CN105025922B - 包含硅化病毒的免疫原性组合物及其使用方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本文公开了包覆于二氧化硅中的病毒保有感染性以及诱导受感染的宿主内的免疫应答的能力。此外,硅化病毒是十分耐干燥的。本文提供了通过向受试者施用有效量的硅化病毒或硅化病毒颗粒来诱导受试者体内的病毒特异性免疫应答的方法。本文还描述了通过向受试者施用硅化病毒或硅化病毒颗粒来增强受试者体内病毒特异性的细胞介导的免疫应答(例如T细胞介导的免疫应答)的方法。此外,本文还提供了包含硅化病毒或硅化病毒颗粒的免疫原性组合物,例如可用作疫苗的组合物。所述免疫原性组合物包含药学可接受的载体和/或佐剂。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2013年1月31日提交的申请号为61/759,131的美国临时申请的权益,其整体通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本公开内容涉及通过将病毒和相关颗粒包裹于二氧化硅中来保存病毒和相关颗粒。本公开内容还涉及包含硅化的病毒或病毒颗粒的免疫原性组合物,及其用于诱导或改变受试者内的免疫应答的用途。
政府支持的感谢
本发明是通过在由美国国家航空航天管理局授予的基金号NNA11AC01G以及由美国国家科学基金会授予的基金号DGE:0114427下的政府支持来完成的。政府在本发明中享有一些权利。
背景技术
对于病毒的传播机制,尤其是孤“岛”生态系统(例如,温泉)的生物体病毒的地方性流行,人们知之甚少并且争论激烈。对于病毒的物种是世界性的(Breitbart和Rohwer,Trends Microbiol 13:278,2005)还是显示出地区特殊性存在分歧。虽然一些研究显示了病毒基因组之间的尖锐的地区差异(Whitaker等,Science 301:976,2003),这表明有限的传播,但是另一些研究发现某些具有几乎相同基因组的病毒的全球分布(Breitbart等,FEMS Microbiol Lett 236:249,2004;Short和Suttle,Appl Environ Microbiol 71:480,2005)。考虑到病毒在维持微生物多样性和营养物质再循环方面的重要性(Suttle,Nat RevMicrobiol 5:801,2007),影响病毒传播的任何事物都将具有重大的生态影响。
一份研究已经显示,通过温泉喷气口的病毒烟雾化可导致局部的病毒传播(Snyder等,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:19102,2007),这表明,如果病毒颗粒能够到达上层风,则可进行更远距离的传播(Smith等,Aerobiologia 26:35,2010)。风媒病毒传播的限制因素是病毒耐干燥的能力;大多数病毒对干燥非常敏感(Ding等,Gynecol Oncol 121:148,2011;Fogarty等,Virus Res 132:140,2008;Nakano等,Fish Pathol 33:65,1998)并且在气溶胶形式中将迅速失去感染性。
以前的研究已经表明,可在模拟温泉的条件下用二氧化硅来包覆病毒(Laidler和Stedman,Astrobiology 10:569,2010;Orange等,Biogeosciences 8:1465,2011)。然而,在本公开内容以前,尚未知晓包覆于二氧化硅中的病毒是否保有感染性或诱导受感染的宿主内的免疫应答的能力。
发明内容
本文公开了硅化病毒颗粒保有感染宿主细胞和诱导体内病毒特异性免疫应答的能力。
本文提供了方法,其通过将有效量的硅化病毒/硅化病毒颗粒施用至受试者来诱导受试者体内对所选的一种或多种抗原(例如,病毒抗原)的特异性免疫应答(例如,病毒特异性免疫应答)。在一些实施方案中,所述免疫应答包括激活病毒特异性T细胞、产生病毒特异性抗体、产生细胞因子或其任意组合。
本文还提供了包含硅化颗粒(例如,硅化病毒颗粒)以及药学可接受的载体和/或佐剂的免疫原性组合物。
本文还提供了方法,其通过将硅化病毒或硅化病毒颗粒施用至所述受试者来增强受试者体内的抗原(例如,病毒抗原)特异性的细胞介导的免疫应答,其中所述抗原特异性的细胞介导的免疫应答相对于施用未经硅化的病毒或病毒颗粒后的细胞介导的免疫应答增强。在一些实施方案中,所述病毒特异性的细胞介导的免疫应答的增强由病毒特异性T细胞数的升高、病毒特异性T细胞激活的升高、细胞因子产生的升高或其任意组合来确定。
在所公开的方法和组合物的一些实施方案中,所述病毒感染真核细胞,诸如动物细胞。在一些具体例子中,所述病毒是哺乳动物病毒。
本发明的上述以及其它目的、特征和优点将从下面的详细描述而变得更加明显,其参照附图进行。
附图说明
图1A是显示出通过二氧化硅处理而使病毒可逆失活的曲线图。图中示出了硅化作用对噬菌体T4(菱形)、SSV-K(方块)、PRD1(三角形)和VACV(星形)的感染性的影响,所述影响归一化至初始感染性。黑色符号是600ppm(10mM)二氧化硅溶液,灰色符号是300ppm(5mM),并且白色符号是对照(0ppm二氧化硅)。垂直的黑色箭头表示转移至低浓度二氧化硅。所有的空斑测定都对三份生物重复(biological replicates)进行三次试验,VACV除外,其仅有一份生物重复。误差线被数据点符号遮盖(obscured)。
图1B是显示出硅化病毒耐干燥的曲线图。图中示出了硅化作用对干燥后的硅化病毒(T4和SSV-K)的感染性的影响,所述影响归一化至初始感染性。白色条是硅化作用十天后的感染性;带交叉影线的条是干燥十天并再水化十天后的感染性;黑色条是干燥三十天并再水化十天后的感染性。
图2是评价施用硅化VACV和未经硅化的VACV后小鼠内的免疫应答的实验设计示意图。
图3是显示出施用硅化VACV和未经硅化的VACV后VACV B8R抗原特异性的CD8+T细胞和IFN-γ+/B8R-特异性的T细胞的频率和数量的一系列曲线图。
图4是显示出施用硅化VACV和未经硅化的VACV后VACV B8R抗原特异性的效应T细胞和记忆T细胞的百分率的一系列曲线图。
图5是显示出加强(booster)施用硅化VACV和未经硅化的VACV后VACV B8R抗原特异性的CD8+T细胞和IFN-γ+/B8R-特异性的T细胞的频率和数量的一系列曲线图。
图6是显示出加强施用硅化VACV和未经硅化的VACV后VACV B8R抗原特异性的效应T细胞和记忆T细胞的百分率的一系列曲线图。
具体实施方式
I.缩略语表
ELISA 酶联免疫吸附测定
HIV 人类免疫缺陷病毒
IFN 干扰素
IL 白细胞介素
MHC 主要组织相容性复合物
MWCO 截留分子量
PFU 空斑形成单位
SSV-K 纺锤形硫化叶菌病毒-堪察加1型(Sulfolobus
spindle-shaped virus-Kamchatka 1)
TGF 转化生长因子
TNF 肿瘤坏死因子
VACV 牛痘病毒
II.术语和方法
除非另有注明,否则技术术语根据常规用法来使用。分子生物学中常用术语的定义可在以下出版物中找到:Benjamin Lewin,Genes V,Oxford University出版社出版,1994(ISBN 0-19-854287-9);Kendrew等(编),The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology,Blackwell Science Ltd.出版,1994(ISBN0-632-02182-9);Robert A.Meyers(编),Molecular Biology and Biotechnology:a Comprehensive Desk Reference,VCHPublishers Inc.出版,1995(ISBN1-56081-569-8);以及″Virus Taxonomy:Eighth Reportof the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses,″Elsevier Academic出版社出版,2005(ISBN 0-12-249951-4,Claude M.Fauquet等编)。
为了便于浏览本公开内容的各实施方案,提供了以下的特殊术语的解释:
腺病毒:具有双链线性DNA基因组的二十面体几何结构的无包膜病毒。存在约57种已知的感染人类的腺病毒血清型,它们与5%至10%的儿童上呼吸道感染有关。
佐剂:非特异性地增强对抗原的免疫应答的物质或媒介物(vehicle)。佐剂可包括其上吸附了抗原的矿物质(明矾、氢氧化铝或磷酸盐)混悬剂;或抗原溶液乳化于矿物油中的油包水乳剂(例如,弗氏不完全佐剂),有时包含了灭活的分枝杆菌(弗氏完全佐剂)以进一步增强抗原性。免疫刺激性的寡核苷酸(诸如包含CpG基序的那些)也可用作佐剂(例如,参见美国专利号6,194,388;6,207,646;6,214,806;6,218,371;6,239,116;6,339,068;6,406,705;以及6,429,199)。佐剂还包括生物分子,例如共刺激分子和模式识别受体激动剂(例如toll样受体激动剂)。toll样受体(TLR)激动剂包括,例如,TLR3激动剂(例如,合成性dsRNA,如聚I:C)、TLR4激动剂(例如,单磷酰脂质A)、TLR7/8激动剂(例如,咪唑并喹啉化合物,诸如咪喹莫特和雷西莫特(resiquimod),单链聚尿苷酸(polyU))、TLR9激动剂(例如,CpG寡脱氧核苷酸)。其它的示例性生物佐剂包括:IL-2、RANTES、GM-CSF、TNF-α、IFN-γ、G-CSF、LFA-3、CD72、B7-1、B7-2、OX-40L和41BBL。
施用:如本文所用,将组合物(例如,免疫原性组合物)施用至受试者意为给予或应用组合物,或者使组合物与受试者接触。可通过许多途径中的任一途径来完成施用,例如,局部途径、经口途径、皮下途径、吸入途径、腹膜内途径、静脉内途径、鞘内途径和肌内途径。
