CN104965004B - The one-dimensional concrete health monitor method of reinforcing bar coaxial cable structure and step test instrument - Google Patents
The one-dimensional concrete health monitor method of reinforcing bar coaxial cable structure and step test instrument Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种钢筋同轴电缆结构一维混凝土健康监测方法及阶跃测试仪。测试方法基于有内、外两导体的钢筋同轴电缆构造一维混凝土，利用内、外导体连接在检测仪器的端口上进行测试。使用阶跃测试仪时，混凝土一端的内导体和外导体并联在阶跃测试仪的一个端口上，用阶跃信号时延的方法测试。用矢量网络分析仪时，将矢量网络分析仪的一个端口连接到被测混凝土一端的外导体和内导体上，用时域S参数方法进行测试；将矢量网络分析仪的两个端口分别连接到被测混凝土两端的内导体和外导体上，按照多种S参数测试。阶跃测试仪由阶跃信号发生器、信号放大电路、模数转换电路、微处理器构成。本发明可实时监控、预警混凝土质量，简单方便可靠。
The invention discloses a one-dimensional concrete health monitoring method and a step tester for a reinforced coaxial cable structure. The test method is based on the one-dimensional concrete constructed by a reinforced coaxial cable with inner and outer conductors, and the inner and outer conductors are connected to the port of the testing instrument for testing. When using a step tester, the inner conductor and the outer conductor at one end of the concrete are connected in parallel to one port of the step tester, and the step signal time delay method is used for testing. When using a vector network analyzer, connect one port of the vector network analyzer to the outer conductor and inner conductor at one end of the concrete to be tested, and use the time-domain S-parameter method for testing; connect the two ports of the vector network analyzer to the Measure the inner conductor and outer conductor at both ends of the concrete, and test according to various S parameters. The step tester is composed of a step signal generator, a signal amplifying circuit, an analog-to-digital conversion circuit and a microprocessor. The invention can monitor and warn concrete quality in real time, and is simple, convenient and reliable.
Description
(一)技术领域(1) Technical field
本发明属建筑材料检测，涉及混凝土质量测试，特别是钢筋同轴电缆构造的混凝土一维健康监测。The invention belongs to building material testing and relates to concrete quality testing, in particular to one-dimensional health monitoring of concrete constructed of reinforced coaxial cables.
(二)背景技术(2) Background technology
混凝土是广泛用于房屋建筑、桥梁工程、水利工程等的一种重要的工程材料，混凝土健康检测和监测仪器是保证混凝土安全长久运行的技术手段。混凝土健康的预测、预报、诊断是当今国际上急需攻克的主要难题之一。公路、桥梁、大坝以及其他工用民用建筑，都需进行定期的或实时的健康检测和监测。然而现有的混凝土质量检测手段还不能完全适应建设发展的需要。专利号为ZL 2006 100200932.8中国专利《基于阻抗成像的混凝土损伤检测方法与设备》，以检测混凝土损伤为目的，采用了阻抗成像的技术，取得了较好效果。但在实际使用中，由于检测电极与混凝土不能很好的兼容，存在一定的应用局限。Concrete is an important engineering material widely used in housing construction, bridge engineering, water conservancy engineering, etc. Concrete health detection and monitoring instruments are technical means to ensure the safe and long-term operation of concrete. Prediction, prediction, and diagnosis of concrete health are one of the main problems urgently needed to be overcome in the world today. Highways, bridges, dams, and other industrial and civil buildings all require regular or real-time health testing and monitoring. However, the existing concrete quality detection methods can not fully meet the needs of construction and development. The patent number is ZL 2006 100200932.8 Chinese patent "Concrete Damage Detection Method and Equipment Based on Impedance Imaging", which uses impedance imaging technology for the purpose of detecting concrete damage and has achieved good results. But in actual use, because the detection electrode is not well compatible with the concrete, there are certain application limitations.
专利号为ZL 2012 1 0199249.0的中国专利《以钢筋为电极的混凝土裂缝检测仪》，利用发射电极激励信号和接收电极的响应信号之间的关系，判断混凝土裂缝。该发明主要检测裂缝，没有检测其他的异常行为。The Chinese patent "Concrete Crack Detector Using Rebar as Electrode" with the patent number ZL 2012 1 0199249.0 uses the relationship between the excitation signal of the transmitting electrode and the response signal of the receiving electrode to judge concrete cracks. The invention mainly detects cracks and does not detect other abnormal behaviors.
