CN105101599B - A kind of polarization ECE diagnostic systems for measuring plasma current distribution - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明属于一种核聚变等离子体诊断领域，具体涉及一种测量等离子体电流分布和安全因子分布的极化电子回旋辐射(ECE)诊断系统。该系统由扫频源、信号发生器、倍频器、混频器、隔离器、极化天线系统、中频系统、检波系统、视频放大、数据采集和分析系统等组成。通过测量电子回旋辐射的极化分布比值，获得磁场分布的螺距角、等离子体电流和安全因子q分布。本发明利用电子回旋辐射波X模和O模的基本性质，采用2个天线通道测量不同角度的电子回旋辐射波强度比值，获得磁场分布的螺距角，进而得到电流分布和安全因子分布。系统的测量不受等离子体加热等外在条件影响而被动测量，因此可以进行随时获得电流分布和安全因子分子的数据。
The invention belongs to the field of nuclear fusion plasma diagnosis, in particular to a polarized electron cyclotron emission (ECE) diagnosis system for measuring plasma current distribution and safety factor distribution. The system consists of frequency sweep source, signal generator, frequency multiplier, mixer, isolator, polarized antenna system, intermediate frequency system, detection system, video amplification, data acquisition and analysis system, etc. By measuring the polarization distribution ratio of the electron cyclotron radiation, the pitch angle of the magnetic field distribution, the plasma current and the safety factor q distribution are obtained. The invention utilizes the basic properties of X-mode and O-mode of the electron cyclotron radiation wave, uses two antenna channels to measure the intensity ratio of the electron cyclotron radiation wave at different angles, obtains the pitch angle of the magnetic field distribution, and then obtains the current distribution and the safety factor distribution. The measurement of the system is not affected by external conditions such as plasma heating and passive measurement, so the data of current distribution and safety factor molecules can be obtained at any time.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于一种核聚变等离子体诊断领域，具体涉及一种测量等离子体电流分布和安全因子分布的极化电子回旋辐射(ECE)诊断系统，它具有时间和空间分辨率高、成本低、定域性好等优点。The invention belongs to the field of nuclear fusion plasma diagnosis, in particular to a polarized electron cyclotron emission (ECE) diagnosis system for measuring plasma current distribution and safety factor distribution, which has high time and space resolution, low cost, fixed Good domain and other advantages.
背景技术Background technique
托卡马克等离子体的极向磁场是由等离子体电流产生，极向磁场或安全因子q＝rBΦ/RBθ的分布是等离子体约束研究的一个非常重要的参数，对分析等离子体输运、磁岛的形成、磁流体不稳定性、锯齿崩塌以及等离子径向电场分布等都具有重要的意义。近年来，为实现等离子体高约束的稳态运行，提出了多种先进托卡马克运行方案，比如使等离子体中心电流产生反剪切分布，即对应的等离子体电流呈中空的分布；另一种常用方法是磁场弱剪切,即芯部磁场位形出现较为平缓的分布，其安全因子的值保持在1附近或大小1。这些运行方案都对等离子体电流控制提出了更为严格的要求。The poloidal magnetic field of the tokamak plasma is generated by the plasma current, and the distribution of the poloidal magnetic field or the safety factor q=rB Φ /RB θ is a very important parameter in the study of plasma confinement, which is very important for the analysis of plasma transport, The formation of magnetic islands, magnetic fluid instability, sawtooth collapse, and plasma radial electric field distribution are all of great significance. In recent years, in order to realize the steady-state operation of high-constraint plasma, a variety of advanced tokamak operation schemes have been proposed, such as making the plasma center current produce an anti-shear distribution, that is, the corresponding plasma current is distributed in a hollow; another The commonly used method is the weak shearing of the magnetic field, that is, the configuration of the core magnetic field appears a relatively gentle distribution, and the value of the safety factor is kept near 1 or greater than 1. These operating schemes all put forward stricter requirements on plasma current control.