抗体:由B淋巴细胞产生的具有特定氨基酸序列的免疫球蛋白分子。在人或其它动物体内,抗体由特定的抗原(免疫原)激发。抗体的特征是,以一些显而易见的方式特异性地与抗原反应,抗体和抗原各由对方限定。“引发抗体应答”是指抗原或其他分子诱导产生抗体的能力。
抗原:可刺激动物体内产生抗体或T细胞应答的化合物、组合物或物质,包括注射或吸收进动物体内的组合物。抗原与特异性的体液免疫或细胞免疫的产物反应,所述免疫产物包括由异源免疫原诱导的那些。在本公开内容的上下文中,术语“抗原”包括,例如,天然抗原(诸如存在于野生型病毒颗粒上的抗原)或者重组或工程化病毒颗粒的抗原。
细胞介导免疫:是一种免疫应答,其不涉及抗体,而涉及吞噬细胞、杀伤(NK)细胞、抗原特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的的激活,以及的的为响应抗原各种细胞因子的释放。在历史上,将免疫系统分成两个分枝——体液免疫和细胞免疫,对于体液免疫,其中免疫的保护功能可在体液(不含细胞的体液或血清)中找到的体液免疫,对于细胞免疫,以及其中免疫的保护功能与细胞有关的细胞免疫。CD4+T细胞或辅助T细胞提供针对不同病原体的保护。细胞毒性T细胞在不使用细胞因子的情况下通过凋亡引起死亡,因此,细胞介导免疫中,细胞因子并非存在。细胞免疫通过以下途径来保护身体:激活能够诱导其表面上显示外源抗原的表位的体细胞凋亡的抗原特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞,所述体细胞表面上显示外源抗原的表位,所述体细胞例如为,病毒感染的细胞、具有细胞内细菌的细胞以及展示肿瘤抗原的癌细胞;激活巨噬细胞和天然杀伤细胞,使其能够消灭病原体;以及刺激细胞分泌多种细胞因子,所述细胞因子影响涉及适应性免疫应答和固有免疫应答的另一些细胞的功能。细胞介导免疫主要针对存活于吞噬细胞中的微生物以及感染非吞噬细胞的微生物。其对除去病毒感染的细胞最有效,而且还参与防御真菌、原生动物、癌症和细胞内细菌。本文所用的“T细胞介导免疫应答”是以产生和/或激活抗原特异性(例如,病毒特异性)T细胞为特征的免疫应答。T细胞介导免疫应答可包括细胞毒性T细胞应答和/或T辅助细胞应答。
细胞因子:由细胞分泌的并且充当信号转导分子的蛋白分子。细胞因子通常是指免疫调节蛋白,包括诸如白细胞介素(例如,IL-1至IL-20)、干扰素(例如,IFN-α、IFN-β、IFN-γ)、转化生长因子(TGF)蛋白(例如,TGF-β1、TGF-β2和TGF-β3)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)家族成员(例如,TNF-α、TNF-β、LT-β、CD154、TRAIL),以及参与免疫调节的其它分子(例如,促红细胞生成素、干细胞因子、M-CSF)。
黄病毒:黄病毒是黄病毒科(Flaviviridae)家族的成员,并且包括良好表征的病毒,西尼罗河病毒、登革热病毒(登革热病毒1型至4型)、蜱传脑炎病毒、黄热病毒、日本脑炎病毒、玻瓦桑病毒和圣路易斯脑炎病毒。黄病毒是二十面体对称的并且具有正义单链RNA基因组的有包膜病毒。
免疫应答:免疫系统的细胞对例如抗原等刺激的应答,所述免疫系统的细胞例如B-细胞、T-细胞、巨噬细胞或多形核细胞(polymorphonucleocyte)。免疫应答可包括参与宿主防御应答的身体的任何细胞,包括例如,分泌干扰素或细胞因子的上皮细胞。免疫应答包括但不限于固有免疫应答或炎症。本文所用的保护性免疫应答是指保护受试者免受感染(防止感染或防止与感染有关的疾病的发展)的免疫应答。本文所用的治疗性免疫应答是指治疗病毒性感染的免疫应答,例如通过协助病毒清除来实现。测量免疫应答的方法是本领域公知的,并且包括例如,测量淋巴细胞(例如B细胞或T细胞)的增殖和/或活性、细胞因子或趋化因子的分泌、炎症、抗体产生等。
免疫:使受试者受到免于罹患疾病(例如,传染病)的保护,例如通过接种疫苗来实现。
免疫原性组合物:本文使用该术语来表示可用于刺激或诱发受试者体内的特异性免疫应答(或免疫原性应答)的组合物。所述免疫原性组合物包含硅化病毒。在一些实施方案中,免疫原性应答是保护性的,或者提供保护性免疫,因为它使受试者更好地抵抗该免疫原性组合物所针对的病毒的感染或该病毒所导致的疾病恶化。
不希望受特定理论的约束,有人认为,可通过产生对免疫原性组合物中提供的一种或多种表位具有特异性的抗体来引起由免疫原性组合物诱导的免疫原性应答。作为另一选择,该应答可包括对该免疫原性组合物中提供的一种或多种表位的基于辅助T细胞或细胞毒性T细胞的应答。所有这三种应答都可起源于幼稚型细胞或记忆细胞。一类免疫原性组合物的一个具体例子是疫苗。
在一些实施方案中,免疫原性组合物的“有效量”或“免疫刺激性量”是施用至受试者时足以产生可检测的免疫应答的量。这样的应答可包括例如,产生对该免疫原性组合物中提供的表位中的一种或多种表位具有特性的抗体。作为另一选择,该应答可包括对该免疫原性组合物中提供的表位中的一种或多种表位的基于辅助T细胞或CTL的应答。所有这三种应答都可起源于幼稚型细胞或记忆细胞。在另一些实施方案中,免疫原性组合物的“保护有效量”是当施用至受试者时,足以给予受试者保护性免疫的量。在另一些实施方案中,免疫原性组合物的“治疗有效量”是当施用至受试者时,足以治疗病毒性感染(例如,提高病毒清除)的量。
流感病毒:属于正粘病毒科的分节段负链RNA病毒。存在三个流感病毒的流行类型,甲型、乙型和丙型。甲型流感病毒感染许多种类的鸟和哺乳动物,包括人、马、海洋哺乳动物、猪、雪貂和鸡。在动物中,大多数甲型流感病毒导致呼吸道和肠道的轻度局部性感染。但是,例如H5N1等高致病性甲型流感毒株导致家禽的全身感染,其中死亡率可达100%。H5N1也被称为“禽流感”。2009年,H1N1流感是人流感的最常见的原因。2009年出现了重组型猪源H1N1的新毒株,并且是世界卫生组织宣布的流行病。该毒株被称为“猪流感”。H3N2、H2N2和乙型流感病毒也感染人,并且也是季节性流感的病原体。
分离的:“分离的”或“纯化的”生物组分(例如,核酸、肽、蛋白质、蛋白质复合物、病毒或颗粒)已经实质上与其它生物组分分离,除去其它生物组分而产生,或者除去其它生物组分而纯化,所述其它生物组分例如其他染色体的和染色体外的DNA和RNA,以及蛋白质。因此,已经“经分离”或“经纯化”的核酸、肽、蛋白质和病毒包括通过标准纯化方法纯化的核酸、蛋白质和病毒。该术语还涵盖了通过在宿主细胞中重组表达而制备的核酸、肽和蛋白质,以及化学合成的核酸或蛋白质。术语“分离的”或“纯化的”不需要绝对纯度;相反,其旨在作为相对的术语。因此,例如,分离的生物组分是其中的生物组分比在其自然环境中(例如,细胞或其它生产容器内)浓度更高的生物组分。优选地,纯化制备物以使该生物组分占制备物的总生物组分含量的至少50%,例如至少70%、至少90%、至少95%或更高。
慢病毒:逆转录病毒科(Retroviridae)中的一个病毒属,其特征是长的潜伏期。慢病毒能够感染不分裂细胞,这使这些病毒与其它类型的逆转录病毒中区分开来。慢病毒是具有两个相同的单链RNA片段组成的基因组的有包膜病毒,所述单链RNA片段在宿主细胞感染后反转录成DNA。慢病毒包括例如,人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV;包括HIV-1和HIV-2)、猴免疫缺陷病毒(SIV)和猫免疫缺陷病毒(FIV)。慢病毒通常用作基因治疗载体的基础。
药学可接受的载体:可用于本公开内容中的药学可接受的载体是常规的。Remington′s Pharmaceutical Sciences,E.W.Martin,Mack Publishing Co.,Easton,PA,第15版(1975),描述了适用于免疫原性组合物的药物递送的组合物和制剂。
一般而言,所述载体的性质将取决于采用的具体施用模式。例如,肠胃外制剂通常包含可注射流体作为媒介物,其包括药学上和生理上可接受的流体,例如,水、生理盐水、平衡盐溶液、水性右旋糖、甘油等。对于固体组合物(例如,粉剂、丸剂、片剂或胶囊剂形式)而言,传统的无毒固体载体可包括例如,药物级的甘露醇、乳糖、淀粉或硬脂酸镁。除生物中性的载体外,将要施用的药物组合物可包含少量的无毒辅助物质,例如润湿剂或乳化剂、防腐剂和pH缓冲剂(例如,乙酸钠或山梨醇酐单月桂酸酯)等。
细小病毒:属于细小病毒科(Parvoviridae)的任何病毒。细小病毒是具有单链DNA基因组和二十面体衣壳的小的(直径约18至26纳米)无包膜病毒。细小病毒包括例如,鼠细小病毒、犬细小病毒、人细小病毒B19和腺相关病毒(AAV)。细小病毒也通常用作基因治疗剂。
PhiX174:微小噬菌体科(Microviridae)中经充分研究的噬菌体,其具有编码11种蛋白质的环状单链DNA基因组。PhiX174是小(直径约30nm)的无包膜病毒。
小核糖核酸病毒:属于小核糖核酸病毒科(Picornaviridae)的任何病毒。小核糖核酸病毒是无包膜的正链RNA病毒,其具有小(直径约30nm)的二十面体衣壳。小核糖核酸病毒被分为若干个属,并且包括许多重要的人和动物的病原体。它们引起的疾病各不相同,范围覆盖从急性寻常感冒类疾病,至脊髓灰质炎,至家畜的慢性感染。小核糖核酸病毒包括例如,肠道病毒(例如,脊髓灰质炎病毒和柯萨奇病毒)、鼻病毒、口蹄疫病毒、脑心肌炎病毒和甲肝病毒。
预防、治疗或改善疾病:“预防”疾病是指抑制疾病的完全发展。“治疗”是指在疾病或病理状况开始发展后改善其病征或症状的治疗性干预。“改善”是指在数量上或严重程度上减少疾病的一种或多种病征或症状。
重组:重组的核酸、蛋白质或病毒具有非天然存在的序列、或具有通过人工组合另外两个本应分离的序列片段而制成的序列。该人工组合常常通过化学合成或通过对分离的核酸片段进行人工处理(例如,通过基因工程技术)来完成。
轮状病毒:二十面体对称的无包膜双链RNA病毒。轮状病毒是在婴幼儿中导致重度腹泻的最常见原因。存在七种轮状病毒,被称为A型、B型、C型、D型、E型、F型和G型。
二氧化硅:以晶体形式、非晶形式和不纯形式(如分别以石英、蛋白石和沙)存在的硅的二氧化物(SiO2)。二氧化硅是用于制造玻璃、陶瓷和磨料的耐火的不溶材料。