专利号为ZL 2013 1 0029782.7的中国专利《以钢筋为电极的混凝土监测仪以及监控检测方法》，利用钢筋做电极，检测两个钢筋电极之间的电参数，判断混凝土裂缝。该发明提出了一种监控方法，但没有根据钢筋混凝土的不同结构给出不同的测试方法。The Chinese patent No. ZL 2013 1 0029782.7 "Concrete Monitor Using Steel Bars as Electrodes and Monitoring and Detection Method" uses steel bars as electrodes to detect electrical parameters between two steel bar electrodes to judge concrete cracks. This invention proposes a monitoring method, but does not provide different testing methods according to different structures of reinforced concrete.
(三)发明内容(3) Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是在提供一维混凝土健康监测测试仪器，特别是阶跃测试仪的基础上给出基于钢筋同轴电缆构造的一维混凝土健康监测方法。实时监测一维混凝土健康状况，及时发现混凝土病变并预报预警。The purpose of the present invention is to provide a one-dimensional concrete health monitoring method based on a reinforced coaxial cable structure on the basis of providing a one-dimensional concrete health monitoring test instrument, especially a step tester. Real-time monitoring of one-dimensional concrete health status, timely detection of concrete lesions and early warning.
本发明的目的是这样达到的：测试方法基于钢筋同轴电缆构造的一维混凝土，一维混凝土有内、外两导体，轴心为内导体，外导体由环绕内导体的箍筋和纵筋构造而成，外导体的构造与现有一维混凝土构造相同，将基于钢筋同轴电缆构造的一维混凝土的内导体和外导体的两端中的一端或同时将两端连接在检测仪器的测试接口上进行测试；检测仪器分别为阶跃测试仪和矢量网络分析仪。The object of the present invention is achieved like this: the test method is based on the one-dimensional concrete of reinforced coaxial cable structure, and the one-dimensional concrete has inner and outer two conductors, and the axis is the inner conductor, and the outer conductor is composed of stirrups and longitudinal bars surrounding the inner conductor. The structure of the outer conductor is the same as that of the existing one-dimensional concrete structure, and one of the two ends of the inner conductor and the outer conductor of the one-dimensional concrete based on the reinforced coaxial cable structure or both ends are connected to the testing instrument. The test is carried out on the interface; the detection instruments are step tester and vector network analyzer respectively.
使用阶跃测试仪测试时，一维混凝土一端连接在阶跃测试仪的阶跃信号发生器测试接口上按照反射信号时延的方法进行测试。When using the step tester to test, one end of the one-dimensional concrete is connected to the step signal generator test interface of the step tester and tested according to the method of reflected signal delay.
使用矢量网络分析仪的测试方法分为两种，将矢量网络分析仪的端口一连接到被测混凝土一端的外导体和内导体上，按照时域S参数方法进行测试；将矢量网络分析仪的端口一连接到被测混凝土一端的内导体和外导体上，将矢量分析仪的端口二连接到被测混凝土另一端的内导体和外导体上，按照多种S参数方法进行测试。There are two test methods using a vector network analyzer. Connect port one of the vector network analyzer to the outer conductor and inner conductor at one end of the concrete to be tested, and perform the test according to the time-domain S-parameter method; Connect port one to the inner conductor and outer conductor at one end of the concrete to be tested, connect port two of the vector analyzer to the inner conductor and outer conductor at the other end of the concrete to be tested, and conduct tests according to various S-parameter methods.
使用阶跃测试仪测试时按照反射信号时延的测试方法：在微处理器控制下，阶跃信号发生器发出周期性的阶跃信号,信号频率小于1兆赫兹，信号放大电路放大测试接口的信号，放大后的信号经过模数转换电路将模拟信号转为数字信号后送给微处理器，微处理器对数据进行处理，得出测试结果。When using a step tester to test, follow the test method of the reflected signal delay: under the control of the microprocessor, the step signal generator sends out a periodic step signal, the signal frequency is less than 1 MHz, and the signal amplifier circuit amplifies the test interface. Signal, the amplified signal is converted from analog signal to digital signal by the analog-to-digital conversion circuit and then sent to the microprocessor, which processes the data and obtains the test result.
