CN105026413B - 具有较高碳水化合物抗原密度的疫苗及新颖皂素佐剂 - Google Patents
具有较高碳水化合物抗原密度的疫苗及新颖皂素佐剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种包含与作为载体蛋白的白喉毒素(DT)结合的碳水化合物抗原的疫苗,其中碳水化合物抗原分子与载体蛋白分子的数目比高于5:1。本文亦揭示一种新颖皂素佐剂及藉由投与有效量的本文所揭示的疫苗抑制癌细胞的方法。
Description
相关申请案的交叉引用
本申请案主张2013年1月4日申请的美国申请案第61/748,880号的权益,该美国申请案的全部揭示内容以引用的方式并入本文中。
先前技术
癌症疫苗经设计藉由免疫系统强化身体天然保护自身的能力来治疗癌症。其始终代表一种极具吸引力的治疗方法,尤其鉴于在癌症治疗中习知的手术、辐射及化学疗法存在许多缺点。然而,由于癌症碳水化合物抗原的低免疫原性及许多合成疫苗主要诱发IgM及较低程度的IgG抗体,该癌症疫苗的有效性仍为低的。已探索不同的方法(诸如使用佐剂)以促进免疫识别及活化。
目前仍存在一种未满足的需要,即开发一种具有改良免疫反应(尤其为IgG反应)的癌症疫苗及有效佐剂。本发明提供针对碳水化合物抗原的疫苗及佐剂以满足此等及其他需要。
发明内容
在一个实施例中,本发明揭示一种包含碳水化合物抗原或其免疫原性片段及类毒素蛋白的疫苗,其中碳水化合物抗原与类毒素蛋白的比率在5:1至39:1范围内,其中该比率表示碳水化合物抗原与类毒素蛋白的分子数比。已发现碳水化合物抗原与类毒素蛋白的比率在5:1至39:1范围内的疫苗的IgG产量相比于碳水化合物抗原与类毒素蛋白的比率等于或小于4:1的疫苗的IgG产量较高。
本发明一个实施例提供经分离的式(I)化合物
或其医药学上可接受的盐;
其中
R1选自β-D-芹菜糖或β-D-木糖;
本发明另一实施例提供医药组合物,其包含式(I)化合物
或其医药学上可接受的盐,
其中
R1是选自β-D-芹菜糖或β-D-木糖;
及医药学上可接受的载剂。
本发明第三实施例提供新颖皂素佐剂OPT-821,其包含1857化合物V1A、1857化合物V1B、1857化合物V2A及1857化合物V2B。
本发明第四实施例提供包含碳水化合物抗原或其免疫原性片段及OPT-821皂素佐剂的疫苗。在一个实施例中,疫苗进一步包含载体蛋白。已发现含有OPT-821皂素佐剂的疫苗的IgG产量、抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)及/或补体依赖性细胞毒性(CDC)活性相比于不含OPT-821皂素佐剂的疫苗较高。
本发明亦是关于用于以下的方法:(i)抑制癌细胞,其包含向有需要的个体投与有效量的本文所述的疫苗,其中癌细胞受到抑制;及(ii)诱发免疫反应,其包含向有需要的个体投与有效量的本文所述的疫苗。
本发明亦揭示包含本文所述的疫苗及医药学上可接受的赋形剂或载剂的医药组合物。
含有此等术语的陈述应理解为不限制本文所述的主题或不限制以下专利申请专利范围的涵义或范畴。此专利涵盖的本发明的实施例藉由以下申请专利范围而非此发明内容限定。此发明内容为本发明的各种态样的高层次综述且引入一些进一步描述于以下具体实施方式部分中的概念。此发明内容并不意欲确定所主张的主题的关键或基本特征,亦不意欲孤立使用以确定所主张的主题的范畴。主题应参照整个说明书的适当部分、任一或所有图式及各申请专利范围来理解。
当阅读以下附图及具体实施方式时,本发明将变得更加清楚。
附图说明
以下图式详细描述本发明的说明性实施例:
图1A说明以下组合物第24天的抗Globo H IgG效价的柱状图:Globo H/KLH/OPT-821皂素、Globo H/DT/OPT-821皂素、Globo H/DT/C34及Globo H/KLH/C34。
图1B为说明图1A中的组合物历经24天时期的抗Globo H IgG效价的线绘图。
图2为显示历经24天时期在小鼠中G2疫苗(Globo H/DT(8:1))、G3疫苗(Globo H/DT(8:1)/OPT-821)及G4疫苗(Globo H/DT(24:1)/OPT-821)的活体内ADCC及CDC活性的柱状图组合。图2A说明ADCD原始资料,图2B说明ADCD标准化资料,图2C说明CDC原始资料且图2D说明CDC标准化资料。
图3A及图3B为说明以下组合物历经24天时期的总体IgM及IgG效价的线绘图:G1(Globo H/KLH/OPT-821)、G2(Globo H/DT(3:1)/OPT-821)、G3及G4(Globo H/DT(8:1)/OPT-821)、G5(Globo H/DT(8:1)/C34)、G6(Globo H/KLH/C34)、G7(Globo H/DT(16:1)/OPT-821)及G8(PBS)。
图4为显示列于图3中的组合物在第10天、第17天及第24天的IgM及IgG反应的柱状图组合:图(A)至(C)说明列于图3中的组合物分别在第10天、第17天及第24天的IgM反应。图(D)至(F)说明列于图3中的组合物分别在第10天、第17天及第24天的IgG反应。
图5A至图5C为OPT-821(包含化合物1989及1857)的质谱影像。
图6为OPT-821的层析图LC-UV影像。
图7为OPT-821的层析图LC-MS影像组合。
具体实施方式