硅化:包覆于或浸渍于二氧化硅中的过程。
硅化病毒或病毒颗粒:已经被包覆于二氧化硅中的病毒或病毒颗粒。在一些实施方案中,病毒或病毒颗粒在经以下处理后被视为是经硅化的:在浓度为约100ppm至约1000ppm二氧化硅的二氧化硅溶液中,例如,约150ppm、约300ppm、约450ppm、约600ppm、约750ppm或约900ppm二氧化硅,培养约1至约10天,例如1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10天。在一些例子中,病毒或病毒颗粒在经以下处理后被视为是经硅化的:在约300ppm至约600ppm(约5mM至约10mM)二氧化硅的二氧化硅溶液中培养1至10天。在另一些实施方案中,在约100ppm至约1000ppm的二氧化硅溶液中培养至少10天来使病毒硅化,例如(但不限于)10天、12天、14天、16天、18天或20天。在一些实施方案中,如果病毒或病毒颗粒表面积的至少75%、至少80%、至少85%、至少90%、至少95%或100%包覆于二氧化硅中,则该病毒或病毒颗粒是经硅化的。
受试者:活的多细胞脊椎动物生物体,该类别既包括人类也包括非人类哺乳动物。
治疗有效量:足以在用指定药剂治疗的受试者中达到预期效果的该药剂(例如,免疫原性组合物)的量。例如,这可以是可用于在受试者体内诱导免疫应答和/或预防病毒感染的病毒疫苗(例如,硅化病毒疫苗)的量。在本公开内容的上下文中,病毒疫苗的治疗有效量是例如,在受试者体内不引起实质性细胞毒作用的情况下,足以提高抵抗、预防、缓解和/或治疗由受试者体内病毒引起的感染的病毒疫苗的量。可用于提高抵抗、预防、缓解和/或治疗受试者体内感染的病毒免疫刺激性组合物的有效量将取决于例如,待治疗的受试者、该治疗性组合物的施用方式以及其他因素。
疫苗:其是能够刺激免疫应答的免疫原性材料的制剂,施用疫苗以预防、缓解或治疗感染性疾病或其他类型的疾病。所述免疫原性材料可包括减毒或灭活微生物(例如,细菌或病毒),或者来源于微生物的抗原性蛋白质(包括病毒样颗粒)、肽或DNA。减毒疫苗是已经被改造成产生较低毒性形式、但是仍然保持诱导针对该毒性形式的抗体和细胞介导的免疫的能力的毒性生物体。灭活疫苗先前是有毒的微生物,其已经用化学品或加热进行不可逆失活,但是诱导针对该毒性微生物的抗体。疫苗可诱导预防性应答(prophylactic/preventative)和治疗性应答。施用方法根据疫苗而不同,但是可包括接种、摄入、吸入或其他施用形式。疫苗可与佐剂一起施用以强化免疫应答。
牛痘病毒(VACV):属于痘病毒家族的大而复杂的有包膜病毒。VACV具有约190Kb长的线性双链DNA基因组,其编码约250个基因。牛痘病毒因其充当根除天花的疫苗而为人熟知。
病毒颗粒:野生型病毒、工程化病毒或重组病毒的蛋白质衣壳组分。病毒颗粒包含至少一种病毒结构蛋白,但是可根据病毒而包含多种结构蛋白。在一些情况下,病毒颗粒还包含脂质包膜。病毒颗粒可包含或可不包含核酸(即,病毒基因组)。因此,在本公开内容的上下文中,术语“病毒颗粒”涵盖病毒样颗粒(VLP)。
病毒:不能在活细胞外复制的微生物。病毒具有被蛋白质衣壳或核壳体包围的由DNA或RNA(或DNA和RNA二者)组成的核蛋白结构。一些病毒还拥有脂质包膜。在本公开内容的上下文中,“病毒”包括病毒的任何科、属、种、品系或亚型。术语“病毒”还包括野生型病毒、重组病毒、嵌合病毒和工程化的病毒。在一些实施方案中,所述病毒感染真核细胞,例如,动物细胞。在一些具体实施方案中,所述病毒是哺乳动物病毒(感染哺乳动物细胞)。在一些实施方案中,所述病毒是致病性病毒(即,导致宿主的疾病)。在一些实施方案中,所述病毒是有包膜病毒。在另一些实施方案中,所述病毒是无包膜病毒。
病毒的例子包括但不限于以下病毒家族中的病毒:逆转录病毒科(Retroviridae)(例如,人类免疫缺陷病毒1(HIV-1)、HIV-2、人T细胞白血病病毒);小核糖核酸病毒科(Picornaviridae)(例如,脊髓灰质炎病毒、甲肝病毒、肠道病毒、人柯萨奇病毒、鼻病毒、艾柯病毒、口蹄疫病毒);杯状病毒科(Caliciviridae)(例如,引起胃肠炎的毒株,包括诺瓦克病毒);披膜病毒科(Togaviridae)(例如,甲病毒,包括基孔肯雅病毒、马脑炎病毒、塞姆利基森林病毒(Simliki Forest virus)、辛德毕斯病毒、罗斯河病毒、风疹病毒);黄病毒科(Flaviridae)(例如,丙肝病毒、登革热病毒、黄热病毒、西尼罗河病毒、圣路易斯脑炎病毒、日本脑炎病毒、玻瓦桑病毒和其它脑炎病毒);冠状病毒科(Coronaviridae)(例如,冠状病毒、严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)病毒和中东呼吸综合征(MERS)冠状病毒);弹状病毒科(Rhabdoviridae)(例如,水疱性口炎病毒、狂犬病病毒);丝状病毒科(Filoviridae)(例如,埃博拉病毒、马尔堡病毒);副粘液病毒科(Paramyxoviridae)(例如,副流感病毒、腮腺炎病毒、麻疹病毒、呼吸道合胞体病毒);正粘液病毒科(Orthomyxoviridae)(例如,流感病毒);布尼亚病毒科(Bunyaviridae)(例如,汉坦病毒、辛诺柏病毒、裂谷热病毒、布尼亚病毒、白蛉热病毒(phleboviruses)和纳伊罗病毒(Nairo viruses);砂粒病毒科(Arenaviridae)(例如,拉沙热病毒和其它出血热病毒、马丘波病毒、胡宁病毒);呼肠病毒科(Reoviridae)(例如,呼肠孤病毒、环状病毒(orbiviurses)、轮状病毒);双核糖核酸病毒科(Birnaviridae);肝脱氧核糖核酸病毒科(Hepadnaviridae)(乙肝病毒);细小病毒科(Parvoviridae)(细小病毒,例如,鼠细小病毒、犬细小病毒、人细小病毒B19和AAV);乳多空病毒科(Papovaviridae)(乳头瘤病毒、多瘤病毒、BK病毒);腺病毒科(Adenoviridae)(腺病毒);疱疹病毒科(Herpesviridae)(单纯性疱疹病毒(HSV)-1和HSV-2;巨细胞病毒;埃巴氏病毒;水痘带状疱疹病毒;以及其它疱疹病毒,包括HSV-6);痘病毒科(Poxviridae)(天花病毒、牛痘病毒、痘病毒);以及虹彩病毒科(Iridoviridae)(例如,非洲猪瘟病毒);星状病毒科(Astroviridae);以及未归类的病毒(例如,被认为是乙肝病毒的缺陷性卫星(satellite)的丁型肝炎致病剂)。
病毒样颗粒(VLP):由一种或多种病毒结构蛋白组成的病毒颗粒,但是缺少病毒基因组。
除非另有说明,否则本文所用的所有技术术语和科学术语都具有与本公开所属领域的普通技术人员通常所理解的相同的含义。除非上下文另有清楚地说明,否则单数术语“a”、“an”和“the”包括复数指代物。“包含A或B”意为包含A,或者包含B,或者包含A和B。还应理解,给予核酸或多肽的所有碱基大小或氨基酸大小,以及所有分子量或分子质量值都是近似的,并且提供其用于描述。虽然与本文描述的相似或相同的方法和材料可在本公开内容的实践和测试中使用,但是下文描述了合适的方法和材料。本文提及的所有出版物、专利申请、专利和其它文献都通过引用整体并入本文。在产生冲突的情况下,以包括术语解释在内的本说明书为准。此外,这些材料、方法和例子仅仅是举例说明性的,而非意图限制。
III.引言
病毒传播对疾病的传播以及病毒在地球生态中起的不同作用十分关键(Peterson,Naturwissenschaften 95:483,2008)。然而,对于不依赖于宿主的病毒传播机制,尤其是隔离的生态系统中的病毒的传播机制知之甚少并且争论激烈(Breitbart等,FEMS Microbiol Lett 236:249,2004;Short和Suttle,Appl Environ Microbiol 71:480,2005)。鉴于病毒在动物疾病和植物疾病中以及维持微生物多样性和营养物质在全球范围内再循环的重要性(Suttle,Nat Rev Microbiol 5:801,2007),影响病毒传播的任何事物都将具有十分重大的生态影响。
本文公开了在非常温和的条件下,可将多种病毒包覆于二氧化硅中。该二氧化硅涂层使病毒失活。但是,不同于大多数病毒失活规则,由二氧化硅涂层引起的失活几乎是完全可逆的(包括在体内)。此外,本文显示,所述二氧化硅涂层提供了具有明显的干燥耐受性的病毒。因此,病毒的硅化提供了用于病毒保存的机制,例如,用于疫苗制备和配制。
IV.几种实施方案的概述
以前的研究已经显示,可在模拟温泉的条件下用二氧化硅来包覆病毒(Laidler和Stedman,Astrobiology 10:569,2010;Orange等,Biogeosciences 8:1465,2011)。然而,在本公开内容以前,尚未知晓包覆于二氧化硅中的病毒或病毒颗粒是否保有感染性以及诱导受感染的宿主内的免疫应答的能力。本文公开的是这样的发现,即,可通过硅化来可逆地灭活病毒,以及这样的发现,即,先前经历了硅化的病毒保有感染宿主并在宿主内诱导免疫应答的能力。本文还公开了硅化病毒表现出明显的对干燥的抵抗力。
本文提供了诱导受试者体内的病毒特异性免疫应答的方法。在一些实施方案中,所述方法包括向受试者施用有效量的硅化病毒或硅化病毒颗粒。例如,所述有效量可为诱导宿主内对该病毒的可检测免疫应答所需要的量。
在一些实施方案中,经硅化的病毒(或其颗粒)是感染例如动物细胞等真核细胞的病毒。在一些具体实施方案中,所述病毒是哺乳动物病毒。在一些实施方案中,所述病毒是牛痘病毒、轮状病毒、腺病毒、流感病毒、慢病毒、黄病毒、肝炎病毒、细小病毒或小核糖核酸病毒。在一些例子中,所述慢病毒是免疫缺陷病毒,例如,人类免疫缺陷病毒、猴免疫缺陷病毒或猫免疫缺陷病毒。在一些例子中,所述黄病毒是西尼罗河病毒、日本脑炎病毒、登革热病毒、蜱传脑炎病毒、黄热病毒或圣路易斯脑炎病毒。在一些例子中,所述肝炎病毒是甲肝病毒、乙肝病毒或丙肝病毒。在一些例子中,所述小核糖核酸病毒是脊髓灰质炎病毒、甲肝病毒、鼻病毒或口蹄疫病毒。在一些例子中,所述病毒是细小病毒,例如腺相关病毒(AAV)、鼠细小病毒或犬细小病毒。在另一些例子中,所述病毒是呼吸道合胞体病毒。