使用矢量网络分析仪按照时域S参数方法进行测试：用矢量分析仪时域S11参数进行测量，分析反射点的个数和反射时间，得出测试结果。Use the vector network analyzer to test according to the time-domain S-parameter method: use the vector analyzer to measure the time-domain S 11 parameters, analyze the number of reflection points and reflection time, and obtain the test results.
使用矢量网络分析仪按照多种S参数方法进行测试：先测试与被测混凝土结构和规格相同的健康混凝土的多个频域参数，再测试被测混凝土对应测量端口的对应频域参数，将健康混凝土和被测混凝土的对应频域参数进行对比，得出测试结果。Use a vector network analyzer to test according to various S-parameter methods: first test multiple frequency domain parameters of healthy concrete with the same structure and specifications as the tested concrete, and then test the corresponding frequency domain parameters of the corresponding measurement port of the tested concrete, and the healthy The corresponding frequency domain parameters of the concrete and the tested concrete are compared to obtain the test results.
使用阶跃测试仪按照反射信号时延的测试方法，具体过程是：微处理控制下，阶跃信号发生器发出周期性的阶跃信号,信号频率小于1兆赫兹，信号放大电路放大测试接口的信号，放大后的信号经过模数转换电路在固定的采样周期下将模拟信号转为数字信号后送给微处理器对数据进行处理，过程如下：Use the step tester to test the time delay of the reflected signal. The specific process is: under the control of the microprocessor, the step signal generator sends out a periodic step signal, the signal frequency is less than 1 MHz, and the signal amplifier circuit amplifies the test interface. Signal, the amplified signal passes through the analog-to-digital conversion circuit to convert the analog signal into a digital signal at a fixed sampling period, and then sends it to the microprocessor to process the data. The process is as follows:
1)、计算相邻数据差的绝对值；1) Calculate the absolute value of the adjacent data difference;
2)、计算多个相邻数据差的绝对值之和，当该绝对值之和大于一个预先通过实验确定的阈值，并且为周边相邻数据差的绝对值之和的最大值时，记录出现该值的采样时刻，并将该时刻定义为跃变点；2) Calculate the sum of the absolute values of a plurality of adjacent data differences. When the sum of the absolute values is greater than a threshold determined in advance through experiments and is the maximum value of the sum of the absolute values of the surrounding adjacent data differences, the record appears The sampling moment of this value, and define this moment as the transition point;
3)、判断阶跃信号发出时间，确定某个跃变点为阶跃信号起始点：与阶跃信号起始点不同的跃变点为信号反射点，当信号反射点个数大于等于2时，判断一维混凝土有损伤；3), judge the sending time of the step signal, determine a certain transition point as the starting point of the step signal: the transition point different from the starting point of the step signal is the signal reflection point, when the number of signal reflection points is greater than or equal to 2, Judging that the one-dimensional concrete has damage;
4)、当信号反射点个数大于等于2时，计算信号反射点与阶跃信号起始点之间的模数转换采样次数，该采样次数乘以采样周期并除以二就是信号反射点与阶跃信号起始点之间光速传播的时间t。用时间t乘以光速，得到信号反射点到阶跃信号起始点间的距离，这个距离就是损伤点或被测混凝土另一端到连接端口之间的距离。4) When the number of signal reflection points is greater than or equal to 2, calculate the number of analog-to-digital conversion sampling times between the signal reflection point and the starting point of the step signal. The time t for the speed of light to travel between the jump signal starting points. Multiply the time t by the speed of light to get the distance from the signal reflection point to the starting point of the step signal, which is the distance between the damage point or the other end of the concrete under test and the connection port.
使用矢量网络分析仪，按照时域S参数方法进行测试时，是采用矢量分析仪时域S11参数进行测试，分析反射点的个数和反射时间；若反射点个数大于等于2，说明被测混凝土有异常；若反射点个数大于等于2，分别用每个反射点的反射时间乘以光速并除以2，得到信号反射点到矢量网络分析仪端口间的距离，这个距离就是损伤点或被测混凝土另一端到被测混凝土与矢量网络分析仪连接端的距离。When using a vector network analyzer to test according to the time-domain S-parameter method, the time-domain S11 parameter of the vector analyzer is used for testing, and the number of reflection points and the reflection time are analyzed; if the number of reflection points is greater than or equal to 2, it means that the There is an abnormality in the measured concrete; if the number of reflection points is greater than or equal to 2, multiply the reflection time of each reflection point by the speed of light and divide it by 2 to obtain the distance between the signal reflection point and the port of the vector network analyzer. This distance is the damage point Or the distance from the other end of the tested concrete to the connected end of the tested concrete and the vector network analyzer.
