample cut from the thinnest wall thickness of cold-drawn seamless steel pipe;
2)将金相试样的纵向检验面作为检验面，每个试样的检验面经过粗磨、水洗和细磨，细磨好的金相试样检验面洗净并在抛光机上使用抛光剂进行第一次抛光，抛光至其表面光亮无痕；再将抛光好的金相试样检验面洗净后在抛光机上进行第二次抛光，第二次抛光以绸布作为抛光织物、清水作为抛光剂；最后金相试样检验面依次用酒精、热水清洗，吹干后即可；2) The longitudinal inspection surface of the metallographic sample is used as the inspection surface. The inspection surface of each sample is coarsely ground, washed and finely ground, and the finely ground metallographic sample inspection surface is cleaned and polished using a polishing agent on a polishing machine Carry out the first polishing until the surface is bright and traceless; then clean the polished metallographic sample inspection surface and perform the second polishing on the polishing machine. The second polishing uses silk cloth as the polishing fabric and clear water as the polishing fabric. Polishing agent; finally, the test surface of the metallographic sample is washed with alcohol and hot water in sequence, and then dried;
3)显微镜下观察金相试样的检验面，显微镜的放大倍数为12.5～100倍，检验面上分布的孔洞即为微孔状缺陷。3) Observe the inspection surface of the metallographic sample under a microscope. The magnification of the microscope is 12.5 to 100 times. The holes distributed on the inspection surface are microporous defects.
优选的，步骤1中，在该管段横向上每隔90°取4个保留内、外表面的金相试样。Preferably, in step 1, four metallographic samples with inner and outer surfaces retained are taken at intervals of 90° in the lateral direction of the pipe section.
步骤1中，最终加工而成的所有金相试样的纵向长度均应不小于30毫米，其纵向长度过小有可能漏检，其纵向长度过长磨制、抛光不便。In step 1, the longitudinal length of all metallographic samples that are finally processed should be no less than 30 mm. If the longitudinal length is too small, it may be missed, and if the longitudinal length is too long, it is inconvenient to grind and polish.
进一步，步骤2为：将金相试样检验面在磨床上磨平，磨平的试样经清水冲洗后，再把磨面依次放在280#-600#--800#--1000#的各号金相砂纸上进行细磨；细磨时，每次在调换下一号更细的砂纸时，应将试样旋转90度进行研磨；再将研磨好的试样用水洗净，在抛光机上使用金刚砂抛光剂进行抛光，至其表面光亮无痕；再将抛光好的试样用水洗净，选用干净的绸布作为抛光织物，清水作为抛光剂，在抛光机上进行抛光，以去除试样上附着的抛光剂、抛光织物、沙粒等异物；再依次用酒精、热水清洗试样后，用吹风将试样检验面吹干即可。Further, step 2 is: grind the test surface of the metallographic sample on a grinding machine, and after the ground sample is rinsed with clean water, then place the ground surface in sequence at 280#-600#--800#--1000# Carry out fine grinding on each number of metallographic sandpaper; during fine grinding, each time the next number of finer sandpaper is changed, the sample should be rotated 90 degrees for grinding; then the ground sample should be washed with water, and then polished Use emery polishing agent on the machine to polish until the surface is bright and traceless; then wash the polished sample with water, use clean silk cloth as the polishing fabric, and clean water as the polishing agent to polish on the polishing machine to remove the sample. Polishing agent, polishing fabric, sand and other foreign matter attached to the surface; after cleaning the sample with alcohol and hot water in sequence, dry the inspection surface of the sample with a blower.
金相砂纸的型号越大越细，一般称280#(即280号)为280目，号(或目)是指磨料的粗细及每平方英寸的磨料数量，号越高，磨料越细。目定义为：每平方英寸面积上有256个眼，每一个眼叫一目。The larger the type of metallographic sandpaper, the finer it is. Generally, 280# (ie, No. 280) is 280 mesh. The number (or mesh) refers to the thickness of the abrasive and the amount of abrasive per square inch. The higher the number, the finer the abrasive. Mesh is defined as: there are 256 eyes per square inch, and each eye is called a mesh.