所述病毒特异性免疫应答可为体液免疫应答或细胞介导的免疫应答。在一些实施方案中,所述病毒特异性免疫应答包括激活病毒特异性T细胞(例如,CD4+辅助T细胞或CD8+细胞毒性T细胞)、产生病毒特异性抗体、产生细胞因子或其任意组合。测量宿主内病毒特异性免疫应答的方法是本领域熟知的。例如,可通过使用对T细胞标记物(例如,CD8)和抗原特异性主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)四聚体具有特异性的抗体的流式细胞术来评估病毒特异性T细胞的数量。可例如使用免疫测定——例如酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)来检测病毒特异性抗体。还可通过使用细胞因子特异性抗体通过ELISA或流式细胞术来测量细胞因子的产生。
硅化病毒或硅化病毒颗粒的施用途径可为适于诱导对特定病毒免疫应答的任何途径。合适的免疫途径是本领域熟知的。在一些实施方案中,施用是局部施用、口服施用、皮下施用、吸入施用、腹膜内施用、静脉内施用、鞘内施用或肌内施用。在一些具体实施例中,施用是肌内施用、皮下施用、口服施用或吸入。
本文还提供了包含硅化病毒或硅化病毒颗粒的免疫原性组合物。在一些实施方案中,所述病毒感染真核细胞,例如,动物细胞。在一些具体实施方案中,所述病毒是哺乳动物病毒。在一些实施方案中,所述病毒是牛痘病毒、轮状病毒、腺病毒、流感病毒、慢病毒、黄病毒、肝炎病毒或小核糖核酸病毒。在一些例子中,所述慢病毒是免疫缺陷病毒,例如,人类免疫缺陷病毒、猴免疫缺陷病毒或猫免疫缺陷病毒。在一些例子中,所述黄病毒是西尼罗河病毒、日本脑炎病毒、登革热病毒、蜱传脑炎病毒、黄热病毒或圣路易斯脑炎病毒。在一些例子中,所述肝炎病毒是甲肝病毒、乙肝病毒或丙肝病毒。在一些例子中,所述小核糖核酸病毒是脊髓灰质炎病毒。
在一些实施方案中,所述免疫原性组合物包含药学可接受的载体和/或佐剂。在一些例子中,所述佐剂包括油包水乳剂、弗氏不完全佐剂、明矾、氢氧化铝、toll样受体激动剂、免疫刺激性寡核苷酸或生物佐剂。在一些例子中,所述药学可接受载体包括生理盐水、平衡盐溶液、缓冲剂、悬浮剂、增稠剂、非水性溶剂、水性载体、防腐剂、抗氧化剂、抑菌剂(bacateriostat)或其任意组合。
在一些实施方案中,所述免疫原性组合物包含于单位剂型((unit-dose form))中。在另一些实施方案中,所述免疫原性组合物包含于多剂型(multi-dose form)中。
本文还提供了增强受试者体内的病毒特异性的细胞介导的免疫应答的方法。在一些实施方案中,所述方法包括向所述受试者施用硅化病毒或硅化病毒颗粒,其中所述病毒特异性的细胞介导的免疫应答相对于施用未经硅化的病毒或未经硅化的病毒颗粒后的细胞介导免疫应答增强。
在所述方法的一些实施方案中,所述病毒感染真核细胞,例如,动物细胞。在一些具体实施方案中,所述病毒是哺乳动物病毒。在一些实施方案中,所述病毒是牛痘病毒、轮状病毒、腺病毒、流感病毒、慢病毒、黄病毒、肝炎病毒、细小病毒或小核糖核酸病毒。在一些例子中,所述慢病毒是免疫缺陷病毒,例如,人类免疫缺陷病毒、猴免疫缺陷病毒或猫免疫缺陷病毒。在一些例子中,所述黄病毒是西尼罗河病毒、日本脑炎病毒、登革热病毒、蜱传脑炎病毒、黄热病毒或圣路易斯脑炎病毒。在一些例子中,所述肝炎病毒是甲肝病毒、乙肝病毒或丙肝病毒。在一些例子中,所述小核糖核酸病毒是脊髓灰质炎病毒、甲肝病毒、鼻病毒或口蹄疫病毒。在一些例子中,所述细小病毒是AAV、鼠细小病毒或犬细小病毒。在另一些例子中,所述病毒是呼吸道合胞体病毒。
在一些实施方案中,所述病毒特异性的细胞介导的免疫应答相对于在施用未经硅化的病毒后的细胞介导的免疫应答增强至少5%、至少10%、至少15%、至少20%、至少25%、至少30%、至少35%、至少40%、至少45%、或至少50%、至少60%、至少70%、至少80%、至少90%或至少100%。
在一些实施方案中,所述病毒特异性的细胞介导的免疫应答的增强由病毒特异性T细胞数的升高、病毒特异性T细胞激活的增加、细胞因子产生的增多或其任意组合来确定。因此,在一些例子中,在施用硅化病毒或硅化病毒颗粒后病毒特异性T细胞的数量相对于在施用未经硅化的病毒或未经硅化的病毒颗粒后的病毒特异性T细胞的数量升高至少5%、至少10%、至少15%、至少20%、至少25%、至少30%、至少35%、至少40%、至少45%、至少50%、至少60%、至少70%、至少80%、至少90%或至少100%;在施用硅化病毒或硅化病毒颗粒后的病毒特异性T细胞的激活相对于在施用未经硅化的病毒或未经硅化的病毒颗粒后的病毒特异性T细胞的激活增加至少5%、至少10%、至少15%、至少20%、至少25%、至少30%、至少35%、至少40%、至少45%、至少50%、至少60%、至少70%、至少80%、至少90%或至少100%;和/或在施用硅化病毒后的细胞因子的产生相对于在施用未经硅化的病毒或未经硅化的病毒颗粒后的细胞因子的产生增多至少5%、至少10%、至少15%、至少20%、至少25%、至少30%、至少35%、至少40%、至少45%、至少50%、至少60%、至少70%、至少80%、至少90%或至少100%。
在一些实施方案中,所述T细胞是CD8+T细胞。在另一些实施方案中,所述T细胞是CD4+T细胞。
在一些实施方案中,所述细胞因子是白细胞介素(IL),例如,IL-1、IL-2、IL-3、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-7、IL-8、IL-9、IL-10、IL-11、IL-12、IL-13、IL-14、IL-15;IL-16;IL-17;IL-18、IL-19或IL-20。在一些实施方案中,所述细胞因子是干扰素,例如,IFN-α、IFN-β、IFN-γ。在一些实施方案中,所述细胞因子是转化生长因子(TGF)蛋白,例如,TGF-β1、TGF-β2或TGF-β3。在一些实施方案中,所述细胞因子是肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)家族成员,例如,TNF-α、TNF-β、LT-β、CD154或TRAIL。在一些实施方案中,所述细胞因子是涉及免疫调节的任何其它分子,例如,促红细胞生成素、干细胞因子或M-CSF。在一个非限制性例子中,所述细胞因子是IFN-γ。
V.病毒或病毒颗粒的硅化
本领域已经描述了病毒硅化的方法(参见例如,Laidler和Stedman,Astrobiology10:569,2010;Orange等,Biogeosciences 8:1465,2011;以及Laidler等,J Virol 87(24):13927-13929,2013)。此外,在本文实施例1和实施例3中也描述了用于硅化病毒或病毒颗粒的示例性方法。
一般而言,通过将所选病毒原液(virus stock)与二氧化硅溶液混合来进行硅化,所述二氧化硅溶液为例如由五水偏硅酸钠制备的二氧化硅溶液。所述二氧化硅溶液的浓度可介于例如约100ppm和1000ppm之间不等。在一些具体方法中,所述二氧化硅溶液是约300ppm至约600ppm(约5mM至约10mM)的二氧化硅。二氧化硅溶液还可包含缓冲剂,例如,提高病毒稳定性的缓冲剂。二氧化硅溶液还可包含盐,诸如氯化镁、氯化钙和硫酸镁等提高病毒稳定性的盐。
在一些示例性方法中,将小体积(例如,约1mL至5mL,或约2mL至2.5mL)的二氧化硅溶液中的病毒注射至透析管中,然后将透析管放置于具有相同浓度的更大体积(例如,约30mL至50mL,例如,40mL)的二氧化硅溶液中。可定期更换该二氧化硅溶液,例如,约一天一次。病毒在二氧化硅溶液中的培养时间可变化,但是一般为约1至约10天。在一些例子中,使用市售的透析装置,例如,SLIDE-A-LYZERTM MINI透析装置(Thermo-Fisher)。
本公开内容预期了对任何病毒或病毒颗粒的硅化,包括任何野生型(即,天然存在的)病毒或其颗粒,或者任何工程化病毒、重组病毒或嵌合病毒或其颗粒。一般而言,病毒颗粒由至少一种病毒衣壳蛋白组成,并且可包含脂质包膜。病毒颗粒可包含或不包含野生型的或工程化的病毒基因组。例如,病毒样颗粒与病毒相似,但不包含病毒基因组,可根据本文公开的方法对其进行硅化。
因此,在本公开内容的上下文中,“病毒”包括病毒的任何科、属、种、品系或亚型。术语“病毒”还包括野生型病毒、重组病毒、嵌合病毒、工程化的病毒、及其颗粒。在一些实施方案中,所述病毒感染真核细胞,例如,动物细胞。在一些具体实施方案中,所述病毒是哺乳动物病毒(感染哺乳动物细胞)。在一些实施方案中,所述病毒是致病性病毒(即,导致宿主的疾病)。在一些实施方案中,所述病毒是有包膜病毒。在另一些实施方案中,所述病毒是无包膜病毒。
可进行硅化的病毒(或其颗粒)的例子包括但不限于以下病毒家族中的病毒:逆转录病毒科(例如,人类免疫缺陷病毒1(HIV-1)、HIV-2、人T细胞白血病病毒);小核糖核酸病毒科(例如,脊髓灰质炎病毒、甲肝病毒、肠道病毒、人柯萨奇病毒、鼻病毒、艾柯病毒、口蹄疫病毒);杯状病毒科(例如,引起胃肠炎的毒株,包括诺瓦克病毒);披膜病毒科(例如,甲病毒,包括基孔肯雅病毒、马脑炎病毒、塞姆利基森林病毒、辛德毕斯病毒、罗斯河病毒、风疹病毒);黄病毒科(例如,丙肝病毒、登革热病毒、黄热病毒、西尼罗河病毒、圣路易斯脑炎病毒、日本脑炎病毒、玻瓦桑病毒和其它脑炎病毒);冠状病毒科(例如,冠状病毒、严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)病毒和中东呼吸综合征(MERS)冠状病毒);弹状病毒科(例如,水疱性口炎病毒、狂犬病病毒);丝状病毒科(例如,埃博拉病毒、马尔堡病毒);副粘液病毒科(例如,副流感病毒、腮腺炎病毒、麻疹病毒、呼吸道合胞体病毒);正粘液病毒科(例如,流感病毒);布尼亚病毒科(例如,汉坦病毒、辛诺柏病毒、裂谷热病毒、布尼亚病毒、白蛉病毒和纳伊罗病毒);砂粒病毒科(例如,拉沙热病毒和其它出血热病毒、马丘波病毒、胡宁病毒);呼肠病毒科(例如,呼肠孤病毒、环状病毒、轮状病毒);双核糖核酸病毒科;肝脱氧核糖核酸病毒科(乙肝病毒);细小病毒科(细小病毒,例如,鼠细小病毒、犬细小病毒、人细小病毒B19和AAV);乳多空病毒科(乳头瘤病毒、多瘤病毒、BK病毒);腺病毒科(腺病毒);疱疹病毒科(单纯性疱疹病毒(HSV)-1和HSV-2;巨细胞病毒;埃巴氏病毒;水痘带状疱疹病毒;以及其它疱疹病毒,包括HSV-6);痘病毒科(天花病毒、牛痘病毒、痘病毒);以及虹彩病毒科(例如,非洲猪瘟病毒);星状病毒科;以及未归类的病毒(例如,被认为是乙肝病毒的缺陷性卫星病毒的丁型肝炎致病剂)。