使用矢量网络分析仪，按照多种S参数测试的过程是：Using a vector network analyzer, the process of testing according to various S parameters is:
1)、与被测混凝土结构和规格相同的健康混凝土定义为对比混凝土，将矢量网络分析仪的端口一连接到对比混凝土一端的内导体和外导体上，将矢量分析仪的端口二连接到对比混凝土另一端的内导体和外导体上，测试对比混凝土的频域S11，S12，S21，S22参数，将这些参数计为SA11，SA12，SA21，SA22；1) The healthy concrete with the same structure and specification as the concrete to be tested is defined as the comparison concrete. Connect the port one of the vector network analyzer to the inner conductor and the outer conductor at one end of the comparison concrete, and connect the port two of the vector analyzer to the comparison concrete. On the inner conductor and outer conductor at the other end of the concrete, test and compare the frequency domain S11, S12, S21, and S22 parameters of the concrete, and count these parameters as SA11, SA12, SA21, and SA22;
2)、将矢量网络分析仪的端口一连接到被测混凝土一端的内导体和外导体上，将矢量分析仪的端口二连接到被测混凝土另一端的内导体和外导体上，测试被测混凝土的频域S11，S12，S21，S22参数，将这些参数计为SB11，SB12，SB21，SB22；2) Connect port one of the vector network analyzer to the inner conductor and outer conductor at one end of the concrete under test, and connect port two of the vector analyzer to the inner conductor and outer conductor at the other end of the concrete under test to test the Frequency domain S11, S12, S21, S22 parameters of concrete, count these parameters as SB11, SB12, SB21, SB22;
3)、分别对比参数SA11与参数SB11、参数SA12与参数SB12、参数SA21与参数SB21、参数SA22与参数SB22之间的差异，如果参数不一样，则判断被测混凝土有损伤。3) Compare the differences between parameter SA11 and parameter SB11, parameter SA12 and parameter SB12, parameter SA21 and parameter SB21, parameter SA22 and parameter SB22, if the parameters are different, it is judged that the tested concrete is damaged.
一维混凝土有内、外两导体，轴心为内导体，其内导体是按照采用一根钢筋的方法，或采用与外导体结构相似的箍筋、纵筋组合的方式做成，对于圆形箍筋截面，内导体的箍筋截面直径必须小于外导体的箍筋截面直径，对于方形箍筋截面，内导体的箍筋截面的长和宽必须小于外导体的箍筋截面的长和箍筋截面的宽；外导体采用钢筋，由箍筋、纵筋组合成一维混凝土的外圈，作为外导体。外导体的构造与现有一维钢筋混凝土的钢筋构造相同。One-dimensional concrete has two conductors, inner and outer, and the axis is the inner conductor. The inner conductor is made by using a steel bar, or by combining stirrups and longitudinal bars similar to the outer conductor structure. For circular Stirrup section, the diameter of the stirrup section of the inner conductor must be smaller than the diameter of the stirrup section of the outer conductor, for a square stirrup section, the length and width of the stirrup section of the inner conductor must be smaller than the length and width of the stirrup section of the outer conductor The width of the section; the outer conductor adopts steel bars, and the outer ring of one-dimensional concrete is composed of stirrups and longitudinal bars as the outer conductor. The structure of the outer conductor is the same as the reinforcement structure of the existing one-dimensional reinforced concrete.
阶跃测试仪由阶跃信号发生器、信号放大电路、模数转换电路、微处理器构成，阶跃信号发生器的输出与信号放大电路输入连接，模数转换电路的模拟输入连接在信号放大电路的输出上，模数转换器转换得到的数字信号输送给微处理器，微处理器与阶跃信号发生器连接，控制阶跃信号的产生。微处理器是现场可编程门阵列FPGA,或是数字信号处理电路DSP。The step tester is composed of a step signal generator, a signal amplification circuit, an analog-to-digital conversion circuit, and a microprocessor. The output of the step signal generator is connected to the input of the signal amplification circuit, and the analog input of the analog-to-digital conversion circuit is connected to the signal amplification circuit. On the output of the circuit, the digital signal converted by the analog-to-digital converter is sent to the microprocessor, and the microprocessor is connected with the step signal generator to control the generation of the step signal. The microprocessor is a field programmable gate array FPGA, or a digital signal processing circuit DSP.