冷拔无缝钢管微孔状缺陷严重程度的表征方法，包括如下步骤：A method for characterizing the severity of microporous defects in cold-drawn seamless steel pipes, comprising the following steps:
1)采用权利要求1～3任一项所述检测方法在所测冷拔无缝钢管的一个金相试样的检验面上分别找到最接近所述金相试样内、外表面的两个微孔状缺陷；通过所述两个微孔状缺陷分别做两条平行于试样外表面的平行线，将所述两条平行线之间的距离作为该试样上微孔状缺陷区域的最大间距，记作A；以L＝A/B的比值表征该冷拔无缝钢管的微孔状缺陷的严重程度，其中B＝冷拔无缝钢管的壁厚，1) Using the detection method described in any one of claims 1 to 3, on the test surface of a metallographic sample of the measured cold-drawn seamless steel pipe, respectively find the two metallographic samples that are closest to the inner and outer surfaces of the metallographic sample. Microporous defects; two parallel lines parallel to the outer surface of the sample are respectively made through the two microporous defects, and the distance between the two parallel lines is used as the distance between the microporous defect areas on the sample. The maximum spacing is denoted as A; the severity of the microporous defects of the cold-drawn seamless steel pipe is characterized by the ratio of L=A/B, where B=the wall thickness of the cold-drawn seamless steel pipe,
2)所测冷拔无缝钢管上的至少四个金相试样重复步骤1得到相应的L值，金相试样中最大的L值表征所测冷拔无缝钢管的微孔状缺陷的严重程度，该L值越大，则所测冷拔无缝钢管的微孔状缺陷越严重。2) Repeat step 1 for at least four metallographic samples on the measured cold-drawn seamless steel pipe to obtain corresponding L values, and the largest L value in the metallographic sample represents the degree of microporous defects of the measured cold-drawn seamless steel pipe The degree of severity, the greater the value of L, the more serious the microporous defects of the measured cold-drawn seamless steel pipe.
微孔状缺陷对冷拔无缝钢管存在以下两方面的影响：Microporous defects have the following two effects on cold drawn seamless steel pipes:
1)对钢管力学性能的影响，微孔状缺陷将导致钢管的冲击韧性、断后伸长率及断面收缩率显著下降，微孔状缺陷越严重，冲击韧性、断后伸长率及断面收缩率的下降幅度就越大；1) The impact on the mechanical properties of the steel pipe, microporous defects will lead to a significant decrease in the impact toughness, elongation after fracture and reduction of area of the steel pipe, the more serious the microporous defects, the impact toughness, elongation after fracture and reduction of area the greater the decline;
2)对钢管长期使用性能的影响，冷拔无缝钢管的心部存在着微孔状缺陷，会造成该缺陷处应力集中度高，形成疲劳源或裂纹源，长期使用后，易发生疲劳断裂；2) The impact on the long-term service performance of steel pipes. There are microporous defects in the core of cold-drawn seamless steel pipes, which will cause high stress concentration at the defects and form fatigue sources or crack sources. After long-term use, fatigue fractures are prone to occur ;
实际生产中，目前主要通过力学性能检测判断冷拔无缝钢管是否合格，但是钢管的常规力学性能如冲击韧性、断后伸长率等检测较繁琐，长期使用性能的检测周期又很长，鉴于此，本发明提出一种快捷的冷拔无缝钢管微孔状缺陷严重程度的表征方法，由冷拔无缝钢管的微孔状缺陷的严重程度来间接反映钢管的力学性能和使用性能，从而对冷拔无缝钢管是否满足使用要求提供了一种相当便捷的检测方法；当冷拔无缝钢管的L》3/4时，则直接视为不合格品，而无需再检测其力学性能等；当1/4≤L＜3/4，可以再辅以力学性能的测试结果进一步判断所得冷拔无缝钢管是否合格。In actual production, at present, it is mainly judged whether the cold-drawn seamless steel pipe is qualified through mechanical performance testing, but the conventional mechanical properties of the steel pipe, such as impact toughness, elongation after fracture, etc. , the present invention proposes a rapid characterization method for the severity of microporous defects in cold-drawn seamless steel pipes. Whether the cold-drawn seamless steel pipe meets the requirements of use provides a very convenient detection method; when the L>3/4 of the cold-drawn seamless steel pipe is directly regarded as a substandard product, there is no need to test its mechanical properties, etc.; When 1/4≤L<3/4, it can be supplemented with the test results of mechanical properties to further judge whether the obtained cold-drawn seamless steel pipe is qualified.