等离子体电流控制需要准确测量等离子体的电流分布或q分布。目前有3种方法来测量电流分布，它们分别是内部磁位形重建(EFIT)、远红外极化干涉测量法拉第旋转和动态斯塔克效应(MSE)诊断。EFIT采用外部磁测量信息，再利用等离子体的内部磁测量数据重建等离子体的电流密度分布，但是这种方法完全依赖于外部磁探针信号，对等离子体特别是芯部的重建，误差较大。法拉第旋转和动态斯塔克效应(MSE)方法用于测量极向磁场分布的螺距角，然后通过积分反演等得等离子体电流分布和安全因子q分布。法拉第旋转效应一般采用远红外极化干涉仪系统测量，它的基本原理是基于电磁波的磁光效应，当一束线偏振波通过具有磁场为B的等离子体内部时，若波的角频率ω比等离子体频率ωpe和电子回旋频率ωce都大很多，且波矢k平行于等离子体中的磁场方向时，则等离子体就与无吸收的旋光介质相类似，它会使在其中传播的电磁波的偏振面发生旋转，这就是著名的法拉第旋转效应。若已知电子密度和波的旋转角度，就可以求出沿测量弦的磁场，测量不同位置弦上的弦积分磁场，就可获得磁场强度在径向的分布。但由于该方法测量的是磁场的积分量，即使是知道电子密度的分布，也要假定磁场的分布函数，通过函数反演求得磁场的分布情况，因此会引入较大的误差。动态斯塔克偏振诊断是一种依赖于中性束注入技术而发展起来的主动诊断方法，它通过准确测量发射的Hα光谱的偏振态获得磁场螺距角的信息，是一种定域测量。但是由各种因素引起的谱线展宽远大于谱线的斯塔克分裂，导致不同分量之间严重交叠，特别是在低磁场条件下难以获得单一谱线分量。此外，在偏振光的传播过程中会由于镜面反射和窗口玻璃等因素引入额外的法拉第旋转而改变光线的偏振状态，对测量造成各种不确定性。另外，MSE还依赖于中性束注入条件才能测量。基于以上种种原因，MSE偏振诊断一直是国际上公认的难度最大但也是最重要的诊断之一。远红外极化干涉仪和动态斯塔克偏振诊断的系统都比较复杂，系统体积较大，价格贵，维护困难。Plasma current control requires accurate measurement of the current profile or q-distribution of the plasma. There are currently 3 methods to measure the current distribution, they are internal magnetic configuration reconstruction (EFIT), far-infrared polarization interferometry Faraday rotation and dynamic Stark effect (MSE) diagnosis. EFIT uses external magnetic measurement information, and then uses the internal magnetic measurement data of the plasma to reconstruct the current density distribution of the plasma, but this method completely depends on the external magnetic probe signal, and the reconstruction of the plasma, especially the core, has a large error . The Faraday rotation and dynamic Stark effect (MSE) methods are used to measure the pitch angle of the poloidal magnetic field distribution, and then the plasma current distribution and the safety factor q distribution are obtained by integral inversion. The Faraday rotation effect is generally measured by a far-infrared polarization interferometer system. Its basic principle is based on the magneto-optic effect of electromagnetic waves. When a beam of linearly polarized waves passes through the plasma with a magnetic field of B, if the angular frequency ω of the wave is When both the plasma frequency ω pe and the electron cyclotron frequency ω ce are much larger, and the wave vector k is parallel to the direction of the magnetic field in the plasma, the plasma is similar to an optically active medium without absorption, and it will make the electromagnetic waves propagating in it This is known as the Faraday rotation effect. If the electron density and the rotation angle of the wave are known, the magnetic field along the measuring string can be obtained, and the magnetic field intensity distribution in the radial direction can be obtained by measuring the integral magnetic field of the string on the string at different positions. However, since this method measures the integral of the magnetic field, even if the distribution of the electron density is known, the distribution function of the magnetic field must be assumed, and the distribution of the magnetic field can be obtained through function inversion, so a large error will be introduced. Dynamic Stark polarization diagnosis is an active diagnosis method developed on the basis of neutral beam injection technology. It obtains information on the pitch angle of the magnetic field by accurately measuring the polarization state of the emitted H α spectrum. It is a localized measurement. However, the spectral line broadening caused by various factors is much larger than the Stark splitting of the spectral line, resulting in serious overlap between different components, especially in low magnetic field conditions, it is difficult to obtain a single spectral line component. In addition, during the propagation of polarized light, additional Faraday rotation will be introduced due to factors such as specular reflection and window glass, which will change the polarization state of the light, causing various uncertainties to the measurement. In addition, MSE also depends on the neutral beam injection conditions to be measured. Based on the above reasons, MSE polarization diagnosis has been recognized internationally as the most difficult but also one of the most important diagnoses. Both the far-infrared polarization interferometer and the dynamic Stark polarization diagnosis system are relatively complex, the system is large in size, expensive, and difficult to maintain.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是提供一种测量等离子体电流分布的极化ECE诊断系统，它能够解决等离子体电流分布测量系统如动态斯塔克效应和远红外极化干涉诊断系统复杂、系统体积庞大、价格贵、维护困难等问题。The purpose of the present invention is to provide a polarized ECE diagnostic system for measuring plasma current distribution, which can solve the problem of the complexity of the plasma current distribution measurement system such as the dynamic Stark effect and far-infrared polarization interference diagnostic system, the system volume is huge, and the price Expensive and difficult to maintain.