VI.免疫原性组合物及其施用
本文提供的免疫原性组合物包括硅化病毒(或其颗粒),例如能够感染哺乳动物细胞的硅化病毒。在一些情况下,所述免疫原性组合物还包含药学可接受的载体、佐剂、或者其两者。本文公开的免疫原性组合物可用作诱导针对病毒的免疫应答的疫苗,所述免疫应答例如为保护性免疫应答或治疗性免疫应答。
所提供的免疫原性组合物通常与药学可接受的载体或媒介物结合,作为免疫刺激性组合物施用至人或动物受试者。
所述免疫原性制剂可方便地存在于单位剂型中,并使用常规的制药技术来制备。这样的技术包括以下步骤:使活性成分(即,硅化病毒或硅化病毒颗粒)与药物载体(一种或多种)或赋形剂(一种或多种)结合。一般而言,通过使活性成分与液体载体均匀且紧密地结合来制备所述制剂。合适的制剂可包含水性和非水性无菌注射溶液,所述注射溶液可包含抗氧化剂、缓冲剂,抑菌剂、以及使该制剂与预期的接受者的血液等渗的溶质;以及水性和非水性的无菌混悬剂,其可包含悬浮剂和增稠剂。所述制剂可存在于单位剂量或多剂量容器中,例如,密封的安瓿和小瓶,并且可储存于冷冻干燥(冻干)条件下,仅需要在即将使用前添加例如水等无菌液体载体用于注射。临时注射溶液和混悬剂可由本领域普通技术人员通常使用的无菌粉剂、颗粒剂和片剂制备。
用于肠胃外施用的制剂包括无菌水性或非水性溶液、混悬剂和乳剂。非水性溶剂的例子是丙二醇、聚乙二醇、例如橄榄油等植物油、以及例如油酸乙酯等可注射有机酯。水性载体包括水、醇溶液/水性溶液、乳剂或混悬剂,包括盐水和经缓冲的介质(media)。肠胃外媒介物包括氯化钠溶液、林格氏右旋糖、右旋糖和氯化钠、乳酸林格氏液或固定油。静脉内媒介物包括流体和营养补充物、电解质补充物(例如,基于林格氏右旋糖的那些物质)等。还可存在的防腐剂和其他添加剂例如,抗菌剂、抗氧化剂、螯合剂和惰性气体等。
一些组合物可潜在地作为药学可接受的酸加成盐或碱加成盐施用,所述盐通过与以下酸反应而形成:无机酸,例如盐酸、氢溴酸、高氯酸、硝酸、硫氰酸、硫酸和磷酸,以及有机酸,例如甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、羟基乙酸、乳酸、丙酮酸、草酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、马来酸和富马酸,或者通过与以下碱反应而形成:无机碱,例如氢氧化钠、氢氧化铵、氢氧化钾,以及有机碱,例如单烷基胺、二烷基胺、三烷基胺和芳基胺以及经取代的乙醇胺。
在某些实施方案中,单位剂量制剂是包含施用成分的剂量或单位或其适当级分的制剂。我们应理解,除了上文特别提及的成分外,本文所涵盖的制剂可包含本领域普通技术人员通常使用的其它试剂。
本文提供的免疫原性组合物可通过不同的途径来施用,例如口服施用,包括含服施用和舌下施用,经直肠施用、肠胃外施用、喷雾施用、经鼻施用、肌内施用、皮下施用、皮内施用和局部施用。它们可以不同形式施用,包括但不限于溶液、乳剂和混悬剂、微球、颗粒、微颗粒、纳米颗粒和脂质体。
所施用的体积将根据例如施用途径和病毒类型而变化。举例来说,肌内注射可介于约0.1mL至约1.0mL的范围。本领域普通技术人员应知晓用于不同施用途径的合适体积。
每剂免疫原性组合物中的硅化病毒或硅化病毒颗粒的量选择为在没有明显毒副作用的情况下诱导免疫刺激性应答或免疫保护性应答的量。这样的量将根据采用哪种特异性免疫原以及如何呈递该免疫原而变化。初始注射可介于约1μg至约1mg的范围,一些实施方案具有约10μg至约800μg的范围,并且还有另一些实施方案具有约25μg至约500μg的范围。在初始施用免疫原性组合物后,受试者可适当间隔地接受一次或数次加强施用。加强施用可介于约1μg至约1mg的范围,另一些实施方案具有约10μg至约750μg的范围,并且还有一些实施方案具有约50μg至约500μg的范围。可期望进行间隔1至5年(例如三年)的定期加强以维持期望的保护性免疫水平。
可通过单一剂量或多个剂量来完成施用。在本公开内容的上下文中施用至受试者的剂量应足以随着时间诱导受试者体内的有益治疗性应答,或者足以抑制或预防病毒感染。所需的剂量将根据受试者的物种、年龄、体重和一般条件、所要治疗的感染的严重程度、所使用的具体组合物及其施用模式而不等。合适的剂量可由本领域普通技术人员仅使用日常实验来确定。
所述药物组合物或免疫原性组合物或治疗方法可与其它治疗性处理结合施用。例如,本文提供的组合物可与佐剂(例如弗氏不完全佐剂或弗氏完全佐剂)一起施用。
任选地,下述可用作生物佐剂:一种或多种细胞因子,例如IL-2、IL-6、IL-12、RANTES、GM-CSF、TNF-α或IFN-γ,一种或多种生长因子,例如GM-CSF或G-CSF;一种或多种分子,例如OX-40L或41BBL,或者这些分子的组合(参见例如,Salgaller等,1998,J.Surg.Oncol.68(2):122-38;Lotze等,2000,Cancer J.Sci.Am.6(增刊1):S61-6;Cao等,1998,Stem Cells 16(增刊1):251-60;Kuiper等,2000,Adv.Exp.Med.Biol.465:381-90)。可将这些分子全身(或局部性)地施用至宿主。
提供以下实施例用于阐述某些特定特征和/或实施方案。这些实施例不应解释为将本公开内容限制于所描述的特定特征或实施方案。
实施例
实施例1:硅化病毒的失活、再活化和耐干性
该实施例描述了这样的发现,即,可通过硅化作用来可逆地失活多种病毒,并且在一些情况下,硅化作用提高病毒的耐干性。在下文描述的研究中,对四种示例性病毒确定了硅化作用对病毒感染性和耐干性的影响:两种噬菌体(T4和PRD1),一种有包膜动物病毒(牛痘)以及一种超嗜热古生菌的病毒(SSV-K)(Wiedenheft等,J Virol 78:1954,2004)。
引言
在病毒生态学上的一个主要分歧是,病毒物种是世界性的(Breitbart和Rohwer,Trends Microbiol 13:278,2005)还是展示了地区特有现象。对如火山温泉、北极冰池和公海等形形色色环境中的病毒的研究得到了互相矛盾的结果(Angly等,PLOS Biology 4:2121,2006)。一些研究显示了病毒基因组之间的强烈的地区差异(Held和Whitaker,Environ Microbiol 11:457,2009),这暗示了受限的传播。然而,另一些人已经发现了具有几乎相同基因组的病毒在许多不同环境中的全球性分布(Breitbart等,FEMS MicrobiolLett 236:249,2004;Short和Suttle,Appl Environ Microbiol 71:480,2005)。
一份研究显示,通过温泉喷气口的病毒烟雾化可导致局部的病毒传播(Snyder等,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:19102,2007),指出了至少一种可能的不依赖于宿主的传播机制。该结果表明,如果病毒颗粒可达到平流层和上对流层的风,则可实现更远距离的传播(Smith等,Aerobiologia 26:35,2010)。一些研究已经显示,这些高层风能够将细菌和真菌从撒哈拉沙漠携带至远如勃朗峰(Chuvochina等,Microbiology 80:125,2011;Chuvochina等,Microbes Environ 26:237,2011;Hervas等,Environ Microbiol 11:1612,2009;Laghdass等,Aquat Microb Ecol 62:201,2011;Perfumo和Marchant,Environ MicrobiolRep 2:333,2010;Prospero等,Aerobiologia 21:1,2005;Schlesinger等,Aerobiologia22:259,2006;Toepfer等,Aerobiologia 28:221,2012)。
风媒病毒传播的一个关键限制因素是病毒耐干燥的能力;大多数病毒对干燥非常敏感(Ding等,Gynecol Oncol 121:148,2011;Fogarty等,Virus Res132:140,2008;Nakano等,Fish Pathol 33:65,1998)并且当雾化时将迅速失去感染性。然而,除了病毒的衣壳以外如果可将其可逆地包覆于保护层中,则它们可能潜在地传播非常广泛。二氧化硅涂层是一种特别吸引人的可能性,因为先前的研究已经表明,可在模拟的天然温泉条件下用二氧化硅包覆病毒(Laidler和Stedman,Astrobiology 10:569,2010;Orange等,Biogeosciences 8:1465,2011)。
方法
噬菌体T4、PRD1和SSV-K病毒原液来源于实验室储液。所有储液都由冷冻的储液(SSV-K)或维持于其天然宿主(T4和PRD1)的储液新制而成。对于这些病毒的每一种,100mL在对数期的宿主培养物(大肠杆菌B用于T4,鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)LT2用于PRD1,以及硫磺矿硫化叶菌(Solfolobus solfataricus)GΘ用于SSV-K)中接种1mL等分试样的实验室病毒原液,并于合适的温度(大肠杆菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌37℃;硫磺矿硫化叶菌GΘ80℃)下培养。过夜培养后,在3000g下离心感染的培养物30分钟,以沉淀(pellet)细胞和细胞碎片。由于SSV病毒颗粒在中性pH中比在其宿主的最优pH(pH 2至3)更稳定,在离心分离前用1M NaHCO3将SSV-K培养物调节至pH为7.0。离心后,倒出上清液,并通过0.2μm的不含表面活性剂的醋酸纤维素过滤器过滤至无菌聚丙烯容器。在开始实验前一天制备病毒原液,并在使用前以4℃储存。