本领域技术人员也可以采用本发明提出的微孔状缺陷严重程度的表征方法，结合某些钢种钢管的力学性能和使用性能的实验结果，总结出某特定钢种的无缝钢管的L值与是否合格(力学性能符合该钢种钢管的国家标准即合格)之间的直接对应关系，如本发明提出的：对于普通结构用、输送流体用冷拔无缝钢管，表征无缝钢管微孔缺陷严重程度的L值必须满足L＜3/4；对于高温、高压或特殊环境下应用的冷拔无缝钢管，表征无缝钢管微孔缺陷严重程度的L值必须满足L＜1/2。一旦得到特定钢种中L值与合格与否之间的对应关系，那么在生产出新批次特定钢种的无缝钢管时，只需首先采用本发明的微孔状缺陷的检测方法和表征方法得到相应的L值，即可判断该批次钢种是否合格，而无需再检测其力学性能等指标。Those skilled in the art can also use the characterization method for the severity of microporous defects proposed by the present invention, combined with the experimental results of the mechanical properties and service performance of certain steel steel pipes, to summarize the L value of a certain steel seamless steel pipe The direct correspondence between whether it is qualified or not (the mechanical properties meet the national standard of the steel pipe is qualified), as proposed by the present invention: for ordinary structure and fluid conveying cold-drawn seamless steel pipes, the micropores of seamless steel pipes are characterized The L value of defect severity must satisfy L<3/4; for cold-drawn seamless steel pipes used in high temperature, high pressure or special environments, the L value representing the severity of microporous defects in seamless steel pipes must satisfy L<1/2. Once the corresponding relationship between the L value and qualified or not in a specific steel type is obtained, when producing a new batch of seamless steel pipes of a specific steel type, it is only necessary to first use the detection method and characterization of microporous defects of the present invention The method obtains the corresponding L value, which can judge whether the batch of steel is qualified, without the need to test its mechanical properties and other indicators.
本发明申请人根据微孔状缺陷的分布规律及对冷拔钢管使用寿命的影响程度而制定了上述检测方法和表征方法，利用该检测方法和表征方法本领域技术人员能够快速准确地测定冷拔无缝钢管心部的微孔状缺陷并对其严重程度进行表征，能够有效地解决冷拔无缝钢管的质量检测问题，满足生产的需要。The applicant of the present invention has formulated the above-mentioned detection method and characterization method according to the distribution law of microporous defects and the degree of influence on the service life of cold-drawn steel pipes. Using this detection method and characterization method, those skilled in the art can quickly and accurately determine the The microporous defect in the core of the seamless steel pipe and its severity can be characterized, which can effectively solve the quality inspection problem of the cold-drawn seamless steel pipe and meet the needs of production.
冷拔无缝钢管微孔状缺陷的检测有四个关键点：There are four key points in the detection of microporous defects in cold drawn seamless steel pipes:
(1)取样部位的选择，由于在冷拔过程中，管坯上壁厚最薄的区域要受到其他区域的附加拉应力，因此，微孔状缺陷最易出现在冷拔无缝钢管上壁厚最薄的区域；为保证取样部位具有代表性，所取试样中须包括壁厚最薄区域的试样；(1) The selection of the sampling position, because in the process of cold drawing, the area with the thinnest upper wall thickness of the tube blank is subjected to additional tensile stress in other areas, therefore, microporous defects are most likely to appear on the upper wall of the cold drawn seamless steel pipe The area with the thinnest wall thickness; in order to ensure that the sampling site is representative, the samples taken must include the sample in the area with the thinnest wall thickness;
(2)检验面的选择，由于微孔状缺陷在冷拔无缝钢管上沿钢管纵向延伸，所以，与选择试样的横向面相比，选择试样的纵向面作为检验面可起到增加检验样本数量、提高检验精度的作用；(2) Selection of the inspection surface. Since the microporous defects extend longitudinally along the steel pipe on the cold-drawn seamless steel pipe, compared with the transverse surface of the sample, choosing the longitudinal surface of the sample as the inspection surface can increase the inspection efficiency. The role of sample size and improving test accuracy;
