CN105045987A - Method for calculating relation of influence of thickness of pore plate on energy loss coefficient of pore plate - Google Patents
Method for calculating relation of influence of thickness of pore plate on energy loss coefficient of pore plate Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for calculating a relation of influence of the thickness of a pore plate on an energy loss coefficient of the pore plate. An RNGk-epsilon calculation model is utilized for calculating the energy loss coefficients of the pore plate under the working conditions of different aperture ratios and thickness-radius ratios respectively so as to form an energy loss coefficient array of the pore plate; data in the energy loss coefficient array of the pore plate is drawn into a curve; and on the basis of an empirical calculation formula for the energy loss coefficient of the pore plate, the curve is fitted to obtain an equation for calculating the relation of influence of the thickness of the pore plate on the energy loss coefficient of the pore plate. The method for calculating the relation of influence of the thickness of the pore plate on the energy loss coefficient of the pore plate is capable of calculating the energy loss coefficient of the pore plate more accurately, so that the method is applied to project design.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to hydraulic engineering technical field, be specifically related to the interact relation computing method of a kind of orifice plate thickness to orifice plate energy-loss factor.
Background technology
Along with the fast development of hydropower, in hydropower project, the use of high dam gets more and more, according to the contents of the paper " present situation of China's high dam sputtering and facing challenges " in periodical " Journal of Hydraulic Engineering " 37 (12) periodicals of 2006, Sichuan Province's Jinping I hydroelectric project and two power station, Jiangkou, their dam height reaches 305m and 315m respectively.So high dam, the current let out under it have huge energy, how the huge energy dissipation of letting out under high dam to be fallen, and to protect the safety of dam and downstream river course, are the large important topic of pendulum in face of vast water power worker always.
As shown in Figure 1, pore plate energy dissipation, by its special build, makes current can produce sudden contraction and sudden expansion through orifice plate, thus forms strong turbulent fluctuation and Strong shear, to reach the object of energy dissipating.Orifice plate has the advantages that structure is simple, easy for installation, energy dissipating efficiency is high, in following water power energy dissipating, have important application prospect.
A large amount of research work has been carried out both at home and abroad round the hydraulic characteristic of pore plate energy dissipation, its research field also mainly focuses on energy-loss factor and the cavitation inception number of orifice plate, the energy-loss factor of orifice plate embodies the energy dissipating efficiency of orifice plate, and the cavitation inception number of orifice plate embodies the ability of the anti-cavitation erosion of orifice plate.Existing research shows, orifice plate energy-loss factor is larger, then the effect of energy dissipation of orifice plate is better; The cavitation inception number of orifice plate is larger, and orifice plate is also more easily subjected to cavitation erosion.
According to the content that periodical " FlowMeasurementandInstrumentation " is recorded at the paper " Effectsofcavitationandplatethicknessonsmalldiameterratio orificemeters " that 1998 8 (2) are delivered by people such as Kim in periodical, and the content that Takahashi and Matsuda records in paper " Cavitationcharacteristicsofrestrictionorifices " is known, cavitation inception number and the energy-loss factor mainly (β=d/D more closely related than β with aperture of orifice plate can be known, wherein d is the diameter of orifice plate, D is flood discharging tunnel diameter), β is larger, the cavitation inception number of orifice plate is less, orifice plate anti-cavitation erosion ability is stronger, but the energy-loss factor of orifice plate is simultaneously also less, effect of energy dissipation also can be deteriorated.
According to the contents of periodical " water generating journal " paper " build of orifice dissipater is on the impact of tunnel flood-discharge energy-dissipating " in 1994 (3) periodicals, and the contents of the paper " multistage orifice plate energy dissipation ratio Research on Problems " of periodical " water conservancy and hydropower technology " in 1993 (6) periodicals is known, when Reynolds number is less than 10
5during the order of magnitude, the cavitation inception number of orifice plate and energy-loss factor all have a small amount of increase tendency with the increase of Reynolds number.Again according to the contents of periodical " Sichuan University's journal (engineering science version) " paper " numerical simulation of Cavitation on Orifice Energy-dissipator " in calendar year 2001 33 (3) prints, and periodical " persuade mechanics press just be in progress " 1987 A2 (3) print in the contents of paper " experimental study of pipe stream aperture plate energy dissipating " known, when Reynolds number is greater than 10
5during the order of magnitude, Reynolds number almost without impact, now can ignore the impact of Reynolds number on energy loss on the energy-loss factor of orifice plate and cavitation inception number.