在开始实验时,将病毒原液与新制的二氧化硅溶液混合,所述二氧化硅溶液由五水偏硅酸钠制备而得到0ppm、300ppm和600ppm(分别为0mM、5mM和10mM)二氧化硅的最终浓度。该溶液还包含10mM NaHCO3(缓冲剂)和5mM MgCl2(提高病毒稳定性),并且用1N HCl调节pH至7.0至7.1。使用二氧化硅浓度为150ppm和200ppm的初始试验表明,关于病毒感染性,这些溶液与0ppm对照溶液之间没有可检测差异。
T4、PRD1和VACV的最终病毒滴度为约109pfu/mL,以及SSV-K的最终病毒滴度为105pfu/mL。然后将2.0mL至2.5mL的每种溶液注入一端由注射隔垫密封的透析管的各个部分(10mm,12,000道尔顿MWCO)。然后将该透析管浸入40mL具有与病毒溶液相同的二氧化硅、NaHCO3、MgCl2和pH的浴溶液(bathing solution)中。
每天用具有相同组合物的新制溶液来更换所述浴溶液,并在第0(开始实验的十分钟内)、1、3、8和10天通过注射隔垫取样。通过空斑测定以三次重复来确定各样品的病毒滴度。
在第10天,以一式三份的方式取100μl的等分试样用于干燥测试。仍然在第10天,取100μl样品等分试样,并用0ppm的二氧化硅溶液稀释至1mL,将二氧化硅浓度降低至低于饱和。在第12、14、16和20天对这些稀释的样品进行空斑测定,以确定感染性的任何损失是否是可逆的。
将所述干燥样品的等分试样放置在聚丙烯微量离心管中,并在4℃和13mBar的真空浓缩器中保持4小时来完成初始干燥,然后将样品放置于具有新鲜干燥剂的240-270mBar的压力下的真空干燥器中直至分析时,所述分析在干燥10天、30天和90天后进行。在分析时,用1mL 0ppm二氧化硅溶液再水化干燥的病毒样品。再水化后1小时和再水化后10天,取100μl样品,并通过空斑测定来确定病毒滴度。对于SSV-K样品,将全部1mL再水化的病毒溶液用于在第10天和第30天的分析以提高空斑测定的灵敏度。
牛痘病毒(VACV)需要稍微不同的实验步骤。通过感染浮游的Hela细胞并将培养物于37℃孵育48小时来提前制备病毒原液。然后冷冻全部培养物溶液,并储存于-80℃待用。在每个实验开始时,将VACV的等分试样于37℃下解冻,大力涡旋,然后与新制的偏硅酸钠溶液混合至终浓度0ppm或600ppm。
对于VACV的硅化、脱硅化和干燥研究,碱溶液为杜氏磷酸盐缓冲溶液(Dulbecco′sphosphate buffered saline)(DPBS),用1N HCl将pH调节至7.0至7.1。选择DPBS是因为有研究显示VACV在室温下的DPBS中是稳定的(Kline等,Vaccine 23:4944,2005;Newman等,JInfect Dis 187:1319,2003)。此外,对二氧化硅溶液的暴露是在聚丙烯微量离心管中而不是透析管中进行,并且该暴露持续仅两天,不更换溶液。两天后,取出100μl的等分试样,并用900μl的DPBS稀释,得到60ppm(1mM)的最终二氧化硅浓度,该浓度低于室温下的二氧化硅饱和浓度(Conrad等,Geochim Cosmochim Acta71:531,2007;Gunnarsson和Arnorsson,Geothermics 34:320,2005)。最后,在BSL3层流罩中于环境大气压下进行干燥实验以避免VACV污染设备的风险。
结果
以前不知道二氧化硅涂层是否影响病毒感染性。因此,确定硅化作用对四种不同病毒的感染性的影响。用于该研究的病毒包括两种噬菌体(T4和PRD1)(Bamford等,AdvVirus Res 45:281,1995;J.D.Karam编,Bacteriophage T4,ASM出版社,Washington,D.C.,第2版,1994);一种有包膜动物病毒(牛痘)(Smith等,J Gen Virol 83:2915,2002);以及一种超嗜热古生菌的病毒(SSV-K)(Wiedenheft等,J Virol 78:1954,2004)。将该病毒在初始溶解的二氧化硅浓度介于0ppm(对照)至600ppm范围内的、pH 7.0至7.1的溶液中培养十天。用二氧化硅浓度为150ppm和200ppm的重复试验的结果与用0ppm的结果没有区别。在初始培养期间,进行定期采样,并通过空斑测定来确定病毒感染性。用任何试验浓度下的二氧化硅处理噬菌体PRD1对感染性几乎没有影响。相比之下,用300ppm(5mM)或600ppm(10mM)二氧化硅处理噬菌体T4对感染性有很大影响,暴露至600ppm二氧化硅十天的感染性损失近三个数量级(图1A)。暴露至600ppm二氧化硅溶液比暴露至300ppm二氧化硅溶液具有更大影响。考虑到之前发现暴露至300ppm二氧化硅溶液的噬菌体T4被均匀包覆于无定形氧化硅中(Laidler和Stedman,Astrobiology 10:569,2010),该发现是出乎意料的。有趣的是,内生于高二氧化硅温泉环境的古生菌小纺锤形噬菌体属(archaeal fusellovirus)SSV-K具有中度的失活(图1A)。噬菌体T4、PRD1以及古生菌病毒SSV-K具有蛋白质衣壳(Bamford等,AdvVirus Res 45:281,1995;J.D.Karam编,Bacteriophage T4,ASM出版社,Washington,D.C.编,第2版,1994;Wiedenheft等,J Virol78:1954,2004)。
其它主要病毒形态学以及许多病原性动物病毒的病毒形态学是有包膜的,或具有外脂质膜。因此,测试了充分表征的有包膜动物病毒牛痘病毒(VACV)对二氧化硅处理的反应。在暴露至600ppm二氧化硅溶液仅两天后,VACV的感染性降低超出三个数量级(图1A),而三种非包膜病毒中最易受影响的那种——噬菌体T4——在该时间内其感染性损失了不到两个数量级(图1A)。出于技术原因,VACV的测定条件与噬菌体T4的测定条件多少有些不同,因此,这两者可能不能直接比较。影响感染性所需的二氧化硅浓度显著高于均质核化(homogenous nucleation)所需的浓度。
基于以前对细菌和古生菌的硅化研究(Laidler和Stedman,Astwbiology10:569,2010;Orange等,Biogeosciences 8:1465,2011;Asada和Tazaki,Can Mineral 39:1,2001;Benning等,Geochim Cosmochim Acta 68:743,2004;Kyle等,Geomicrobiol J24:627,2007;Orange等,Geobiology 7:403,2009;Peng等,Chin Sci Bull 52:367,2007;Phoenix等,Chem Geol 169:329,2000;Renaut等,Sedimentology 45:1083,1998;SchultzeLam等,Can J Earth Sci 32:2021,1995;Toporski等,Astwbiology 2:1,2002;Westall等,Palaeontology 38:495,1995),因硅化导致病毒感染性损失并不出乎意料。更出乎意料的是,即使在过饱和二氧化硅溶液中,不同病毒所受影响也不同。噬菌体T4几乎完全失活,PRD1没有可检测的感染性损失,并且SSV-K具有中度的应答。尽管用于VACV的实验方法有所不同,但是数据显示VACV可能由于其脂质膜外壳而甚至可比噬菌体T4更易受到硅化的影响。这些发现有力地表明,不同病毒的表面特征显著地影响二氧化硅的沉淀速率,从而影响它们对由硅化引起的失活的易感性。
为了确定通过硅化导致的感染性损失是否是可逆的,将暴露至600ppm氧化硅溶液十天后的每种病毒的等分试样放置在0ppm二氧化硅溶液中。将未经硅化的病毒等分试样用作对照。进行取样,再保持最多10天,并确定病毒感染性。噬菌体T4和SSV-K二者在暴露至低浓度二氧化硅溶液十天内都重新获得了感染性,达到它们初始滴度的至少10%(图1A)。同样地,当放置于二氧化硅不饱和的溶液中时,硅化VACV恢复了其感染性的约90%(图1A)。除了显示硅化对感染性的影响在这些条件是可逆的外,这些结果还支持这样的假说,即,对感染性的影响是由于二氧化硅的包覆,而不是因为本应不可逆的物理或化学损伤。
最后,这些结果显示硅化噬菌体T4和古生菌病毒SSV-K比未硅化病毒具有更强的耐干性。在十天的硅化作用后,将每种病毒-二氧化硅组合的等分试样放置于真空干燥器中。在10、30和90天后分析经干燥的样品。将经处理的病毒以1∶10稀释于0ppm二氧化硅中以观察感染性的损失是否可逆。未处理的病毒作为对照。在干燥后立即确定病毒感染性。硅化噬菌体T4对于至少30天的干燥是稳定的,而未经硅化的病毒不可逆地失活。SSV-K类似地受到硅化的保护(图1B),但是其程度比噬菌体T4低。因为SSV-K不能生长至噬菌体T4的高滴度,所以该病毒的检测极限更低,限制了比较它们在较长暴露的情况下的耐干性的能力。但是,保护不是绝对的,因为在干燥90天后,存在大于七个数量级的噬菌体T4的感染性损失,至低于该测定的检测极限。
在未经硅化的病毒中,仅VACV在干燥后具有少许感染性。在两天的硅化后,VACV的耐干性降低。未经硅化的VACV的感染性在干燥后降低三个数量级(从1.4×108pfu/mL降至2.1×105pfu/mL),而硅化VACV降低四个数量级(从1.4×108pfu/mL降至1.6×104pfu/mL)。VACV的该感染性损失与该病毒在实验条件下的固有耐干性一致(Collier,Bacteriol Rev18:74,1954)。