(3)试样的制备，一般经过磨光、抛光后，试样磨面上不可避免地分布着一定数量的麻坑，而麻坑里常分布着抛光剂、抛光织物、沙粒等异物，这些异物与基体结合力较强，采用常规方法不易清洗干净，这样在显微镜下进行观察时，上述麻坑容易与微孔状缺陷混淆，从而影响检验效率与质量；为解决上述问题，本发明的申请人选用干净的绸布作为抛光织物，清水作为抛光剂，先将前步骤抛光后的试样在抛光机上进行抛光，去除试样上及麻坑内部附着的抛光剂、抛光织物、沙粒等异物，再用酒精、热水清洗掉试样上及麻坑内部的油垢后，麻坑就得到了较为彻底的清洗，在显微镜下进行观察时其底部发亮，而微孔状缺陷在显微镜下进行观察时底部发黑，这样就很容易地区分麻坑与微孔状缺陷，从而提高了检测效率，保证了检测质量。(3) The preparation of the sample, generally after grinding and polishing, a certain number of pits are inevitably distributed on the grinding surface of the sample, and foreign matter such as polishing agents, polishing fabrics, sand grains, etc. are often distributed in the pits, These foreign bodies have a strong binding force with the matrix, and it is not easy to clean them by conventional methods. In this way, when observing under a microscope, the above-mentioned pits are easily confused with microporous defects, thereby affecting the inspection efficiency and quality; in order to solve the above problems, the present invention The applicant chooses clean silk cloth as the polishing fabric, and clear water as the polishing agent. Firstly, the sample polished in the previous step is polished on a polishing machine to remove the polishing agent, polishing fabric, sand, etc. attached to the sample and inside the pit. Foreign matter, and then use alcohol and hot water to wash off the grease on the sample and inside the pit, and the pit has been cleaned more thoroughly. When observed under a microscope, the bottom of the pit is shiny, and the microporous defect is visible under the microscope. When observing, the bottom turns black, so it is easy to distinguish pits and microporous defects, thereby improving the detection efficiency and ensuring the detection quality.
微孔状缺陷严重程度的表征方法，根据本发明的申请人对微孔状缺陷的研究，发现冷拔无缝钢管上的微孔状缺陷具有以下特征：1)该缺陷在冷拔无缝钢管上的局部区域呈纵向条带状分布，该区域多为冷拔无缝钢管上壁厚最薄的区域；2)微孔状缺陷的纵向与横向形态均为不规则的孔洞，单个微孔的尺寸一般在5um与30um之间；3)微孔状缺陷形成于冷拔无缝钢管的壁厚中部，随着附加拉应力的增大，微孔状缺陷的数量增加，其分布区域也向内、外表面附近扩展；因此，可用微孔状缺陷区域的大小来衡量该冷拔无缝钢管微孔状缺陷的严重程度。The characterization method of the severity of the microporous defect, according to the research of the applicant of the present invention on the microporous defect, finds that the microporous defect on the cold drawn seamless steel pipe has the following characteristics: 1) the defect is formed in the cold drawn seamless steel pipe The local area on the top is distributed in longitudinal strips, and this area is mostly the area with the thinnest wall thickness on the cold-drawn seamless steel pipe; 2) The longitudinal and transverse shapes of microporous defects are irregular holes, and the single micropore The size is generally between 5um and 30um; 3) Microporous defects are formed in the middle of the wall thickness of the cold-drawn seamless steel pipe. With the increase of the additional tensile stress, the number of microporous defects increases, and its distribution area is also inward , Expanding near the outer surface; therefore, the size of the microporous defect area can be used to measure the severity of the microporous defect in the cold drawn seamless steel pipe.
根据微孔状缺陷的形成机理、分布特征及其对冷拔无缝钢管产品使用性能的影响，本发明将微孔状缺陷区域的最大间距与整个壁厚宽度的比值作为表征微孔状缺陷严重程度的依据，并发现部分冷拔无缝钢管产品微孔状缺陷严重程度的表征值L与其力学性能合格与否存在一定的关联。According to the formation mechanism and distribution characteristics of microporous defects and their influence on the service performance of cold-drawn seamless steel pipe products, the present invention uses the ratio of the maximum distance between the microporous defect area and the entire wall thickness width as a measure of the seriousness of microporous defects. It is found that the representative value L of the severity of microporous defects in some cold-drawn seamless steel pipe products has a certain relationship with whether the mechanical properties are qualified or not.
下面结合实施例对本发明的具体实施方式做进一步的描述，并不因此将本发明限制在所述的实施例范围之中。The specific implementation of the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the examples, and the present invention is not limited to the scope of the examples.