本发明的积极效果是：The positive effect of the present invention is:
1、检测一维混凝土健康状况，并对建筑物及时作出质量评估，特别是房屋建筑、桥梁工程、水利工程等关系重大民生的建筑物混凝土安全情况做出正确判断。1. Detect the health status of one-dimensional concrete, and make a timely quality assessment of buildings, especially make correct judgments on the safety of concrete in buildings such as housing construction, bridge engineering, and water conservancy projects that are important to people's livelihood.
2、可以实时监测一维混凝土健康状况，及时发现混凝土病变并预报预警，将安全事故消灭在发生前，避免重大事故发生。2. It can monitor the health status of one-dimensional concrete in real time, detect concrete lesions in time and give early warning, eliminate safety accidents before they happen, and avoid major accidents.
3、为一维混凝土健康监测提供测试仪器，阶跃测试仪结构简单，使用方便可靠，矢量网络分析仪采用现有的仪器，实现方便。3. Provide testing instruments for one-dimensional concrete health monitoring. The step tester has a simple structure and is convenient and reliable to use. The vector network analyzer adopts existing instruments, which is convenient to implement.
(四)附图说明(4) Description of drawings
图1是圆形钢筋同轴电缆构造的一维混凝土示意图。Figure 1 is a one-dimensional concrete schematic diagram of a circular reinforced coaxial cable construction.
图2是截面为方形的钢筋同轴电缆构造的一维混凝土示意图。Fig. 2 is a one-dimensional concrete schematic diagram of a reinforced coaxial cable structure with a square cross section.
图3是阶跃测试仪结构示意图。Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the step tester.
图4是阶跃测试仪与被测一维混凝土的连接关系示意图。Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the connection relationship between the step tester and the one-dimensional concrete to be tested.
图5是采用矢量网络分析仪进行时域S参数测试时矢量网络分析仪与被测一维混凝土连接示意图。Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the connection between the vector network analyzer and the measured one-dimensional concrete when the vector network analyzer is used for time-domain S-parameter testing.
图6是采用矢量网络分析仪进行多种S参数测试时矢量网络分析仪与被测一维混凝土连接示意图。Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the connection between the vector network analyzer and the measured one-dimensional concrete when the vector network analyzer is used for various S-parameter tests.
图7是阶跃测试仪中的阶跃信号发生器电路图。Fig. 7 is a circuit diagram of a step signal generator in a step tester.
图8是阶跃测试仪中的信号放大电路图。Fig. 8 is a signal amplification circuit diagram in the step tester.
图9～11是阶跃测试仪中数模转换电路，其中，图9是模数转换时钟驱动电路图，Figures 9 to 11 are the digital-to-analog conversion circuits in the step tester, wherein Figure 9 is a diagram of the analog-to-digital conversion clock drive circuit,
图10是模拟信号输入差分驱动电路，图11数模转换模块电路图。Fig. 10 is an analog signal input differential drive circuit, and Fig. 11 is a circuit diagram of a digital-to-analog conversion module.
图12～图17是阶跃测试仪中微处理器采用现场可编程门阵列FPGA的电路图。Figures 12 to 17 are the circuit diagrams of the field programmable gate array FPGA used in the microprocessor in the step tester.
图中，1轴心、2-1～2-n圆形箍筋、3-1～3-m纵筋、4-1～4-n方形箍筋、5阶跃信号发生器、6信号放大电路、7模数转换电路、8微处理器、9-1、9-2测试接口、10阶跃测试仪、11被测一维混凝土、12外导体、13内导体、14矢量网络分析仪。In the figure, 1 axis, 2-1~2-n circular stirrups, 3-1~3-m longitudinal bars, 4-1~4-n square stirrups, 5 step signal generators, 6 signal amplifiers circuit, 7 analog-to-digital conversion circuit, 8 microprocessor, 9-1, 9-2 test interface, 10 step tester, 11 one-dimensional concrete to be tested, 12 outer conductor, 13 inner conductor, 14 vector network analyzer.
(五)具体实施方式(5) Specific implementation methods
实施例1。Example 1.