为了清晰及迅速理解本发明,本文定义某些术语。除非另外定义,否则本文所用的所有技术及科学术语均具有熟习本发明所属技术者通常所理解之相同含义。
如本文所用,“有效量”是指疫苗或医药组合物的剂量足以减轻癌症的症状及征候,该等症状及征候包括(但不限于)体重减轻、疼痛及肿瘤块,其可在临床上由可触知的块状物或在放射学上经由不同的成像方法来侦测。
术语“个体”可指患有癌症的脊椎动物或被认为需要癌症治疗的脊椎动物。个体包括温血动物,诸如哺乳动物,诸如灵长类动物且更佳为人类。非人类灵长类动物亦为个体。术语个体包括经驯养动物(诸如猫、狗等)、家畜(例如牛、马、猪、绵羊、山羊等)及实验动物(例如小鼠、兔、大鼠、沙鼠、天竺鼠等)。由此,本文中涵盖兽医用途及医学调配物。
如本文所用,术语“烷基”是指直链或分支链单价烃,除非另外说明,否则其含有1至20个碳原子(例如C1至C8或C1至C4),可经取代或未经取代(本发明可包涵其他链长度,例如21至30个)。烷基的实例包括(但不限于)甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基及第三丁基。
术语“实质上纯的”意谓实质上不含通常与呈自然状态皂素缔合的化合物且展现恒定且可重现的层析反应、溶离特征及生物活性。术语“实质上纯的”不意谓排除皂素与其他化合物的人造或合成混合物。
本文中的所有数字均可理解为由“约”修饰。
具有较高碳水化合物比率的疫苗
肿瘤相关的碳水化合物抗原通常展现不佳的免疫原性。已采用与载体蛋白结合的碳水化合物抗原以提高该碳水化合物抗原的免疫原性。举例而言,约700个Globo H分子与一个无毒匙孔螺血氰蛋白(KLH)蛋白质结合,平均约2至4个Globo H分子与白喉毒素(DT)结合,约8个Globo H分子与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)结合,且约6个Globo H分子与破伤风类毒素结合(美国专利第8,268,969号的表1)。
本发明提供一种包含碳水化合物抗原或其免疫原性片段及类毒素蛋白的疫苗,其中碳水化合物抗原与类毒素蛋白的比率在5:1至39:1范围内,且该比率反映碳水化合物抗原或其免疫原性片段的分子数与类毒素蛋白分子数的比率。该疫苗比碳水化合物抗原分子数与类毒素蛋白分子数的比率等于或小于4:1的疫苗具有更佳的免疫原性。本发明亦包涵其他范围,包括碳水化合物抗原或其免疫原性片段的分子数与类毒素蛋白分子数的比率为4:1、5:1、6:1、7:1、8:1、9:1、10:1、11:1、12:1、13:1、14:1、15:1、16:1、17:1、18:1、19:1、20:1、21:1、22:1、23:1、24:1、25:1、26:1、27:1、28:1、29:1、30:1、31:1、32:1、33:1、34:1、35:1、36:1、37:1、38:1或39:1。
在一个实施例中,类毒素蛋白为破伤风类毒素(TT)且碳水化合物-TT疫苗中碳水化合物抗原与TT的比率在7:1至12:1范围内。
本发明提供一种包含碳水化合物抗原或其免疫原性片段及白喉毒素(DT)的疫苗,其中碳水化合物抗原与DT的比率在5:1至39:1范围内,其中该比率反映碳水化合物抗原或其免疫原性片段的分子数与DT分子数的比率。在另一实施例中,碳水化合物-DT疫苗中碳水化合物抗原与DT的比率在8:1至24:1范围内。
碳水化合物抗原的实例包括(但不限于)Globo H、阶段特异性胚胎抗原3(SSEA3)(亦称为Gb5)、阶段特异性胚胎抗原4(SSEA-4)、Gb-4、Gb-3、路易斯抗原(诸如sLex、Lex、sLea、Lea、Ley)、多醣抗原(诸如聚唾液酸(PSA)、sTn(c)、Tn(c)、Thomsen-Friedenreich抗原(TF(c)))、神经节苷脂(诸如GD1、GD2、GD3、海藻糖、GM1、GM1、GM2、GM3、GD1α及GM2)。其他碳水化合物抗原包括(但不限于):α-半乳糖、α-甘露糖-6-磷酸盐、α-L-鼠李糖、α-GalNAc(Tn)、α-NeuAc-OCH2C6H4-对NHCOOCH2、Fucα1-2Galβ1-4GalNAcβ(H类型3)、NeuAcα2-8NeuAcα、(NeuAcα2-8)2聚唾液酸、NeuAca2-6Galb、NeuAcb2-6Gala(STn)、Gala1-3Galb1-4GlaNAcb(NeuAca2-8)3、GalNAcαa-3(Fucα1-2)Galβ(血型A)、Galα1-3(Fucα1-2)Galβ(血型B)、6Gal-HSO3-SiaLex、6GluNAc-HSO3-SiaLex及α2-6唾液酸化双触角N-聚糖。在一个实施例中,碳水化合物抗原为Globo H。”GloboH”为己醣(Fucα1→2Galβ1→3GalNAcβ1→3Galα1→4Galβ1→4Glcβ1),其最初自人类乳癌细胞株MCF-7分离(Menard S、Tagliabue E、Canevari S、Fossati G、Colnaghi MI(1983)“与人类乳房的正常及癌症细胞反应的单株抗原的产生”(Generation of monoclonal antibodies reacting with normal and cancer cells ofhuman breast).