本发明是这样实现的，一种测量等离子体电流分布的极化ECE诊断系统，它包括微波扫频源、扫频信号发生器、扫频波功分器、隔离器、微波功分器、微波倍频器、微波混频器、微波隔离器、带阻滤波器、正45度接收天线系统、负45度接收天线系统、等离子体、第一组中频放大器、带通滤波器、第二组中频放大器、检波系统、视频放大系统、数据采集和分析系统，所述的扫频信号发生器输出端与扫频波功分器的输入端连接，扫频波功分器的一个输出端与微波扫频源的波形控制端连接，扫频波功分器的另一个输出端与数据采集和分析系统的信号输入端连接，微波扫频源的微波输出源与隔离器的输入端连接，隔离器的输出端与微波功分器的输入端连接，微波功分器的输出端分别与两个不同的微波倍频器的输入端连接，微波倍频器的输出端与分别与两个微波混频器的本振输入端连接，正45度接收天线系统和负45度接收天线系统分别接收等离子体辐射来的微波信号，它们的输入端分别与两个不同的带阻滤波器的输入端连接。带阻滤波器的输出端分别与两个微波隔离器的输入端连接，微波隔离器的输出端分别与两个微波混频器的射频输入端连接，微波混频器的中频输出端分别与第一组中频放大器的输入端连接，第一组中频放大器的输出端分别与带通滤波器的输入端连接，带通滤波器的输出端分别与第二组中频放大器的输入端连接，第二组中频放大器的输出端分别与检波系统的输入端连接，检波系统输出端分别与视频放大系统的输入端连接，视频放大系统的输出端分别与数据采集和分析系统的信号输入端连接。The present invention is achieved in this way, a polarized ECE diagnostic system for measuring plasma current distribution, which includes a microwave frequency sweep source, a frequency sweep signal generator, a frequency sweep wave power divider, an isolator, a microwave power divider, a microwave Frequency multiplier, microwave mixer, microwave isolator, band-stop filter, positive 45-degree receiving antenna system, negative 45-degree receiving antenna system, plasma, first group of IF amplifiers, band-pass filter, second group of IF Amplifier, detection system, video amplification system, data acquisition and analysis system, the output end of the frequency sweep signal generator is connected to the input end of the frequency sweep wave power divider, and one output end of the frequency sweep wave power divider is connected to the microwave sweep wave power divider The waveform control terminal of the frequency source is connected, the other output terminal of the frequency sweep wave power divider is connected with the signal input terminal of the data acquisition and analysis system, the microwave output source of the microwave frequency sweep source is connected with the input terminal of the isolator, and the output terminal of the isolator The output end is connected to the input end of the microwave power divider, the output end of the microwave power divider is respectively connected to the input ends of two different microwave frequency multipliers, and the output end of the microwave frequency multiplier is respectively connected to two microwave mixers The local oscillator input terminal is connected, and the positive 45-degree receiving antenna system and the negative 45-degree receiving antenna system respectively receive microwave signals from plasma radiation, and their input terminals are respectively connected to the input terminals of two different band-stop filters. The output ends of the band-stop filter are respectively connected to the input ends of the two microwave isolators, the output ends of the microwave isolator are respectively connected to the radio frequency input ends of the two microwave mixers, and the intermediate frequency output ends of the microwave mixer are respectively connected to the first The input ends of a group of intermediate frequency amplifiers are connected, the output ends of the first group of intermediate frequency amplifiers are respectively connected with the input ends of the band-pass filters, the output ends of the band-pass filters are respectively connected with the input ends of the second group of intermediate frequency amplifiers, and the second group The output terminals of the intermediate frequency amplifier are respectively connected to the input terminals of the detection system, the output terminals of the detection system are respectively connected to the input terminals of the video amplification system, and the output terminals of the video amplification system are respectively connected to the signal input terminals of the data acquisition and analysis system.