实施例1规格为的25Mn普通结构用冷拔无缝钢管微孔状缺陷的检测及其微孔状缺陷的评级The specification of embodiment 1 is Detection of Microporous Defects in Cold-drawn Seamless Steel Tubes for 25Mn Ordinary Structures and Their Grading
具体步骤如下：Specific steps are as follows:
a、在冷拔无缝钢管上切取一段横向管段，其纵向长度不小于40毫米，在该管段横向上每隔90度取一个保留内、外表面的金相试样，共取4个试样，其纵向长度不小于30毫米，试样中包括从冷拔无缝钢管壁厚最薄区域切取的试样；a. Cut a section of horizontal pipe section from the cold-drawn seamless steel pipe, the longitudinal length of which is not less than 40 mm, and take a metallographic sample with inner and outer surfaces every 90 degrees in the horizontal direction of the pipe section, and take a total of 4 samples , the longitudinal length of which is not less than 30mm, and the sample includes the sample cut from the thinnest wall thickness of cold-drawn seamless steel pipe;
b、试样的纵向面作为检验面；b. The longitudinal surface of the sample is used as the inspection surface;
c、将试样在磨床上初步磨平，磨平的试样经清水冲洗后，再把磨面依次放在280#-600#--800#--1000#的各号金相砂纸上进行细磨；每次在调换下一号更细的砂纸时，应将试样旋转90度进行研磨；再将研磨好的试样用水洗净，在抛光机上使用金刚砂抛光剂进行抛光，至其表面光亮无痕；再将抛光好的试样用水洗净，选用干净的绸布作为抛光织物，清水作为抛光剂，在抛光机上进行抛光，以去除试样上附着的抛光剂、抛光织物、沙粒等异物；再依次用酒精、热水清洗试样后，用吹风将试样吹干即可；c. Preliminarily grind the sample on the grinder, rinse the ground sample with clean water, and then put the grinding surface on the metallographic sandpaper of 280#-600#--800#--1000# in turn Fine grinding; each time when the next finer sandpaper is changed, the sample should be rotated 90 degrees for grinding; then the ground sample should be washed with water, and polished with emery polishing agent on the polishing machine until the surface Bright and traceless; then wash the polished sample with water, use clean silk cloth as the polishing fabric, clean water as the polishing agent, and polish on the polishing machine to remove the polishing agent, polishing fabric, and sand attached to the sample. Wait for foreign matter; then wash the sample with alcohol and hot water in turn, and then dry the sample with a blower;
d、用金相显微镜观察上述四个试样的检验面，在每个试样检验面上分别找到最接近内、外表面的微孔状缺陷，通过上述两个微孔状缺陷分别做两条平行于试样外表面的平行线，将上述两条平行线之间的距离作为该试样上微孔状缺陷区域的最大间距；d. Use a metallographic microscope to observe the inspection surfaces of the above four samples, and find the microporous defects closest to the inner and outer surfaces on the inspection surface of each sample, and make two holes through the above two microporous defects. Parallel lines parallel to the outer surface of the sample, the distance between the above two parallel lines is taken as the maximum spacing of the microporous defect area on the sample;
观察后发现，四个试样微孔状缺陷区域的最大间距分别为0、0、0、4.2毫米，L分别为0、0、0、0.525，即该钢管中的L＝0.525。After observation, it was found that the maximum distances between the microporous defect areas of the four samples were 0, 0, 0, and 4.2 mm, and L were 0, 0, 0, and 0.525, respectively, that is, L=0.525 in the steel pipe.
再对该钢管进行相应的力学性能测试，发现对于普通结构用冷拔无缝钢管(至少进行了三组L值与力学性能之间的匹配测试)，L＜3/4的产品其力学性均合格。因此发现，利用本发明的方法可直接验证所生产的的钢管的力学性能是否达标。对于普通结构用钢管，只要L＜3/4表明其合格。Then the steel pipe was tested for corresponding mechanical properties, and it was found that for cold-drawn seamless steel pipes for ordinary structures (at least three sets of matching tests between L value and mechanical properties were carried out), the mechanical properties of products with L<3/4 were average. qualified. Therefore, it is found that using the method of the present invention can directly verify whether the mechanical properties of the produced steel pipe meet the standard. For steel pipes for ordinary structures, as long as L<3/4 indicates that it is qualified.