癌症研究期刊(Cancer Res),43,1295-300;及Bremer EG、Levery SB、Sonnino S、Ghidoni R、Canevari S、Kannagi R、Hakomori S.(1984)“透过表现于人类乳腺的正常和肿瘤上皮细胞的单株抗体MBr1界定的鞘糖脂抗原的描述”(Characterization ofa glycosphingolipid antigen defined by the monoclonal antibody MBr1expressedin normal and neoplastic epithelial cells of human mammary gland).生物化学期刊(J BiolChem),259,14773-7)。Globo H在各种上皮细胞肿瘤(诸如结肠、卵巢、胃、胰脏、子宫内膜、肺、前列腺及乳房癌)中表现(Menard S等人,前述;Bremer EG等人,前述;Canevari S、Fossati G、Balsari A、Sonnino S、Colnagh iMI(1983))。GloboH为可市售的(例如卡波西斯公司,英国(Carbosynth,UK))且可藉由使用此项技术中熟知的方法连接醣苷至神经酰胺而合成。
在碱性条件下,亦即在超过或等于8、超过或等于9、超过或等于10、超过或等于11或超过或等于12的pH下,制造碳水化合物抗原与类毒素蛋白的比率大于或等于5:1的疫苗。可藉由此项技术中已知的方法,例如MALDI-TOF质谱分析来测定碳水化合物抗原与类毒素蛋白的比率。美国专利第8,268,969号;亦参见Morelle W,Faid V,Chirat F,MichalskiJC.Methods Mol Biol.2009;534:5-21.doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-022-5_1.“使用MALDI-TOF质谱仪分析来自糖蛋白的N-及O-连接的聚醣”(Analysis of N-and O-linked glycansfrom glycoproteins using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry)。
疫苗可进一步包含佐剂,其中该佐剂为诸如OPT-821的皂素,其在本文中描述或为α-半乳糖基-神经酰胺的合成类似物(α-GalCer或C1)。
术语“α-半乳糖基-神经酰胺”及“α-GalCer”是指刺激自然杀手T细胞来产生T辅助(TH)1及TH2细胞激素的醣脂,如美国专利第8,268,969号中所述,该美国专利的内容以全文引用的方式并入本文中。在一个实施例中,α-GalCer佐剂具有以下结构:
其中R为(CH2)24CH3、(CH2)7PhF、(CH2)10PhOPhF或(CH2)10PhF。
在一个实施例中,R为(CH2)10PhOPhF,称为C34佐剂,具有以下结构:
新颖皂素佐剂
本发明提供可实质上纯的OPT-821皂素。本发明包涵实质上纯的OPT-821皂素以及生物活性片段。本发明亦可包涵不纯形式的OPT-821皂素。经纯化的OPT-821皂素当与本文所述的疫苗一起投与或与其他实质上纯的皂素或非皂素佐剂混合时,展现增强的佐剂效应。
OPT-821皂素为天然存在的醣苷,藉由如例如美国专利第5,057,540号及美国专利第6,524,584号(其内容以全文引用的方式并入本文中)中所描述的高压液相层析(HPLC)、低压液体二氧化硅层析及亲水性交互层析(HILIC)自奎拉雅属皂树(QuillajasaponariaMolina tree)的树皮以高纯度提取。高压液相层析分析显示OPT-821为结构相关的异构化合物的混合物。OPT-821皂素不同的纯化异构化合物在本文中揭示。
OPT-821皂素包含至少一种如下经分离的式I化合物:
其中
R1为β-D-芹菜糖或β-D-木糖;及
R2及R3独立地为H、烷基、
OPT-821皂素亦可包含经分离的式I化合物,其中(i)R1为β-D-芹菜糖,R2为上文所描绘的1989化合物的脂肪酰基部分,及R3为H(1989化合物V1A);(ii)R1为β-D-芹菜糖,R2为H,及R3为上文所描绘的1989化合物的脂肪酰基部分(1989化合物V1B);(iii)R1为β-D-木糖,R2为上文所描绘的1989化合物的脂肪酰基部分,及R3为H(1989化合物V2A);或(iv)R1为β-D-木糖,R2为H,及R3为上文所描绘的1989化合物的脂肪酰基部分(1989化合物V2B)。总之,1989化合物V1A、1989化合物V1B、1989化合物V2A及1989化合物V2B称为“1989化合物混合物”。
表1概述1989化合物的官能基及1989化合物混合物中的各1989化合物的摩尔%。
表1
OPT-821皂素可包含经分离的式I化合物,其中:(i)R1为β-D-芹菜糖,R2为上文所描绘的1857化合物的脂肪酰基部分,及R3为H(1857化合物V1A);(ii)R1为β-D-芹菜糖,R2为H,及R3为上文所描绘的1857化合物的脂肪酰基部分(1857化合物V1B);(iii)R1为β-D-木糖,R2为上文所描绘的1857化合物的脂肪酰基部分,及R3为H(1857化合物V2A);或(iv)R1为β-D-木糖,R2为H,及R3为上文所描绘的1857化合物的脂肪酰基部分(1857化合物V2B)。总之,1857化合物V1A、1857化合物V1B、1857化合物V2A及1857化合物V2B称为“1857化合物混合物”。