所述的微波扫频源、扫频信号发生器、扫频波功分器、隔离器、微波功分器和微波倍频器构成微波源系统，用于微波混频器的本振驱动信号，该系统具有连续波和台阶步进扫频功能，整个测量频带的扫频周期在1-10ms。The microwave frequency sweeping source, frequency sweeping signal generator, sweeping wave power divider, isolator, microwave power divider and microwave frequency multiplier constitute a microwave source system, which is used for the local oscillator drive signal of the microwave mixer, The system has the functions of continuous wave and step-step frequency sweep, and the frequency sweep period of the entire measurement frequency band is 1-10ms.
所述的微波扫频源是一个宽带的压控微波振荡器或微波合成源，通过外加电压来控制微波输出或者内部自己控制输出步进扫频微波。The microwave frequency sweeping source is a broadband voltage-controlled microwave oscillator or microwave synthesis source, which controls the microwave output by applying an external voltage or internally controls the output stepping frequency sweeping microwave.
所述的微波隔离器分别用于微波单向传输，防止回路产生寄生反射，隔离度大于20dB。The microwave isolators are respectively used for one-way transmission of microwaves to prevent parasitic reflections in the loop, and the isolation degree is greater than 20dB.
所述的微波倍频器是一个带功率驱动的全频带微波频率放大器，其用于将微波扫频源输出的低频微波频率放大到本系统的工作频段，且输出功率能够足够驱动微波混频器。The microwave frequency multiplier is a full-band microwave frequency amplifier with power drive, which is used to amplify the low-frequency microwave frequency output by the microwave sweeping source to the working frequency band of the system, and the output power can be enough to drive the microwave mixer .
所述的微波混频器、微波隔离器、带阻滤波器、正45度接收天线系统和负45度接收天线系统构成两路独立的接收系统，分别从中垂面正负45度接收来自等离子体辐射的电子回旋辐射信号，并在微波混频器中下变频至中频信号。The microwave mixer, microwave isolator, band-rejection filter, positive 45-degree receiving antenna system and negative 45-degree receiving antenna system constitute two independent receiving systems, which respectively receive positive and negative 45-degree plasma from the vertical plane The radiated electron cyclotron radiates the signal and is down-converted to an intermediate frequency signal in a microwave mixer.
所述的正45度微波接收天线系统和负45度微波接收天线分别与托卡马克装置的中垂面成正负45度。The positive 45-degree microwave receiving antenna system and the negative 45-degree microwave receiving antenna are respectively at plus or minus 45 degrees with the vertical plane of the tokamak device.
所述的第一组中频放大器、带通滤波器、第二组中频放大器、检波系统、视频放大系统构成中频信号处理系统，用于将待测中频信号转化成视频信号输出给数据采集和分析系统，带通滤波器选100-800MHz。The first group of intermediate frequency amplifiers, bandpass filters, second group of intermediate frequency amplifiers, detection system, and video amplification system constitute an intermediate frequency signal processing system, which is used to convert the intermediate frequency signal to be tested into a video signal and output it to the data acquisition and analysis system , Band-pass filter selection 100-800MHz.
本发明的优点是，本发明利用电子回旋辐射波X模和O模的基本性质，采用2个天线通道测量不同角度的电子回旋辐射波强度比值，获得磁场分布的螺距角，进而得到电流分布和安全因子分布。系统的测量不受等离子体加热等外在条件影响而被动测量，因此可以进行随时获得电流分布和安全因子分子的数据。另外，当系统采用连续波扫频模式工作时，可以测量到从等离子体芯部到边缘磁场夹角的连续变化，这是其它诊断，如MSE和远红外极化干涉仪所不可能达到的。系统的时间分辨受微波扫频源的扫频速度控制，时间分辨可以做几百微秒以内。系统结构简单，成本低，是一种比较有应用前景的等离子体电流分布和安全因子分布诊断手段。The advantage of the present invention is that the present invention utilizes the basic properties of the electron cyclotron radiation wave X mode and O mode, uses two antenna channels to measure the intensity ratio of the electron cyclotron radiation wave at different angles, obtains the pitch angle of the magnetic field distribution, and then obtains the current distribution and Safety factor distribution. The measurement of the system is not affected by external conditions such as plasma heating and passive measurement, so the data of current distribution and safety factor molecules can be obtained at any time. In addition, when the system works in continuous wave sweep mode, it can measure the continuous change of the angle from the plasma core to the edge of the magnetic field, which is impossible for other diagnostics, such as MSE and far-infrared polarization interferometer. The time resolution of the system is controlled by the sweeping speed of the microwave frequency sweeping source, and the time resolution can be within hundreds of microseconds. The system structure is simple, the cost is low, and it is a relatively promising method for diagnosing plasma current distribution and safety factor distribution.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明所提供的一种测量等离子体电流分布的极化ECE诊断系统示意图；1 is a schematic diagram of a polarized ECE diagnostic system for measuring plasma current distribution provided by the present invention;
图2为磁场夹角与测量值比值的关系。Figure 2 shows the relationship between the angle of the magnetic field and the ratio of the measured value.