实施例2规格为的30CrMo气瓶无缝钢管微孔状缺陷的检测及其微孔状缺陷的评级Embodiment 2 specification is Detection of Microporous Defects in 30CrMo Gas Cylinder Seamless Steel Tubes and Their Grading
具体步骤如下：Specific steps are as follows:
a、在冷拔钢管上切取一段横向管段，其纵向长度不小于40毫米，在该管段横向上每隔90度取一个保留内、外表面的金相试样，共取4个试样，其纵向长度不小于30毫米，试样中包括从冷拔无缝钢管壁厚最薄区域切取的试样；a. Cut a section of horizontal pipe section from the cold-drawn steel pipe, the longitudinal length of which is not less than 40 mm, and take a metallographic sample with inner and outer surfaces every 90 degrees in the horizontal direction of the pipe section, and take 4 samples in total, of which The longitudinal length is not less than 30 mm, and the sample includes the sample cut from the thinnest area of cold-drawn seamless steel pipe;
b、检验面为试样的纵向检验面；b. The inspection surface is the longitudinal inspection surface of the sample;
c、将试样在磨床上初步磨平，磨平的试样经清水冲洗后，再把磨面依次放在280#-600#--800#--1000#的各号金相砂纸上进行细磨；每次在调换下一号更细的砂纸时，应将试样旋转90度进行研磨；再将研磨好的试样用水洗净，在抛光机上使用金刚砂抛光剂进行抛光，至其表面光亮无痕；再将抛光好的试样用水洗净，选用干净的绸布作为抛光织物，清水作为抛光剂，在抛光机上进行抛光，以去除试样上附着的抛光剂、抛光织物、沙粒等异物；再依次用酒精、热水清洗试样后，用吹风将试样吹干即可。c. Preliminarily grind the sample on the grinder, rinse the ground sample with clean water, and then put the grinding surface on the metallographic sandpaper of 280#-600#--800#--1000# in turn Fine grinding; each time when the next finer sandpaper is changed, the sample should be rotated 90 degrees for grinding; then the ground sample should be washed with water, and polished with emery polishing agent on the polishing machine until the surface Bright and traceless; then wash the polished sample with water, use clean silk cloth as the polishing fabric, clean water as the polishing agent, and polish on the polishing machine to remove the polishing agent, polishing fabric, and sand attached to the sample. Wait for foreign matter; then wash the sample with alcohol and hot water in turn, and then dry the sample with a blower.
d、用金相显微镜观察上述四个试样的检验面，在试样检验面上分别找到最接近内、外表面的微孔状缺陷，通过上述微孔状缺陷分别做两条平行于试样外表面的平行线，将上述两条平行线之间的距离作为该试样上微孔状缺陷区域的最大间距。d. Observe the inspection surfaces of the above four samples with a metallographic microscope, find the microporous defects closest to the inner and outer surfaces on the inspection surfaces of the samples, and make two parallel to the samples through the above microporous defects. For the parallel lines on the outer surface, the distance between the above two parallel lines is taken as the maximum distance between the microporous defect areas on the sample.
观察后发现，四个试样微孔状缺陷区域的最大间距分别为0、0、0、8.2毫米，L分别为0、0、0、0.456，即该钢管中的L＝0.456。After observation, it was found that the maximum distances between the microporous defect regions of the four samples were 0, 0, 0, and 8.2 millimeters, and L were 0, 0, 0, and 0.456, respectively, that is, L=0.456 in the steel pipe.
再对该钢管进行相应的力学性能测试，发现对于气瓶无缝钢管(至少进行了三组L值与力学性能之间的匹配测试)，L＜1/2的产品其力学性均合格。因此发现，利用本发明的方法可直接验证所生产的的钢管的力学性能是否达标。对于气瓶无缝钢管，只要L＜1/2表明其合格。The corresponding mechanical performance test was carried out on the steel pipe, and it was found that for the gas cylinder seamless steel pipe (at least three sets of matching tests between the L value and the mechanical performance were carried out), the mechanical properties of the products with L<1/2 were all qualified. Therefore, it is found that using the method of the present invention can directly verify whether the mechanical properties of the produced steel pipe meet the standard. For seamless steel pipes for gas cylinders, as long as L<1/2 indicates that it is qualified.