表2概述1857化合物的官能基及1857化合物混合物中的各1857化合物的摩尔%。
表2
OPT-821皂素包含以下化合物中的一种或多种:(i)1857化合物V1A;(ii)1857化合物V1B;(iii)1857化合物V2A;(iii)1857化合物V2B;(iv)1989化合物V1A;(v)1989化合物V1B;(vi)1989化合物V2A;或(vii)1989化合物V2B。OPT-821皂素中的1857化合物混合物与1989化合物混合物的百分比在如下范围内:
(i)约1摩尔%至约15摩尔%的1857化合物混合物;及
(ii)约85摩尔%至约99摩尔%的1989化合物混合物。
所有摩尔%均可以0.1%增量变化(例如约87%至约90%、约90.5%至约97%、约3.5%至约11%、约10%至约14%)。
1989化合物混合物可包含约60-70摩尔%的1989化合物V1A;约1-5摩尔%的1989化合物V1B;约30-40摩尔%的1989化合物V2A;及约0.1-3摩尔%的1989化合物V2B。所有摩尔%均可以0.1增量变化(例如65%、2.5%、35.6%)。
1857化合物混合物可包含约60-70摩尔%的1857化合物V1A;约1-5摩尔%的1857化合物V1B;约30-40摩尔%的1857化合物V2A;及约0.1-3摩尔%的1857化合物V2B。所有摩尔%均可以0.1增量变化(例如67%、1.5%、33.9%)。
在另一实施例中,实质上纯的OPT-821是自奎拉雅属皂树粗提取物纯化,其中该OPT-821的特征为当在具有5μm粒度、孔隙、4.6mm ID×25cm L的对称性C18管柱的逆相HPLC上使用包含A:B为95%:5%至75%:25%的移动相的溶离程式分析11分钟时,单个主峰占层析图中除溶剂峰外所有峰的总面积的90%或更多,其中移动相A为含有0.1%三氟乙酸的蒸馏水且移动相B为含有0.1%三氟乙酸的乙腈,流动速率为1ml/min。
在一个实施例中,医药组合物包含式(I)化合物
其中,
R1为β-D-芹菜糖或β-D-木糖;及
R2及R3独立地为H、烷基、或
及医药学上可接受的载剂。
疫苗可包含碳水化合物抗原或其免疫原性片段及OPT-821皂素。在另一实施例中,疫苗包含选自Globo H、SSEA-3、SSEA-4、Gb-4或其混合物的碳水化合物抗原、DT及OPT-821皂素。在又一实施例中,疫苗包含碳水化合物抗原或其免疫原性片段;载体蛋白及OPT-821皂素。载体蛋白的非限制性实例包括类毒素蛋白及非类毒素蛋白(诸如KLH)。
类毒素蛋白
与碳水化合物抗原结合的类毒素蛋白可为白喉毒素(DT)或破伤风类毒素(TT)。
毒素可例如藉由用甲醛、戊二醛、UDP-二醛、过氧化物、氧处理或藉由突变(例如使用重组方法)而失去活性。Relyveld等人,Methods in Enzymology,93:24,1983。Woodrow及Levine编,“新一代疫苗”(New Generation Vaccines),马塞尔·德克尔公司,纽约(MarcelDekker,Inc.,New York),1989。Genth等人,Inf.and Immun.,68(3):1094-1101,2000。具有降低的毒性的突变型白喉毒素亦可使用重组方法产生。美国专利第5,085,862号;第5,221,618号;第5,244,657号;第5,332,583号;第5,358,868号;及第5,433,945号。
DT为白喉毒素交叉反应性物质(DT-CRM)或白喉类毒素。DT-CRM是指突变型白喉毒素,例如藉由突变或藉由化学改变,使得其不再具有足够的ADP-核糖基。DT-CRM的非限制性实例包括DT-CRM 30、DT-CRM 45、DT-CRM 176、DT-CRM 197及DT-CRM 228。白喉类毒素为经甲醛失活的白喉毒素。DT可市售或可藉由此项技术中已知的方法制备,诸如重组DNA技术,如美国专利第5,614,382号中所描述,其内容以全文引用的方式并入本文中。
本文所述的疫苗的碳水化合物抗原可藉由美国专利第8,268,969号中所描述的合成方法经由对硝基苯基连接子与载体蛋白共价键结,该美国专利的内容以全文引用的方式并入本文中。
本发明的疫苗可诱发以下一或多个活性:相比于IgM效价更高的IgG效价、更高的补体依赖性细胞毒性(CDC)活性及/或更高的抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)活性。在另一实施例中,疫苗诱发以下一或多个细胞:自然杀手细胞、CD4+T淋巴细胞或CD8+T淋巴细胞。其他可量测的免疫参数,包括(但不限于)T辅助细胞活化。