这些干燥结果说明,对于至少一些病毒而言,硅化可保护它们免于受到干燥的影响。这可以允许病毒在平流层的压力和湿度下存在至少若干周。如果温泉病毒通过脱气或喷气孔活动而被硅化和雾化,则该硅化可允许病毒在平流层的压力和湿度下存留数天至数周,并可以允许全球性传播(Smith等,Aerobiologia 26:35,2010),这潜在地解释了上文论述的一些互相矛盾的结果(Breitbart等,FEMS Microbiol Lett 236:249,2004;Short和Suttle,Appl Environ Microbiol 71:480,2005;Breitbart和Rohwer,Trends Microbiol13:278,2005;Angly等,PLOS Biology 4:2121,2006;Held和Whitaker,EnvironMicrobiol11:457,2009)。
远远超出了对病毒传播的影响,病毒硅化可作为用于疫苗保存的方法。针对感染性疾病的疫苗是治疗疾病的最具成本效益的方法(匿名,Bulletin of the World HealthOrganization 78:274,2000;Jefferson,Vaccine 17:S69,1999)。但是,一些疫苗是高度不稳定的,需要运输妥协,尤其在发展中国家(Levine和Robins-Browne,Immunol Cell Biol87:274,2009)包覆这些疫苗的二氧化硅使它们能够以比以前可能的低得多的成本来进行运送和处理。
实施例2:施用硅化VACV和未经硅化的VACV后的免疫应答
该实施例描述了这样的发现,即,在进行体内施用后,硅化病毒能够诱导病毒特异性的免疫应答。
为了确定硅化病毒是否能够感染动物宿主并诱导动物宿主中的免疫应答,对C57BL/6小鼠通过初次接种和加强接种1×106pfu的硅化VV-OVA或未经硅化的VV-OVA(重组牛痘病毒表达卵白蛋白)而进行施用。在初次接种后七天以及加强接种后五天通过细胞内细胞因子染色(ICS)和MHC四聚体染色来测量抗原特异性T细胞(图2)。
进行四聚体染色和ICS以评估从经接种动物的脾脏中获得的病毒抗原特异性T细胞的频率和数量。将对VACV B8R肽表位具有特异性的MHC四聚体用于定量抗原特异性的CD8+T细胞。进行ICS以测量IFN-γ+/B8R-特异性T细胞。如图3(初次)和图5(加强)所示,硅化VACV和未经硅化的VACV诱导近似数量的病毒特异性CD8+T细胞和IFN-γ表达的病毒特异性CD8+T细胞。
进行了另一些研究以评价接种了硅化VV-OVA和未经硅化的VV-OVA的小鼠中的记忆T细胞亚群和效应T细胞亚群。如图4(初次)和图6(加强)所示,施用硅化VV-OVA和未经硅化的VV-OVA后,在病毒特异性效应T细胞和记忆T细胞的百分率方面未观察到显著差异。
这些数据表明,硅化VACV可褪去其二氧化硅涂层,并对小鼠具有感染性。这些结果还表明硅化病毒能够诱导经接种的动物体内的病毒特异性免疫应答。
实施例3:作为小病毒模型的噬菌体PhiX174的硅化
该实施例描述了这样的发现,即,硅化可显著降低非常小的病毒的感染性。
在该研究中,比较了两种相似的硅化过程——使用SLIDE-A-LYZERTMMINI透析装置(10K MWCO,0.5mL单位;Thermo-Fisher目录号88401)进行硅化,以及实施例1中描述的标准硅化过程。除了用于透析的装置外,这些过程是相同的。使用这两种方案得到了非常相似的结果。
噬菌体PhiX174是非常小(直径约30nm)的无包膜病毒,其作为小核糖核酸病毒的模型病毒,所述小核糖核酸病毒例如为脊髓灰质炎病毒、甲肝病毒、鼻病毒以及口蹄疫病毒,其还作为细小病毒的模型病毒,所述细小病毒例如腺相关病毒(AAV)、鼠细小病毒和犬细小病毒。
使用大肠杆菌C作为宿主,针对未暴露至SiO2(无SiO2)或暴露至硅化条件4天(表1)或七天(表2)的稀释的PhiXl74病毒制剂来确定空斑形成单位(PFU)。使用了两种不同的硅化方案,一种使用市售的SLIDE-A-LYZERTM单元,另一种使用实施例1和Laidler等(J Virol87(24):13927-13929,2013)中描述的硅化方案。在各表中,“A”和“B”是重复测定。
表1:PhiX174暴露至硅化条件四天后的PFU
重复 | A | B |
稀释度(dilution) | 10-7 | 10-7 |
加SiO2SLIDE-A-LYZERTM | 14 | 37 |
加SiO2标准硅化 | 7 | 13 |
无SiO2 | 107 | 103 |
表2:PhiX174暴露至硅化条件七天后的PFU
重复 | A | B | A | B |
稀释度 | 10-7 | 10-7 | 10-6 | 10-6 |
加SiO2SLIDE-A-LYZERTM | 1 | 0 | 4 | 19 |
无SiO2 | ca.100 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
“n.d.”=未确定
如表1和2所示,与在没有SiO2的情况下的透析相比,使用任一硅化过程都导致病毒感染性的显著降低。这些结果说明,硅化对甚至非常小的病毒也是可行的,所述病毒包括人病毒,例如,AAV、脊髓灰质炎病毒和甲肝病毒。
鉴于所公开的发明的原理可应用到的许多可能的实施方案,应该认识到所阐明的实施方案仅仅是本发明的优选实施例,并且不应用作对本发明范围的限制。相反,本发明的范围由所附的权利要求所限定。因此,我们要求将所有落在这些权利要求的范围和精神内的方案作为我们的发明。
Claims (22)
1.硅化病毒或硅化病毒颗粒用于制备用于诱导受试者体内的病毒特异性免疫应答的药物的用途,其中所述硅化病毒或硅化病毒颗粒包含二氧化硅涂层。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述病毒是牛痘病毒、轮状病毒、腺病毒、流感病毒、慢病毒、黄病毒、肝炎病毒、小核糖核酸病毒或冠状病毒。
3.根据权利要求2所述的用途,其中所述慢病毒是免疫缺陷病毒。
4.根据权利要求3所述的用途,其中所述免疫缺陷病毒是人类免疫缺陷病毒。
5.根据权利要求2所述的用途,其中所述黄病毒是西尼罗河病毒、日本脑炎病毒、登革热病毒、蜱传脑炎病毒、黄热病毒或圣路易斯脑炎病毒。
6.根据权利要求2所述的用途,其中所述肝炎病毒是甲肝病毒、乙肝病毒或丙肝病毒。
7.根据权利要求2所述的用途,其中所述小核糖核酸病毒是脊髓灰质炎病毒。
8.根据权利要求2所述的用途,其中所述冠状病毒是严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)病毒或中东呼吸综合征(MERS)冠状病毒。
9.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的用途,其中所述病毒特异性免疫应答包括激活病毒特异性T细胞、产生病毒特异性抗体、产生细胞因子或其任意组合。
10.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的用途,其中所述病毒特异性免疫应答包括体液免疫应答。
11.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的用途,其中所述病毒特异性免疫应答包括细胞介导的免疫应答。
12.根据权利要求11所述的用途,其中所述细胞介导的免疫应答包括激活病毒特异性T细胞、产生细胞因子、或二者都有。
13.根据权利要求12所述的用途,其中所述T细胞包括CD8+T细胞、或细胞因子包括干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、或二者都有。
14.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的用途,其中所述药物通过选自经肌内、经皮下、经口和吸入的途径来进行施用。
15.免疫原性组合物,其包含(i)硅化病毒或硅化病毒颗粒,其中所述硅化病毒或硅化病毒颗粒包含二氧化硅涂层,以及(ii)药学可接受的载体或佐剂,其中所述病毒是牛痘病毒、轮状病毒、腺病毒、流感病毒、慢病毒、黄病毒、肝炎病毒、小核糖核酸病毒或冠状病毒。
16.根据权利要求15所述的免疫原性组合物,其中
所述慢病毒是免疫缺陷病毒;
所述黄病毒是西尼罗河病毒、日本脑炎病毒、登革热病毒、蜱传脑炎病毒、黄热病毒或圣路易斯脑炎病毒;
所述肝炎病毒是甲肝病毒、乙肝病毒或丙肝病毒;
所述小核糖核酸病毒是脊髓灰质炎病毒;或者
所述冠状病毒是SARS病毒或MERS病毒。
17.根据权利要求16所述的免疫原性组合物,其中所述免疫缺陷病毒是人类免疫缺陷病毒。
18.根据权利要求15-17中任一项所述的免疫原性组合物,其中所述佐剂包括油包水乳剂、弗氏不完全佐剂、明矾、氢氧化铝或生物佐剂。
19.根据权利要求18所述的免疫原性组合物,其中所述生物佐剂是toll样受体激动剂或免疫刺激性寡核苷酸。
20.根据权利要求15-17中任一项所述的免疫原性组合物,其中所述药学可接受载体包括缓冲剂、悬浮剂、增稠剂、非水性溶剂、水性载体、防腐剂、抗氧化剂、抑菌剂或其任意组合。
21.根据权利要求20所述的免疫原性组合物,其中所述水性载体是生理盐水或平衡盐溶液。
22.根据权利要求15-17中任一项所述的免疫原性组合物,所述免疫原性组合物包含于单位剂型中。
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US9889194B2 (en) | 2013-03-01 | 2018-02-13 | New York Blood Center, Inc. | Immunogenic composition for MERS coronavirus infection |
EP3718539A1 (en) | 2013-04-18 | 2020-10-07 | The Regents of the University of California | Nanoscale coatings for encapsulation of biological entities |