At present, about orifice plate aperture than the relation with its energy loss system, substantially achieve consistent understanding, and generally compare the orifice plate energy-loss factor empirical representation in approval " practical fluid resistance handbook "
(wherein d is the diameter of orifice plate, and D is flood discharging tunnel diameter).But this orifice plate energy-loss factor empirical representation only considered the impact of aperture comparison orifice plate energy-loss factor, do not take into full account the impact of the thickness of orifice plate on orifice plate energy-loss factor.According to the contents of periodical " hydrodynamics research and advances " paper " after orifice plate the vertical modeling effort of reflux area length " in 2010 26 (6) periodicals, the thickness of orifice plate not still orifice plate and hole fill in the significant consideration divided, and orifice plate thickness directly has influence on the length of orifice plate recirculating zone.According to the contents of periodical " Journalofhydraulicresearch " paper " Headlosscoefficientoforificeplateenergydissipaters " in 2010 48 (4) periodicals, the a large amount of rotary roll of current and shearing in orifice plate recirculating zone, it is the important seedbed of pore plate energy dissipation, therefore, orifice plate thickness certainly will have an impact to the energy-loss factor of orifice plate.Ignoring the impact of thickness on orifice plate energy-loss factor is inadequate science.
Summary of the invention
Technical matters to be solved by this invention provides a kind of for above-mentioned prior art to calculate simple accurate orifice plate thickness to the interact relation computing method of orifice plate energy-loss factor.
The present invention solves the problems of the technologies described above adopted technical scheme: a kind of orifice plate thickness, to the interact relation computing method of orifice plate energy-loss factor, is characterized in that comprising the following steps:
The defined formula of orifice plate energy-loss factor is:
In formula (1), ξ is orifice plate energy-loss factor, p
1for the flood discharging tunnel section average pressure at 0.5D place before orifice plate, D is flood discharging tunnel diameter, p
2for current after orifice plate recover the average pressure of section, ρ is jet density, and u is that orifice plate end is eated dishes without rice or wine the mean flow rate of section;
The experimental formula of orifice plate energy-loss factor is:
In formula (2), d is orifice plate diameter;
Step one, the numerical intervals Re > Re of reynolds number Re to energy-loss factor ξ can ignored
0under condition, in aperture than β range beta
1< β < β
2and radius-thickness ratio α scope α
1< α < α
2inside choose many groups working condition with different pore size ratio and radius-thickness ratio value, orifice plate energy-loss factor corresponding under utilizing RNGk-ε computation model to calculate many group working conditions respectively, thus obtain an orifice plate energy-loss factor array;
Wherein, α=T/D, β=d/D, T is orifice plate thickness;
Re=sD/ (μ/ρ), s are the mean flow rate of current in flood discharging tunnel, and μ is flow dynamic viscosity;
Step 2, according to the data in the orifice plate energy-loss factor array obtained in step one, draw the relation curve of orifice plate energy-loss factor and aperture ratio, radius-thickness ratio;
Step 3, on the basis of the experimental formula (2) of orifice plate energy-loss factor, the relation curve of the orifice plate energy-loss factor in fit procedure two and aperture ratio, radius-thickness ratio, thus acquisition pores plate thickness is to the interact relation equation of orifice plate energy-loss factor:
The scope that formula (3) is suitable for is: β
1≤ β≤β
2, α
1≤ α≤α
2and Re > Re
0;
Step 4, namely can calculate the interact relation of orifice plate thickness to orifice plate energy-loss factor according to formula (3).