本发明亦提供包含本文所述的疫苗及医药学上可接受的媒剂、赋形剂或载剂的医药组合物。合适的媒剂为例如水、生理食盐水、右旋糖、甘油、乙醇或其类似物及其组合。另外,媒剂可含有其他赋形剂,诸如湿润剂或乳化剂、pH缓冲剂或佐剂。医药学上可接受的载剂可含有用于例如稳定化或提高或降低本发明的医药组合物的吸收或清除速率的生理学上可接受的化合物。生理学上可接受的化合物可包括例如碳水化合物(诸如葡萄糖、蔗糖或聚葡萄糖)、抗氧化剂(诸如抗坏血酸或麸胱甘肽)、螯合剂、低分子量蛋白质、清洁剂、脂质体载剂或其他稳定剂及/或缓冲剂。赋形剂可为非离子界面活性剂、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、人类血清白蛋白、氢氧化铝、具有麻醉作用的药剂及各种未经修饰及衍生化的环糊精。更佳地,非离子界面活性剂可包括聚山梨醇酯20、聚山梨醇酯40、聚山梨醇酯60及聚山梨醇酯80。较佳的聚乙烯吡咯啶酮可为Plasdone C 15(医药级的聚乙烯吡咯啶酮)。具有麻醉作用的药剂较佳为苄醇。其他生理学上可接受的化合物包括湿润剂、乳化剂、分散剂或防腐剂。参见例如《雷明顿的药学科学》(Remington's Pharmaceutical Science)第21版,Mack出版公司,伊斯顿,宾夕法尼亚州(Easton,Pa.)(“Remington's”)。本发明的医药组合物亦可包括辅助物质,诸如药理学药剂、细胞激素或其他生物反应调节剂。包含该赋形剂或载剂的医药组合物藉由熟知的习知方法调配。
疫苗可调配用于以下投与途径:肌肉内、皮内、口服、经皮、经鼻、经颊、经直肠、经阴道、藉由吸入或藉由皮下投与。其他投与模式可为适用的,只要可诱发令人满意的免疫原性即可。
本发明的医药组合物可经制备成可注射剂,呈液体溶液或悬浮液形式,或呈适合于在注射之前溶解或悬浮于液体媒剂中的固体形式。医药组合物亦可以固体形式制备,乳化或将活性成分囊封于用于持续递送的脂质体媒剂或其他微粒载剂中。举例而言,医药组合物可呈以下形式:油乳液、油包水乳液、水包油包水乳液、位点特异性乳液、长期滞留乳液、乳化胶、微乳液、奈米乳液、脂质体、微粒、微球体、奈米球、奈米粒子及各种天然或合成聚合物,诸如不可再吸收的不透性聚合物(诸如乙烯乙酸乙烯酯共聚物及共聚物)、可膨胀聚合物(诸如水凝胶)或可再吸收性聚合物(诸如胶原蛋白)及某些聚合酸或聚酯(诸如用于制造可再吸收性缝合线者),其允许疫苗持续释放。
本发明化合物的医药学上可接受的盐及其生理学功能衍生物包括源自适当碱(诸如碱金属(例如钠、钾)、碱土金属(例如钙、镁)、铵及NX4+(其中X为C1-C4烷基))的盐。胺基的医药学上可接受的盐包括以下各酸的盐:有机羧酸,诸如酒石酸、脂族、环脂族、芳族、杂环、羧酸及磺酸类别的有机酸,诸如甲酸、葡糖醛酸、苹果酸、顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、丙酮酸、天冬胺酸、麸胺酸、苯甲酸、邻胺基苯甲酸、甲磺酸、水杨酸、羟基苯甲酸、苯乙酸、杏仁酸、恩波酸(双羟萘酸)、甲烷磺酸、乙烷磺酸、苯磺酸、泛酸、甲苯磺酸、2-羟基乙烷磺酸、对胺基苯磺酸、硬脂酸、褐藻酸、羟基丁酸、环己基胺基磺酸、半乳糖二酸及半乳糖醛酸及其类似物、乳糖酸、反丁烯二酸及丁二酸;有机磺酸,诸如甲烷磺酸、乙烷磺酸、羟乙磺酸、次苄基磺酸及对甲苯磺酸;及无机酸,诸如盐酸、氢溴酸、氢碘酸、硝酸、碳酸、硫酸、胺磺酸及磷酸及其类似物。具有羟基的化合物的医药学上可接受的盐由该化合物的阴离子组合合适的阳离子(诸如Na+、NH4 +或NX4 +(其中X为例如C1-C4烷基)、Ca++、Li+、Mg++或K+及锌)或由伯胺、仲胺、叔胺、环胺、N,N'-二苯甲基乙二胺、氯普鲁卡因(chloroprocaine)、胆碱、二乙醇胺、乙二胺、葡甲胺(N-甲基还原葡糖胺)及普鲁卡因(procaine)及其类似物制成的有机盐组成。所有此等盐均可藉由习知方法自对应的化合物制备,例如藉由使适当酸或碱与呈游离形式的化合物反应。
诱发免疫反应/抑制癌细胞的方法
本发明的另一态样是关于诱发免疫反应的方法,其包含向有需要的个体投与有效量的本文所述的疫苗。免疫反应包括(但不限于)NK细胞反应、ADCC及CDC活性及IgM及IgG产生。
在又一态样中,本发明提供抑制癌细胞的方法,其包含向有需要的个体投与有效量的本文所述的疫苗。在一个实施例中,癌症是选自乳癌、肺癌、食道癌、直肠癌、胆管癌、肝癌、颊癌、胃癌、结肠癌、鼻咽癌、肾脏/肾癌、脑肿瘤、前列腺癌、卵巢癌、子宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌、胰脏癌、睾丸癌、膀胱癌、头颈癌、口腔癌、神经内分泌癌、肾上腺癌、甲状腺癌、骨癌、皮肤癌(例如基底细胞癌、鳞状细胞癌或黑素瘤)。在另一实施例中,癌症为表现Globo H的癌症。表现Globo H的癌症的非限制性实例包括乳癌、肺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、胰脏癌、前列腺癌、卵巢癌及子宫内膜癌。由疫苗所产生的抗体(诸如抗Globo H抗体)固有地抑制表现Globo H的癌症。
在某些实施例中,有效量的疫苗用于诱发所需的免疫效应,诸如在个体中针对特异性碳水化合物抗原(例如Globo H)刺激IgG产生。疫苗或医药组合物的有效量或剂量可视碳水化合物抗原的量、所用佐剂的类型、投与模式及待治疗个体的年龄、体格及病状而变化。诱发免疫原性所需要的疫苗或医药组合物的确切量将由医师确定。
疫苗可以具有或不具有一或多个按特定时间间隔投与加强剂量的单独剂量(statdose),以达成在数月至数年间长期免疫保护性效应。投与频率可视多种因素中的任一者而变化,例如症状严重程度、所需的免疫保护程度、医药组合物是否用于预防或治愈目的等。举例而言,在一个实施例中,根据本发明的医药组合物每月一次、每月两次、每月三次、每隔一周(qow)、每周一次(qw)、每周两次(biw)、每周三次(tiw)、每周四次、每周五次、每周六次、每隔一天(qod)、每天(qd)、一天两次(qid)或一天三次(tid)投与。疫苗亦可与其他习知疗法同时或依序投与,诸如化学疗法、靶把疗法或用于癌症治疗的靶把肿瘤相关的碳水化合物抗原的抗体。