图中：1微波扫频源，2扫频信号发生器，3扫频波功分器，4隔离器，5微波功分器，6微波倍频器，7微波混频器，8微波隔离器，9带阻滤波器，10正45度接收天线系统，11负45度接收天线系统，12等离子体，13第一组中频放大器，14带通滤波器，15第二组中频放大器，16检波系统，17视频放大系统，18数据采集和分析系统。In the figure: 1 Microwave frequency sweep source, 2 Frequency sweep signal generator, 3 Frequency sweep wave power divider, 4 Isolator, 5 Microwave power divider, 6 Microwave frequency multiplier, 7 Microwave mixer, 8 Microwave isolator , 9 band rejection filter, 10 positive 45 degree receiving antenna system, 11 negative 45 degree receiving antenna system, 12 plasma, 13 first group of intermediate frequency amplifier, 14 band pass filter, 15 second group of intermediate frequency amplifier, 16 detection system , 17 video amplification system, 18 data acquisition and analysis system.
具体实施方式detailed description
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明进行详细介绍：The present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and embodiment:
如图1所示，本发明所提供的一种测量等离子体电流分布和安全因子分布的极化ECE诊断系统示意图。该微波系统包括微波扫频源1、扫频信号发生器2、扫频波功分器3、隔离器4、微波功分器5、微波倍频器6、微波混频器7、微波隔离器8、带阻滤波器9、正45度接收天线系统10、负45度接收天线系统11、等离子体12、第一组中频放大器13、带通滤波器14、第二组中频放大器15、检波系统16、视频放大系统17、数据采集和分析系统18等微波器件或子系统组成。As shown in FIG. 1 , a schematic diagram of a polarized ECE diagnostic system for measuring plasma current distribution and safety factor distribution provided by the present invention. The microwave system includes a microwave frequency sweep source 1, a frequency sweep signal generator 2, a frequency sweep wave power divider 3, an isolator 4, a microwave power divider 5, a microwave frequency multiplier 6, a microwave mixer 7, and a microwave isolator 8. Band rejection filter 9, positive 45-degree receiving antenna system 10, negative 45-degree receiving antenna system 11, plasma 12, first group of intermediate frequency amplifiers 13, band-pass filter 14, second group of intermediate frequency amplifiers 15, detection system 16. Video amplification system 17, data acquisition and analysis system 18 and other microwave devices or subsystems.
扫频信号发生器2输出端与扫频波功分器3的输入端连接，扫频波功分器3的一个输出端与微波扫频源1的波形控制端连接，扫频波功分器3的另一个输出端与数据采集和分析系统18的信号输入端连接，微波扫频源1的微波输出源与隔离器4的输入端连接，隔离器4的输出端与微波功分器5的输入端连接，微波功分器5的输出端分别与两个不同的微波倍频器6的输入端连接，微波倍频器6的输出端与分别与两个微波混频器7的本振输入端连接。The output end of the frequency sweep signal generator 2 is connected to the input end of the frequency sweep wave power divider 3, and an output end of the frequency sweep wave power divider 3 is connected to the waveform control end of the microwave frequency sweep source 1, and the frequency sweep wave power divider The other output end of 3 is connected with the signal input end of data acquisition and analysis system 18, the microwave output source of microwave sweeping source 1 is connected with the input end of isolator 4, the output end of isolator 4 is connected with the microwave power divider 5 The input end is connected, and the output end of microwave power divider 5 is connected with the input end of two different microwave frequency multipliers 6 respectively, and the output end of microwave frequency multiplier 6 is connected with the local oscillator input of two microwave mixers 7 respectively. end connection.
正45度接收天线系统10和负45度接收天线系统11分别接收等离子体12辐射来的微波信号，它们的输入端分别与两个不同的带阻滤波器9的输入端连接。带阻滤波器9的输出端分别与两个微波隔离器8的输入端连接，微波隔离器8的输出端分别与两个微波混频器7的射频输入端连接。The positive 45-degree receiving antenna system 10 and the negative 45-degree receiving antenna system 11 respectively receive microwave signals radiated from the plasma 12 , and their input terminals are respectively connected to the input terminals of two different band rejection filters 9 . The output ends of the band rejection filter 9 are respectively connected to the input ends of two microwave isolators 8 , and the output ends of the microwave isolator 8 are respectively connected to the radio frequency input ends of the two microwave mixers 7 .