In 0.4≤β≤0.8,0.5≤α≤2.0 and Re > 10
5condition under, orifice plate thickness to the computing formula of the interact relation of orifice plate energy-loss factor is:
Compared with prior art, the invention has the advantages that: aperture plate thickness of the present invention is to the interact relation computing method of orifice plate energy-loss factor, RNGk-ε computation model is utilized to carry out numerical simulation calculation to orifice plate energy-loss factor, and on this basis, orifice plate energy-loss factor empirical representation in " practical fluid resistance handbook " is revised, thus the relation equation between acquisition pores plate thickness and orifice plate energy-loss factor, according to the calculating of this relation equation can acquisition pores plate thickness on the impact of orifice plate energy-loss factor, utilize this relation equation can calculate acquisition orifice plate energy-loss factor more accurately simultaneously, for being applied to the determination of engineering design aperture plate energy-loss factor.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the current schematic diagram in prior art in tack orifice plate.
Fig. 2 is the coordinate schematic diagram of embodiment of the present invention aperture plate in flood discharging tunnel.
Fig. 3 is according to the matched curve that the Plotting data in form 1 becomes in the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is according to the contrast matched curve that form 2 becomes with the Plotting data in form 3 in the embodiment of the present invention.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail.
The computing formula of orifice plate energy-loss factor can adopt defined formula general in prior art, also on the books in the paper " Headlosscoefficientoforificeplateenergydissipaters " of this defined formula in periodical " Journalofhydraulicresearch " 2010 48 (4) periodicals.
The defined formula of orifice plate energy-loss factor is:
In formula (1), ξ is orifice plate energy-loss factor, p
1for the flood discharging tunnel section average pressure at 0.5D place before orifice plate, D is flood discharging tunnel diameter, p
2for current after orifice plate recover the average pressure of section, it is generally acknowledged that the section current at 3D place after orifice plate will recover its normal fluidised form, ρ is jet density, and u is that orifice plate end is eated dishes without rice or wine the mean flow rate of section.
Record in " practical fluid resistance handbook ", the experimental formula of orifice plate energy-loss factor is:
In formula (2), d is orifice plate diameter.As can be seen from formula (2), orifice plate energy-loss factor experimental formula only considers that aperture is than the impact of d/D on orifice plate energy-loss factor, does not relate to the relation of orifice plate thickness and orifice plate energy-loss factor in this formula.
The present embodiment aperture plate thickness to the interact relation computing method of orifice plate energy-loss factor, concrete following steps:
Step one, the numerical intervals Re > Re of reynolds number Re to energy-loss factor ξ can ignored
0under condition, in aperture than β range beta
1< β < β
2and radius-thickness ratio α scope α
1< α < α
2inside choose many groups working condition with different pore size ratio and radius-thickness ratio value, orifice plate energy-loss factor corresponding under utilizing RNGk-ε computation model to calculate many group working conditions respectively, thus obtain an orifice plate energy-loss factor array;
Wherein, α=T/D, β=d/D, T is orifice plate thickness;
Re=sD/ (μ/ρ), s are the mean flow rate of current in flood discharging tunnel, and μ is flow dynamic viscosity.
Because flood-releasing tunnel has strict axial symmetry, therefore, can be reduced to for the Three-dimensional simulation problem of flood-releasing tunnel and solve by Two-dimensional numerical simulation.As shown in Figure 2, for the 3-D walls and floor XYZ of flood-releasing tunnel, can study for the hydro science characteristic of the flood-releasing tunnel of the axis of orifice plate and this two dimensional surface of radial coordinate XZ in the present embodiment, represent the hydraulic characteristic of whole flood-releasing tunnel with the flood-releasing tunnel hydraulic characteristic of XZ two dimensional surface.
RNGk-ε model is one of common model solving knowledge question of water conservancy, and this model specifically comprises mass-conservation equation, momentum conservation equation, disorderly kinetic energy equation (k equation) and disorderly kinetic energy dissipation rate equation (ε equation).These four equations form a system of equations closed jointly, and it is as follows that it embodies form:
(1) mass-conservation equation (continuity equation):
(2) momentum conservation equation:
(3) k-equation:
(4) ε-equation:
In formula (1-1) to formula (1-4), the implication of each parameter is as follows: x
i(=x, y) represent axially and the coordinate of radial direction; u
i(=ux, uy) represent axially and the flow rate of water flow of radial direction; ρ represents the density of current; P represents pressure; V represents the kinetic viscosity of current; v
trepresent vortex viscosity, v
t=C μ (k
2/ ε), k represents turbulent fluctuation energy, and ε represents disorderly kinetic energy dissipation rate, C
μ=0.085.The value of other parameters is as follows:
η=Sk/ ε, C
1=1.42,
η
0=4.377, λ=0.012,
c
2=1.68, α
k=α
ε=1.39.