本发明进一步藉由以下实例说明,该等实例出于论证而非限制的目的提供。根据本发明,熟习此项技术者应了解,在不背离本发明的精神及范畴的情况下可对所揭示的特定实施例作出许多改变且仍获得相同或类似结果。
实例1:制备具有较高碳水化合物/毒素蛋白比率的疫苗及提取OPT-821
Globo H与KLH或DT结合,此结合根据此项技术中已知的方法,例如如美国专利第6,544,952号或第8,268,969号中所描述,该等专利的内容以全文引用的方式并入本文中。所得疫苗包含Globo H:DT(Globo H与DT的分子比率=2-4:1)。
产生糖结合物的一般程序
糖结合物如下制造:
将BSA、DT-CRM197及破伤风类毒素(国光生物科技股份有限公司(Adimmune),台湾)溶解于100mM磷酸盐缓冲液pH 7.2中(约5mg/ml),且向溶液中添加30至40当量的GloboH半酯35。在室温下轻轻搅拌混合物24h。随后用去离子水稀释该混合物且针对去离子水的5次改变进行透析。随后将溶液冻干成白色粉末。所获得的Globo H-蛋白质结合物可藉由MALDI-TOF分析表征以测定碳水化合物结合率。41(GH-BSA)的MALDI-TOF实验值为76029,42(GH-DT-CRM197)实验值为62138,43(GH-TT)实验值为162902,44(GH-BaMV)未测定。MALDI-TOF MS分析糖结合物。糖结合物及主要载体蛋白可用ddH2O复原(约1μg/μl)。基质(芥子酸)用1:1乙腈及去离子水新鲜制备,使最终基质浓度为10mg/ml,包括0.1%TFA。轻轻装载及混合基质溶液与糖结合物,随后空气干燥板。在量测之前使用牛血清白蛋白进行必不可少的校准。各糖结合物及主要蛋白质样品在线性正模式下侦测。平均分子量允许计算结合在载体蛋白上的碳水化合物分子的平均数目。
碳水化合物抗原分子:毒素蛋白分子的比率超过5:1的疫苗根据以下步骤制造:
(a)将10ml-25ml Globo H(可购自台湾浩鼎生技股份有限公司(OBI Pharma),台湾)及对硝基苯酯连接子(可购自台湾浩鼎生技股份有限公司(OBI Pharma),台湾)溶解于25μl DMF(可购自西格玛奥德里奇公司(Sigma-Aldrich),美国)中。
(b)用2.5ml磷酸盐缓冲液(亦即pH>8的碱性缓冲液)溶解25mg DT。
(c)在室温下将步骤(a)中的混合物添加至步骤(g)中的混合物中隔夜。所得混合物具有8至9.2之间的pH。
结果:如藉由MALDI-TOF MS测定,10ml Globo H产生包含Globo H:DT(8:1)的疫苗且25Globo H产生包含Globo H:DT(24:1)的疫苗。
制备OPT-821皂素
OPT-821皂素根据以下步骤自奎拉雅属皂树提取物提取:
(a)藉由大粒子C18逆相层析法预先过滤奎拉雅属皂树提取物,随后藉由基于二氧化硅的制备型正相层析法来纯化。此举产生粗OPT-821。
(b)再次藉由大粒子C18逆相层析法预先过滤步骤(a)中的粗OPT-821,随后进行逆相制备型HPLC。OPT-821物质依序藉由去盐及冻干制程制成。
自奎拉雅属皂树的树皮提取的经纯化的OPT-821皂素藉由质谱分析。图5A中1989.01处的质量峰、图5B中1989.12处的质量峰及1989.13处的质量峰说明存在分子量为约1989的化合物。分子量为约1989的化合物的摩尔比为:图5A中为89.8%,图5B中为96.8%,及图5C中为87.0%。类似地,图5A中1856.97处的质量峰、图5B中1856.02峰处的质量峰及1857.09处的质量峰说明存在分子量为约1857的化合物。分子量为约1857的化合物的摩尔比为:图5A中为10.2%,图5B中为3.2%,及图5C中为13%。
经纯化的OPT-821皂素进一步藉由层析法分析。图6为层析图LC-UV影像(管柱:PolyLCPolyHYDROXYETHYL A 200*4.6mm 5μm,300A)。第一峰说明存在1989V1(A及B)化合物及1857化合物V1(A及B)化合物(约65.94%),且第二峰说明存在1989V2(A及B)化合物及1857V2(A及B)化合物(约34.06%)。图7为层析图LC-MS影像(管柱:Waters Symmetry ODS150*2.1mm)。上部图中的峰1说明存在1989化合物V1B及V2B(约2.2%),而峰4说明存在1989化合物V1A及V2A(约97.8%)。下部图中的峰2说明存在1857化合物V1B及1857化合物V2B(约1.9%)且峰3说明存在1857化合物V1A及1857化合物V2A。
实例2:具有较高碳水化合物/毒素蛋白质比率的疫苗的免疫原性及OPT-281皂素的佐剂功效
使用CL57B/6小鼠进行实例1中的Globo H/DT(8:1)疫苗的活体内免疫原性及OPT-821皂素的佐剂功效的评估。
约八周大的CL57B/6小鼠随机分成以下四个研究组:
在第一次注射的前或第0天及在各注射的后三天(亦即在第10天、第17天及第24天),经眶后或面静脉不用抗凝血剂收集血液样品。血液样品经离心以分离血清与血细胞。收集血清且储存在-20℃下,其稍后藉由ELISA分析。将来自各小鼠的血清连续稀释以用于抗Globo H IgG分析。将Globo H-神经酰胺涂布在分析板上隔夜,随后用1×阻断缓冲液(西格玛(Sigma))阻断30分钟且用PBST洗涤。经稀释的血清样品添加至分析板,在室温(RT)下培育1小时且洗涤。将山羊抗小鼠IgG-AP二次抗体(南方生物技术公司(SouthernBiotech))添加至样品中且在RT下培育45分钟。再次洗涤板,随后添加色素原受质且在37℃下培育20分钟。藉由添加停止溶液终止反应。藉由板读取器(分子仪器公司(MolecularDevice))在405nm波长下定量光学密度。Mann-Whitney t测试用于统计学分析。图1A及图1B显示所测试的疫苗的定量抗Globo H IgG效价。
结果:来自Globo H/DT(比率为8:1)免疫的小鼠的IgG效价显着高于具有C34佐剂的Globo H/KLH的IgG效价(P<0.01)。来自Globo H/DT(比率为8:1)免疫的小鼠的IgG效价高于具有OPT-821皂素佐剂的Globo H/KLH的IgG效价。(参见图1(A))。不管所使用的载体蛋白的类型,OPT-821皂素相比于C34佐剂引起统计学上显着更高的IgG效价(P<0.05,参见图1A及图1B)。
实例3:使用ADCC及CDC分析进行具有较高碳水化合物/毒素蛋白比率的疫苗的免疫原性及OPT-281皂素的佐剂功效的评估
用表3中的疫苗免疫四组路易斯大鼠。
表3:疫苗组合物
用列于表3中的疫苗在第0天、第7天、第14天及第21天经皮下免疫大鼠。在第一次注射之前(亦即第0天)及在第10天、第17天及第24天收集周边血液单核细胞(PBMC)及血浆。
使用此项技术中已知的钙黄绿素AM释放法进行ADCC及CDC分析。程序描述如下:
用钙黄绿素AM标记标靶细胞
MCF-7乳癌细胞(标靶细胞)在补充有2mM L-麸酰胺酸、1mM丙酮酸钠及0.01mg/mL胰岛素、10%胎牛血清的最低必需培养基中培养。将标靶细胞添加至96孔板(5×103个细胞/孔),且在潮湿的5%CO2氛围中在37℃下培育隔夜。丢弃培养基且各孔用PBS洗涤一次。将100L 20M钙黄绿素-AM溶液添加至各孔中(每孔2nmol)且在潮湿的5%CO2氛围中在37℃下培育2小时。干燥上清液且各孔用PBS洗涤三次。
用样品血浆培育标靶细胞
样品血浆经热失活且将50L 1/5X热失活的样品血浆添加至各孔中,除了“完全释放”及“背景”对照组。在添加50L PBMC或血清的后最终稀释倍数将为1/10X。板在37℃下(避光)培育30分钟。
用PBMC或补体培育标靶细胞
在培育之后,在ADCC分析中将50微升PBMC(2×106个细胞/mL)(针对E:T比率为20:1)添加至各孔中,且在CDC分析中将50微升1/10X稀释的血清添加至各孔中,除了“完全释放”及“背景”对照组。反应混合物在潮湿的5%CO2氛围中在37℃下培育4小时。在培育时间的最后15分钟,将含有2%Triton溶液的不含酚红的MEM(50微升)添加至“完全释放”对照组中,且将不含酚红的MEM(50微升)添加至“背景”对照组中。板在100g下离心5分钟,且随后将80微升上清液转移至96孔黑色板。在485nm激发及538nm发射波长下量测萤光。
图2A至图2D显示G2、G3及G4疫苗的活体内ADCC及CDC活性。
结果:如图2B及图2D中所说明,在第24天G3疫苗(具有OPT-821皂素佐剂)的ADCC及CDC活性比G2疫苗(不具有皂素佐剂)的ADCC及CDC活性高。如图2B及图2D中所说明,在第24天G4疫苗(Globo H/DT比率为24:1)的ADCD及CDC活性比G3疫苗(Golbo H/DT比率为8:1)的ADCD及CDC活性高。此等结果显示OPT-821皂素佐剂及碳水化合物抗原/毒素蛋白比率超过5:1的疫苗增强且诱发更长久的ADCC及CDC反应。
实例4:具有较高碳水化合物/毒素蛋白比率的疫苗的免疫反应及OPT-821皂素的佐剂功效
使用CL57B/6小鼠或Balb/c小鼠进行实例1中的Globo H/DT(8:1)及Globo H/DT(16:1)疫苗及OPT-821皂素佐剂的活体内评估。
约八周大的CL57B/6小鼠随机分成以下8个研究组:
在第一次注射之前或第0天,在第10天、第17天及第24天经后眶或面静脉不用抗凝血剂收集血液样品。血液样品经离心以分离血清与血细胞。收集血清且储存在-20℃下,其稍后藉由ELISA分析。将来自各小鼠的血清连续稀释以用于抗Globo H IgG及IgM分析。图3A、图3B及图4显示所测试的疫苗的定量抗Globo H IgM及抗Globo H IgG效价。
结果:具有OPT-821皂素佐剂的疫苗相比于具有C34佐剂的疫苗诱发统计学上显着更多的抗Globo H IgM及抗Globo H IgG(参见图3A、图3B及图4)。以下为统计学显着差异:
·在第17天G3疫苗(OPT-821皂素)的IgM效价显着高于G5疫苗(C34)的IgM效价(p=0.02);
·在第17天G1疫苗(OPT-821皂素)的IgM效价显着高于G6疫苗(C34)的IgM效价(p=0.03),
·在第24天G3疫苗(OPT-821皂素)的IgM效价显着高于G5疫苗(C34)的IgM效价(p=0.03),
·在第17天G3疫苗(OPT-821皂素)的IgG效价显着高于G5疫苗(C34)的IgG效价(p=0.001),