微波混频器7的中频输出端分别与第一组中频放大器13的输入端连接，第一组中频放大器13的输出端分别与带通滤波器14的输入端连接，带通滤波器14的输出端分别与第二组中频放大器15的输入端连接，第二组中频放大器15的输出端分别与检波系统16的输入端连接，检波系统16输出端分别与视频放大系统17的输入端连接，视频放大系统17的输出端分别与数据采集和分析系统18的信号输入端连接。The intermediate frequency output end of microwave mixer 7 is connected with the input end of first group of intermediate frequency amplifier 13 respectively, and the output end of first group of intermediate frequency amplifier 13 is connected with the input end of bandpass filter 14 respectively, and the output of bandpass filter 14 The terminals are respectively connected with the input terminals of the second group of intermediate frequency amplifiers 15, the output terminals of the second group of intermediate frequency amplifiers 15 are respectively connected with the input terminals of the detection system 16, and the output terminals of the detection system 16 are respectively connected with the input terminals of the video amplification system 17, and the video The outputs of the amplification system 17 are respectively connected to the signal inputs of the data acquisition and analysis system 18 .
所述的微波扫频源1、扫频信号发生器2、扫频波功分器3、隔离器4、微波功分器5和微波倍频器6等构成微波源系统，用于微波混频器7的本振驱动信号。该系统要求具有连续波和台阶步进扫频功能，整个测量频带的扫频周期需要在1-10ms左右。The microwave frequency sweep source 1, frequency sweep signal generator 2, frequency sweep wave power divider 3, isolator 4, microwave power divider 5 and microwave frequency multiplier 6 constitute a microwave source system for microwave frequency mixing The local oscillator driving signal of the device 7. The system requires continuous wave and step-step frequency sweep functions, and the frequency sweep period of the entire measurement frequency band needs to be around 1-10ms.
所述的微波扫频源1是一个宽带的压控微波振荡器或微波合成源，通过外加电压来控制微波输出或者内部自己控制输出步进扫频微波。为了提高系统的时间分辨率，需要频率转换时间好于微秒级。The microwave frequency sweeping source 1 is a broadband voltage-controlled microwave oscillator or microwave synthesis source, which controls the microwave output by applying an external voltage or internally controls the output of the stepping frequency sweeping microwave. In order to improve the time resolution of the system, the frequency conversion time is required to be better than the microsecond level.
所述的微波隔离器4和8分别用于微波单向传输，防止回路产生寄生反射，进而影响系统的测量精度和部分微波器件安全，因此要求隔离度要大于20dB。The microwave isolators 4 and 8 are respectively used for one-way transmission of microwaves to prevent parasitic reflections in the loop, thereby affecting the measurement accuracy of the system and the safety of some microwave devices. Therefore, the isolation degree is required to be greater than 20dB.
所述的微波倍频器6是一个带功率驱动的全频带微波频率放大器，其用于将微波扫频源1输出的低频微波频率放大到本系统的工作频段，且输出功率需要足够驱动微波混频器7。The microwave frequency multiplier 6 is a full-band microwave frequency amplifier with power drive, which is used to amplify the low-frequency microwave frequency output by the microwave sweeping source 1 to the working frequency band of the system, and the output power needs to be enough to drive the microwave mixer. frequency converter 7.
所述的微波混频器7、微波隔离器8、带阻滤波器9、正45度接收天线系统10和负45度接收天线系统11构成两路独立的接收系统，分别从中垂面正负45度来接收从等离子体辐射来的电子回旋辐射信号，并在微波混频器7中下变频至中频信号。Described microwave mixer 7, microwave isolator 8, band stop filter 9, positive 45 degree receiving antenna system 10 and negative 45 degree receiving antenna system 11 constitute two-way independent receiving systems, respectively from the positive and negative 45 degrees of vertical plane. To receive the electron cyclotron radiation signal from the plasma radiation, and down-convert it to an intermediate frequency signal in the microwave mixer 7.