The boundary condition calculated comprises the border that becomes a mandarin, Outlet boundary, axis of symmetry border and wall border.The process of each boundary condition is as follows:
(1) become a mandarin border: the boundary condition that becomes a mandarin has the distribution of the distribution of the mean flow rate that becomes a mandarin, Turbulent Kinetic, dissipation turbulent kinetic energy.Its mathematic(al) representation is: u
in=u
0; K=0.0144u
0 2; ε=k
1.5/ (0.5R), wherein: u
0for entrance mean flow rate; R is flood discharging tunnel radius.
(2) Outlet boundary: fully develop assuming that go out stream, its mathematic(al) representation is:
Wherein: u is axial flow velocity.
(3) axis of symmetry border: assuming that radial velocity is 0, and each variable gradient radially is also 0.Its mathematical expression is:
Wherein: u is axial flow velocity, v is radial flow velocity.
(4) wall border: adopt in boundary layer flow without slippage supposition, also namely the speed on wall border is equal with boundary node speed component, adopts vail function method here.
Root it is documented, as reynolds number Re > 10
5time, the impact of Reynolds number on orifice plate energy-loss factor can be ignored, therefore the Reynolds number calculating use in the present embodiment is all greater than 10
5.The flood discharging tunnel diameter that simultaneously the present embodiment gathers vertically simulation is set to 0.21m, 0.4 is respectively than choosing aperture in interval 0.4 < β < 0.8 than β value in aperture, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, in the interval 0.05 < α < 0.25 of radius-thickness ratio, choose radius-thickness ratio α value be respectively 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, for the operating mode with different pore size ratio and radius-thickness ratio combination, according to the defined formula (1) of orifice plate energy-loss factor, RNGk-ε model is utilized to calculate, thus the orifice plate energy-loss factor obtained under each operating mode, form an orifice plate energy-loss factor array, result of calculation is in table 1.
The orifice plate energy-loss factor array that table 1 is calculated by RNGk-ε model
Step 2, according to the data in the orifice plate energy-loss factor array obtained in step one, the data namely in table 1, draw orifice plate energy-loss factor and the relation curve of aperture ratio, radius-thickness ratio, see Fig. 3.
Step 3, on the basis of the experimental formula (2) of orifice plate energy-loss factor, the relation curve of the orifice plate energy-loss factor in fit procedure two and aperture ratio, radius-thickness ratio, thus obtain and calculate orifice plate thickness to the interact relation equation of orifice plate energy-loss factor:
The scope that formula (3) is suitable for is: 0.4≤β≤0.8,0.5≤α≤2.0 and Re > 10
5.
Set up physical model and verification experimental verification carried out to formula (2) and formula (3), test condition concrete in the present embodiment and test result analysis as described below.
1) test condition
Set up the physical test model of orifice plate pipeline, the major equipment of test has water tank, pumping system, piezometric tube and orifice plate pipeline for providing water level.The flood discharging tunnel diameter D of design is 0.21m, is consistent with the flood discharging tunnel diameter of Numerical Model Analysis.The overall length of flood discharging tunnel reaches 4.75m.The peak level of water tank can reach 10D.Flood discharging tunnel within the scope of the 0.5D of orifice plate rear arranges a piezometric tube every 1cm, measures the height of piezometric tube water column, to obtain the pressure of flood discharging tunnel hole each end face of wall, and then calculate acquisition orifice plate energy-loss factor according to formula (1).The aperture of the orifice plate selected in this test is 0.7 than β, is under the condition of 0.05,0.15,0.2,0.25 respectively, carries out survey calculation, thus obtain data group as shown in table 2 for different height of water level at radius-thickness ratio α.
The survey calculation result (β=0.7) of table 2 physical test model
In table 2, H represents test height of water level;
under representing the test condition of same radius-thickness ratio α, under different tests height of water level, calculate the mean value of the orifice plate energy-loss factor of acquisition.