实施例3、规格为的30CrMo气瓶无缝钢管微孔状缺陷的检测及其微孔状缺陷的评级Embodiment 3, specification is Detection of Microporous Defects in 30CrMo Gas Cylinder Seamless Steel Tubes and Their Grading
具体步骤如下：Specific steps are as follows:
a、在冷拔钢管上切取一段横向管段，其纵向长度不小于40毫米，在该管段横向上每隔90度取一个保留内、外表面的金相试样，共取4个试样，其纵向长度不小于30毫米，试样中包括从冷拔钢管壁厚最薄区域切取的试样；a. Cut a section of horizontal pipe section from the cold-drawn steel pipe, the longitudinal length of which is not less than 40 mm, and take a metallographic sample with inner and outer surfaces every 90 degrees in the horizontal direction of the pipe section, and take 4 samples in total, of which The longitudinal length is not less than 30 mm, and the sample includes the sample cut from the thinnest area of the cold-drawn steel pipe;
b、检验面为试样的纵向检验面；b. The inspection surface is the longitudinal inspection surface of the sample;
c、将试样在磨床上初步磨平，磨平的试样经清水冲洗后，再把磨面依次放在280#-600#--800#--1000#的各号金相砂纸上进行细磨；每次在调换下一号更细的砂纸时，应将试样旋转90度进行研磨；再将研磨好的试样用水洗净，在抛光机上使用金刚砂抛光剂进行抛光，至其表面光亮无痕；再将抛光好的试样用水洗净，选用干净的绸布作为抛光织物，清水作为抛光剂，在抛光机上进行抛光，以去除试样上附着的抛光剂、抛光织物、沙粒等异物；再依次用酒精、热水清洗试样后，用吹风将试样吹干即可。c. Preliminarily grind the sample on the grinder, rinse the ground sample with clean water, and then put the grinding surface on the metallographic sandpaper of 280#-600#--800#--1000# in turn Fine grinding; each time when the next finer sandpaper is changed, the sample should be rotated 90 degrees for grinding; then the ground sample should be washed with water, and polished with emery polishing agent on the polishing machine until the surface Bright and traceless; then wash the polished sample with water, use clean silk cloth as the polishing fabric, clean water as the polishing agent, and polish on the polishing machine to remove the polishing agent, polishing fabric, and sand attached to the sample. Wait for foreign matter; then wash the sample with alcohol and hot water in turn, and then dry the sample with a blower.
d、用金相显微镜观察上述四个试样的检验面，在试样检验面上分别找到最接近内、外表面的微孔状缺陷，通过上述微孔状缺陷分别做两条平行于试样外表面的平行线，将上述两条平行线之间的距离作为该试样上微孔状缺陷区域的最大间距。d. Observe the inspection surfaces of the above four samples with a metallographic microscope, find the microporous defects closest to the inner and outer surfaces on the inspection surfaces of the samples, and make two parallel to the samples through the above microporous defects. For the parallel lines on the outer surface, the distance between the above two parallel lines is taken as the maximum distance between the microporous defect areas on the sample.
观察后发现，四个试样微孔状缺陷区域的最大间距为0、0、2.5、3.6毫米，L分别为0、0、0.417、0.6，即该钢管中的L＝0.6。After observation, it was found that the maximum distances between the microporous defect regions of the four samples were 0, 0, 2.5, and 3.6 mm, and L were 0, 0, 0.417, and 0.6 respectively, that is, L=0.6 in the steel pipe.
再对该钢管进行相应的力学性能测试，发现对于气瓶无缝钢管(至少进行了三组L值与力学性能之间的匹配测试)，L＜1/2的产品其力学性均合格，而本发明中其L值为0.6，因此该批钢管不合格。Then carry out the corresponding mechanical performance test on the steel pipe, and find that for the gas cylinder seamless steel pipe (at least three sets of matching tests between the L value and the mechanical performance have been carried out), the mechanical properties of the products with L<1/2 are all qualified, while In the present invention, its L value is 0.6, so this batch of steel pipes is unqualified.
由此可见，本发明能够快速准确地测定冷拔无缝钢管心部微孔状缺陷并对其严重程度进行表征，其严重程度的指标值与其力学性能存在一定的关联，因此通过检测微孔状缺陷并对其严重程度进行表征便能够有效地解决冷拔无缝钢管的质量检测问题，满足生产的需要。It can be seen that the present invention can quickly and accurately measure microporous defects in the core of cold-drawn seamless steel pipes and characterize their severity, and the index value of the severity has a certain relationship with its mechanical properties. Defects and their severity can be characterized to effectively solve the quality inspection problems of cold-drawn seamless steel pipes and meet the needs of production.
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