所述的正45度微波接收天线系统10和负45度微波接收天线11分别与托卡马克装置的中垂面成正负45度。这种角度布局使系统的测量最简单，但也可以采用其它夹角。另外还可以采用单个天线，使系统沿测量方向旋转，找到测量值最大时天线的角度，即为磁场的螺距角。The positive 45-degree microwave receiving antenna system 10 and the negative 45-degree microwave receiving antenna 11 are respectively at plus or minus 45 degrees to the vertical plane of the tokamak device. This angular arrangement provides the easiest measurement of the system, but other angles are possible. In addition, a single antenna can be used to rotate the system along the measurement direction to find the angle of the antenna when the measurement value is maximum, which is the pitch angle of the magnetic field.
所述的带阻滤波器9用于在高功率电子回旋共振辅助加热实验中，吸收电子回旋共振波，防止因等离子体吸收不好，而造成微波系统损坏，特别是微波混频器7和微波倍频器6的性能变差或烧毁。The band-stop filter 9 is used to absorb electron cyclotron resonance waves in high-power electron cyclotron resonance-assisted heating experiments to prevent damage to the microwave system due to poor plasma absorption, especially the microwave mixer 7 and microwave The performance of frequency multiplier 6 deteriorates or burns out.
所述的第一组中频放大器13、带通滤波器14、第二组中频放大器15、检波系统16、视频放大系统17构成中频信号处理系统，用于将待测中频信号转化成视频信号输出给数据采集和分析系统18。带通滤波器14由系统的空间分辨和灵敏度决定，通常选100-800MHz，对于托卡马克等离子体测量，典型空间分辨率大约为2-3cm。The first group of intermediate frequency amplifiers 13, bandpass filter 14, second group of intermediate frequency amplifiers 15, detection system 16, and video amplification system 17 constitute an intermediate frequency signal processing system, which is used to convert the intermediate frequency signal to be measured into a video signal output to Data Acquisition and Analysis System 18 . The bandpass filter 14 is determined by the spatial resolution and sensitivity of the system, usually 100-800MHz, and for tokamak plasma measurement, the typical spatial resolution is about 2-3cm.
下面结合附图1详细描述本发明所提供的一种测量等离子体电流分布和安全因子分布的极化ECE诊断系统的工作原理：The working principle of a polarized ECE diagnostic system for measuring plasma current distribution and safety factor distribution provided by the present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with accompanying drawing 1:
微波扫频源1、扫频信号发生器2、扫频波功分器3、隔离器4、微波功分器5和微波倍频器6等构成本测量系统的微波源系统，输出给微波混频器7作为本振驱动信号。系统中利用扫频信号发生器2控制微波扫频源1输出连续或扫频微波，经微波倍频器6倍频至系统工作频率。微波倍频器6是一个带功率驱动的全频带微波频率放大器，其输出的微波功率大约为13dBm，以驱动微波混频器7。Microwave frequency sweeping source 1, frequency sweeping signal generator 2, frequency sweeping wave power divider 3, isolator 4, microwave power divider 5 and microwave frequency multiplier 6 constitute the microwave source system of this measurement system, output to the microwave mixer frequency converter 7 as a local oscillator drive signal. In the system, the frequency sweeping signal generator 2 is used to control the microwave frequency sweeping source 1 to output continuous or frequency sweeping microwaves, which are multiplied by 6 times to the system operating frequency through the microwave frequency multiplier. The microwave frequency multiplier 6 is a full-band microwave frequency amplifier with power drive, and its output microwave power is about 13dBm to drive the microwave mixer 7 .
系统的接收天线为两个与中垂面成正负45度的标准增益天线，用于测量这两个方向的信号差。等离子体的纵场沿水平方向，在没有极向磁场时，这两个方向测量的信号为X模和O模的混合模式，且测量值相同。当存在极向磁场时，等离子体的磁场与原来的纵场存在一个小的夹角，导致在这两个方向的测量值出现一定的偏移。它们的偏移大小可以推导出磁场的夹角，图2为计算的极向磁场夹角与正45度天线测量值与负45度天线测量值之间的比值的关系。由于等离子体中的极向磁场夹角是由等离子体电流产生的，通过积分反演可以求出等离子体的电流分布。The receiving antennas of the system are two standard gain antennas at plus or minus 45 degrees to the mid-vertical plane, which are used to measure the signal difference in these two directions. The longitudinal field of the plasma is along the horizontal direction. When there is no poloidal magnetic field, the signals measured in these two directions are mixed modes of X mode and O mode, and the measured values are the same. When there is a poloidal magnetic field, there is a small angle between the magnetic field of the plasma and the original longitudinal field, resulting in a certain offset in the measured values in these two directions. Their offset can deduce the angle of the magnetic field. Figure 2 shows the relationship between the calculated angle of the poloidal magnetic field and the ratio between the measured value of the positive 45-degree antenna and the measured value of the negative 45-degree antenna. Since the included angle of the poloidal magnetic field in the plasma is generated by the plasma current, the current distribution of the plasma can be obtained by integral inversion.