·在第17天G1疫苗(OPT-821皂素)的IgG效价显着高于G6疫苗(C34)的IgG效价(p=0.003),
·在第24天G3疫苗(OPT-821皂素)的IgG效价显着高于G5疫苗(C34)的IgG效价(p=0.003),及
·在第24天G1疫苗(OPT-821皂素)的IgG效价显着高于G6疫苗(C34)的IgG效价(p=0.004)。
此等结果说明OPT-821皂素佐剂相比于C34佐剂显着增强IgM及IgG反应。
在第17天及第24天Globo H/KLH/OPT 821皂素(G1)相比于Globo H/DT(3:1)/OPT-821皂素(G2)诱发显着更高的IgM及IgG效价。不受特定理论约束,G1因具有较高的碳水化合物密度(每个KLH载体蛋白约700个Glob H单元),会引起较强的免疫反应,而G2具有较低的碳水化合物密度(每个DT载体蛋白3个Globo H单元),会引起较弱的免疫反应。以下统计学显着差异:
·在第17天G1疫苗(KLH)的IgM效价显着高于G2疫苗(DT)的IgM效价(p=0.003),
·在第24天G1疫苗(KLH)的IgM效价显着高于G2疫苗(DT)的IgM效价(p=0.03),
·在第24天G1疫苗(KLH)的IgG效价显着高于G2疫苗(DT)的IgG效价(p=0.004)。
在第17天及第24天Globo H/DT(Globo H与DT的分子比率为8:1)/OPT-821皂素(G3及G4)及Globo H/DT(Globo H与DT的分子比率为16:1)/OPT-821皂素(G7)的IgM及IgG效价与Globo H/KLH/OPT-821皂素(G1)的IgM及IgG效价可相当(参见图4)。尽管相比GH-KLH(Globo H与DT的分子比率为700:1)具有较低的碳水化合物密度,但GH-DT(Globo H与DT的分子比率为8:1)展现与GH-KLH可相当的免疫原性。
具有较高Globo H/DT比率(Globo H与DT的分子比率为8:1或16:1)的疫苗相比于具有较低Globo H/DT比率(3:1)的疫苗诱发更高且持续时间更长的IgM及IgG效价。注意以下统计学显着差异:
·在第17天G3疫苗(Globo H与DT的分子比率为8:1比率)的IgM效价显着高于G2疫苗(3:1比率)的IgM效价(p=0.02),
·在第17天G7疫苗(Globo H与DT的分子比率为16:1比率)的IgM效价显着高于G2疫苗(3:1比率)的IgM效价(p=0.006),
·在第17天G3疫苗(Globo H与DT的分子比率为8:1比率)的IgG效价显着高于G2疫苗(3:1比率)的IgG效价(p=0.01),
·在第17天G7疫苗(Globo H与DT的分子比率为16:1比率)的IgG效价显着高于G2疫苗(Globo H与DT的分子比率为3:1比率)的IgG效价(p=0.03),
·在第24天G3疫苗(Globo H与DT的分子比率为8:1比率)的IgG效价显着高于G2疫苗(3:1比率)的IgG效价(p=0.01),
·在第24天G7疫苗(Globo H与DT的分子比率为16:1比率)的IgG效价显着高于G2疫苗(Globo H与DT的分子比率为3:1比率)的IgG效价(p=0.01),
在第17天及第25天Globo H/DT(Globo H与DT的分子比率为8:1)/OPT-821皂素(G3)及Globo H/DT(16:1)/OPT-821皂素(G7)的IgG效价显着高于Globo H/DT(Globo H与DT的分子比率为3:1)/OPT-821皂素(G2)的IgG效价(P<0.05)。
本说明书中所引用的所有公开案、专利及专利申请案均以引用的方式并入本文中,就如同各个别公开案或专利申请案特定地且个别地指示以引用的方式并入一般。
本发明不限于本文所揭示的实施例的范畴,该等实施例预期作为本发明的个别态样的单个说明,而非限制本发明的范畴。根据前述描述及教示,对于熟习此项技术者而言除本文所述外,本发明的模型及方法的各种修改亦将变得显而易见,且同样地意欲属于本发明的范畴。在不背离本发明的真实范畴及精神的情况下,可实践该等修改或其他实施例。
Claims (11)
1.一种癌症疫苗,其特征在于,包含
(a)肿瘤相关的碳水化合物抗原,所述肿瘤相关的碳水化合物抗原是Globo H;及
(b)白喉毒素,
其中,所述肿瘤相关的碳水化合物抗原与所述白喉毒素的比率在8:1至24:1范围内。
2.如权利要求1所述的癌症疫苗,其特征在于,所述白喉毒素为白喉毒素交叉反应性物质或白喉类毒素。
3.如权利要求2所述的癌症疫苗,其特征在于,所述白喉毒素交叉反应性物质是选自CRM 30、CRM 45、CRM 176、CRM 197或CRM 228。
4.如权利要求1所述的癌症疫苗,其特征在于,进一步包含皂素佐剂。
6.如权利要求1所述的癌症疫苗,其特征在于,进一步包含α-半乳糖基-神经酰胺佐剂。
9.权利要求1所述的癌症疫苗在制备用于抑制癌细胞的药物中的用途。
10.如权利要求9所述的用途,其特征在于,所述癌症为表现Globo H的癌症。
11.如权利要求10所述的用途,其特征在于,所述表现Globo H的癌症为乳癌、肺癌、肝癌、口腔癌、胃癌、结肠癌、鼻咽癌、皮肤癌、肾癌、脑瘤、膀胱癌、前列腺癌、卵巢癌、子宫内膜癌或胰脏癌。
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