Utilize the orifice plate energy-loss factor under the various working conditions in formula (2) and formula (3) difference reckoner 2, table 3 between result of calculation.
Orifice plate energy-loss factor result (β=0.7, Re > 10 that table 3 formula (2) and formula (3) calculate
5)
In table 3, ξ
1represent the orifice plate energy-loss factor result calculated according to formula (2), ξ
2represent the orifice plate energy-loss factor result calculated according to formula (3).
Table 2 is become correlation curve as shown in Figure 4 with the Plotting data in table 3.
2) test result analysis
From the correlation curve in Fig. 4, the energy-loss factor using the experimental formula (2) in " practical fluid resistance handbook " to calculate does not change with the change of orifice plate thickness, and the energy-loss factor that the experimental formula in " practical fluid resistance handbook " calculates differs larger with physical experiments data.And the energy-loss factor that physical experiments draws all changes with the change of orifice plate thickness, and the orifice plate energy-loss factor result that experiment calculation draws is close with the orifice plate energy-loss factor results contrast calculated with formula (3), the result of calculation of formula (3) and reality are coincide good, and namely the orifice plate energy-loss factor of formula (3) calculating acquisition is more accurate.Namely formula (3) can reflect the interact relation of orifice plate thickness to orifice plate energy-loss factor accurately, orifice plate energy-loss factor is except affecting by the aperture ratio of orifice plate, and the thickness of orifice plate also has very important impact to orifice plate energy-loss factor.The energy-loss factor of orifice plate reduces with the increase of orifice plate thickness.
Claims (2)
1. orifice plate thickness is to the interact relation computing method of orifice plate energy-loss factor, it is characterized in that comprising the following steps:
The defined formula of orifice plate energy-loss factor is:
In formula (1), ξ is orifice plate energy-loss factor, p
1for the flood discharging tunnel section average pressure at 0.5D place before orifice plate, D is flood discharging tunnel diameter, p
2for current after orifice plate recover the average pressure of section, ρ is jet density, and u is that orifice plate end is eated dishes without rice or wine the mean flow rate of section;
The experimental formula of orifice plate energy-loss factor is:
In formula (2), d is orifice plate diameter;
Step one, the numerical intervals Re > Re of reynolds number Re to energy-loss factor ξ can ignored
0under condition, in aperture than β range beta
1< β < β
2and radius-thickness ratio α scope α
1< α < α
2inside choose many groups working condition with different pore size ratio and radius-thickness ratio value, orifice plate energy-loss factor corresponding under utilizing RNGk-ε computation model to calculate many group working conditions respectively, thus obtain an orifice plate energy-loss factor array;
Wherein, α=T/D, β=d/D, T is orifice plate thickness;
Re=sD/ (μ/ρ), s are the mean flow rate of current in flood discharging tunnel, and μ is flow dynamic viscosity;
Step 2, according to the data in the orifice plate energy-loss factor array obtained in step one, draw the relation curve of orifice plate energy-loss factor and aperture ratio, radius-thickness ratio;
Step 3, on the basis of the experimental formula (2) of orifice plate energy-loss factor, the relation curve of the orifice plate energy-loss factor in fit procedure two and aperture ratio, radius-thickness ratio, thus obtain and calculate orifice plate thickness to the interact relation equation of orifice plate energy-loss factor:
The scope that formula (3) is suitable for is: β
1≤ β≤β
2, α
1≤ α≤α
2and Re > Re
0.
2. orifice plate water flow pressure according to claim 1 recovers length calculation method, it is characterized in that: in 0.4≤β≤0.8,0.5≤α≤2.0 and Re > 10
5condition under, orifice plate thickness to the computing formula of the interact relation of orifice plate energy-loss factor is:
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| CN107895070A (en) * | 2017-11-01 | 2018-04-10 | 浙江海洋大学 | A kind of orifice plate based on numerical simulation and hole plug division methods |
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| CN107608930B (en) * | 2017-07-19 | 2020-05-05 | 浙江海洋大学 | Method for calculating backflow length of rear part of hole plug |
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