图2中X轴为正45度天线测量值与负45度天线测量值之间的比值，y轴是为由于离子体电流引起的磁场夹角变化。下面结合附图2详细描述本发明系统的误差分析：In Figure 2, the X-axis is the ratio between the positive 45-degree antenna measurement value and the negative 45-degree antenna measurement value, and the y-axis is the change in the included angle of the magnetic field caused by the ion current. Describe the error analysis of the system of the present invention in detail below in conjunction with accompanying drawing 2:
本系统的测量误差主要由系统的对电子温度的测量误差引起的。通常本系统的电子温度测量精度可以达到10eV左右，而相对于电子温度为1keV的等离子体，在正负45度测量时其引入到比值时的误差大约为2％。图2中比值为1.02时，磁场夹角大约为0.4度。因此系统对电子温度的响应误差将引入大约0.4度的误差。一般情况下，托卡马克等离子体的磁场夹角从中心到边缘大约为0-8度。从图2中发现，在8度时，其比值达到1.3，因此系统只对芯部较小磁场夹角的测量有一定的影响，而在等离子体约束区和边缘，测量精度较高。The measurement error of this system is mainly caused by the measurement error of the electronic temperature in the system. Generally, the electron temperature measurement accuracy of this system can reach about 10eV, and relative to the plasma with electron temperature of 1keV, the error introduced into the ratio is about 2% when measured at plus or minus 45 degrees. When the ratio is 1.02 in Fig. 2, the included angle of the magnetic field is about 0.4 degrees. Errors in the system's response to electron temperature will therefore introduce an error of about 0.4 degrees. In general, the magnetic field angle of the tokamak plasma is about 0-8 degrees from the center to the edge. It is found from Figure 2 that at 8 degrees, the ratio reaches 1.3, so the system only has a certain influence on the measurement of the small magnetic field angle in the core, and the measurement accuracy is higher in the plasma confinement area and edge.
由于系统的测量空间位置受微波本振源的频率控制，当系统采用连续波扫频模式工作时，可以测量到从等离子体芯部到边缘磁场夹角的连续变化，这是其它诊断，如MSE和极化干涉仪所不可能达到的。通常极化干涉仪只能测量空间几个点，而MSE的时间分辨较差，且需要有中性束加热存在。本发明提供的诊断系统为被动测量，不依赖于中性束加热等外在条件，可以提供等离子体电流分布的实时测量。另外本系统的微波源的扫频速度可达到几百微秒，时间分辨将远好于MSE系统。Since the measurement spatial position of the system is controlled by the frequency of the microwave local oscillator source, when the system works in the continuous wave sweep mode, it can measure the continuous change of the angle from the plasma core to the edge magnetic field, which is the reason for other diagnostics, such as MSE impossible to achieve with polarization interferometers. Generally, the polarization interferometer can only measure a few points in space, while the time resolution of MSE is poor, and neutral beam heating is required. The diagnostic system provided by the invention is a passive measurement, does not depend on external conditions such as neutral beam heating, and can provide real-time measurement of plasma current distribution. In addition, the sweeping speed of the microwave source of this system can reach hundreds of microseconds, and the time resolution will be much better than that of the MSE system.
上面结合附图和实施对本发明中采用极化ECE系统测量等离子体电流分布作了详细说明，同时也分析本发明系统的测量误差。但是本发明并不限于上述实施例子，如其它夹角安装天线也可以分析出磁场螺距角、等离子体电流分布和安全因子分布，另外采用单个旋转天线也可以实现上述测量，在本领域普通技术人员所具备的知识范围内，还可以在不脱离本发明宗旨的前提下作出各种变化。本发明中未作详细描述的内容均可以采用现有技术。The above describes in detail the measurement of the plasma current distribution using the polarized ECE system in the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings and implementation, and also analyzes the measurement error of the system of the present invention. But the present invention is not limited to above-mentioned embodiment example, also can analyze magnetic field pitch angle, plasma current distribution and safety factor distribution as other angle installation antennas, adopts single rotating antenna also can realize above-mentioned measurement in addition, those of ordinary skill in the art Various changes can also be made without departing from the gist of the present invention within the scope of the knowledge possessed. The content that is not described in detail in the present invention can adopt the prior art.
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