US11103575B2 (en) | 2014-02-28 | 2021-08-31 | The New York Blood Center, Inc. | Immunogenic composition for MERS coronavirus infection |
US11357830B2 (en) | 2016-03-03 | 2022-06-14 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Nano-scale delivery device and uses thereof |
US11896653B2 (en) | 2017-09-13 | 2024-02-13 | Unm Rainforest Innovations | Silicified cell replicas, methods of making, and methods of using |
RU2709659C1 (ru) * | 2018-09-06 | 2019-12-19 | федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение "Национальный исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени почетного академика Н.Ф. Гамалеи" Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации | Иммунобиологическое средство и способ его использования для индукции специфического иммунитета к вирусу ближневосточного респираторного синдрома (варианты) |
CN111363017B (zh) * | 2018-12-25 | 2022-03-15 | 中国科学院微生物研究所 | A型流感病毒核蛋白s69位突变序列及其突变体与应用 |
WO2020185449A1 (en) * | 2019-03-08 | 2020-09-17 | Stc.Unm | Silicified immunogenic cells, methods of making, and methods of using |
US20230149456A1 (en) * | 2020-03-30 | 2023-05-18 | Unm Rainforest Innovations | Nanoparticle-loaded silicified cells, methods of making, and methods of use |
EP4213875A4 (en) * | 2020-09-15 | 2024-09-18 | Bharat Biotech Int Ltd | VACCINE FORMULATION WITH TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR (TLR) AGONISTS |
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CN102099014A (zh) * | 2008-07-15 | 2011-06-15 | 默克专利股份有限公司 | 二氧化硅纳米颗粒及其用于疫苗接种的用途 |
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JP4344805B2 (ja) * | 2000-07-07 | 2009-10-14 | 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 | 遺伝子組換えワクシニアウイルスワクチン |
US7074417B2 (en) * | 2000-10-13 | 2006-07-11 | Advancis Pharmaceutical Corporation | Multiple-delayed release anti-viral product, use and formulation thereof |
JP5584407B2 (ja) | 2008-03-07 | 2014-09-03 | 公益財団法人東京都医学総合研究所 | C型肝炎ウイルス遺伝子を有する組換えワクシニアウイルス |
US20110104293A1 (en) | 2008-07-01 | 2011-05-05 | Bali Pulendran | Synergistic induction of humoral and cellular immunity by combinatorial activation of toll-like receptors |
RU2440098C2 (ru) | 2009-01-15 | 2012-01-20 | Федеральное бюджетное учреждение науки "Московский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Г.Н. Габричевского Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека" (ФБУН МНИИЭМ им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора) | Препарат, содержащий биологически активные действующие вещества |
US8383237B2 (en) | 2009-06-01 | 2013-02-26 | University Of Maryland, College Park | Preparation of silica stabilized biological templates for the production of metal and layered nanoparticles |
GB201002419D0 (en) | 2010-02-12 | 2010-03-31 | Isis Innovation | Stable live vaccine formulations |
EP2636735B1 (en) | 2010-10-15 | 2019-12-04 | Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science | Recombinant vaccinia virus having hemagglutinin protein genes derived from novel influenza viruses |
WO2012162428A1 (en) * | 2011-05-23 | 2012-11-29 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health & Human Services | Prime-boost vaccination for viral infection |
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CN102099014A (zh) * | 2008-07-15 | 2011-06-15 | 默克专利股份有限公司 | 二氧化硅纳米颗粒及其用于疫苗接种的用途 |
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Title |
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Virus Silicification under Simulated Hot Spring Conditions;James R. Laidler等;《ASTROBIOLOGY》;20101231;第10卷(第6期);摘要部分,第570页左栏第2.1部分至第571页右栏第3部分 * |
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KR102141887B1 (ko) | 2020-08-07 |
AU2014212104B2 (en) | 2018-02-15 |
WO2014121132A1 (en) | 2014-08-07 |
EP2950817A4 (en) | 2016-09-07 |
RU2015136683A (ru) | 2017-03-06 |
US9993543B2 (en) | 2018-06-12 |
RU2676083C2 (ru) | 2018-12-26 |
AU2014212104A1 (en) | 2015-08-06 |
CA2899461C (en) | 2021-08-03 |
KR20150113067A (ko) | 2015-10-07 |
US20150359871A1 (en) | 2015-12-17 |
IL240227A0 (en) | 2015-09-24 |
JP2016508999A (ja) | 2016-03-24 |
BR112015017966A2 (pt) | 2017-07-11 |
EP2950817B1 (en) | 2019-08-07 |
EP2950817A1 (en) | 2015-12-09 |
CA2899461A1 (en) | 2014-08-07 |
CN105025922A (zh) | 2015-11-04 |
JP6300827B2 (ja) | 2018-03-28 |
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