参见附图1。本例的被测一维混凝土截面为圆形。轴心为内导体,是一根钢筋。外导体由若干圆形箍筋2-1～2-n、纵筋3-1～3-m组合而成。See attached drawing 1. The measured one-dimensional concrete section in this example is circular. The axis is the inner conductor, which is a steel bar. The outer conductor is composed of several circular stirrups 2-1-2-n and longitudinal ribs 3-1-3-m.
内导体也可由与外导体结构相似的若干圆形箍筋、纵筋组合而成，但圆形箍筋截面直径比外导体箍筋截面直径小。The inner conductor can also be composed of a number of circular stirrups and longitudinal bars similar in structure to the outer conductor, but the cross-sectional diameter of the circular stirrup is smaller than that of the outer conductor stirrup.
实施例2。Example 2.
参见附图2。本例的被测一维混凝土截面为方形。轴心为内导体,是一根钢筋。外导体由方形箍筋4-1～4-n和纵筋3-1～3-m组合而成。See attached drawing 2. The measured one-dimensional concrete section in this example is square. The axis is the inner conductor, which is a steel bar. The outer conductor is composed of square stirrups 4-1~4-n and longitudinal bars 3-1~3-m.
内导体也由与外导体结构相似的若干方形箍筋组合而成，但方形箍筋截面长和截面宽比外导体箍筋截面长和截面宽小。The inner conductor is also composed of several square stirrups similar in structure to the outer conductor, but the cross-sectional length and cross-sectional width of the square stirrups are smaller than the cross-sectional length and cross-sectional width of the outer conductor stirrups.
实施例3。Example 3.
参见附图4、5、6。See accompanying drawings 4, 5, 6.
不论被测的一维混凝土截面为何种形状，在一维混凝土均有内、外两导体，轴心为内导体。本发明利用同轴电缆一维混凝土的内导体和外导体连接在检测仪器的测试接口上进行测试。检测仪器分别为阶跃测试仪和矢量网络分析仪，矢量网络分析仪的测试接口包括端口一和端口二。Regardless of the shape of the one-dimensional concrete section to be tested, there are two conductors in the one-dimensional concrete, the inner conductor and the outer conductor, and the axis is the inner conductor. In the invention, the inner conductor and the outer conductor of the one-dimensional concrete of the coaxial cable are connected to the test interface of the detection instrument for testing. The detection instruments are step tester and vector network analyzer respectively, and the test interface of vector network analyzer includes port 1 and port 2.
在使用阶跃测试仪测试时，一维混凝土一端的内导体和外导体连接在阶跃测试仪的阶跃信号发生器的测试接口上，按照反射信号时延的方法进行测试。在微处理控制下，阶跃信号发生器发出周期性的阶跃信号,信号频率小于1兆赫兹。When using the step tester to test, the inner conductor and outer conductor at one end of the one-dimensional concrete are connected to the test interface of the step signal generator of the step tester, and the test is performed according to the method of reflected signal delay. Under the control of the microprocessor, the step signal generator sends out periodic step signals, and the signal frequency is less than 1 MHz.
信号放大电路放大测试接口的信号，放大后的信号经过模数转换电路将模拟信号转为数字信号后送给微处理器。微处理器可以是数字信号处理电路DSP,也可以是现场可编程门阵列FPGA。本例采用了现场可编程门阵列FPGA。微处理器对数据处理过程如下：The signal amplifying circuit amplifies the signal of the test interface, and the amplified signal is converted into a digital signal by the analog-to-digital conversion circuit and then sent to the microprocessor. The microprocessor can be a digital signal processing circuit DSP, or a field programmable gate array FPGA. This example uses a Field Programmable Gate Array FPGA. The microprocessor processes the data as follows:
1)、计算相邻数据差的绝对值；1) Calculate the absolute value of the adjacent data difference;
2)、计算多个相邻数据差的绝对值之和，当该绝对值之和大于一个预先经过实验确定的阈值并且为周边相邻数据差的绝对值之和值的最大值时，记录出现该值的采样时刻，并将该时刻定义为跃变点；2), calculate the sum of the absolute values of a plurality of adjacent data differences, when the sum of the absolute values is greater than a threshold value determined in advance through experiments and is the maximum value of the sum of the absolute values of the surrounding adjacent data differences, the record appears The sampling moment of this value, and define this moment as the transition point;
3)、判断阶跃信号发出时间，确定某个跃变点为阶跃信号起始点：与阶跃信号起始点不同的跃变点为信号反射点，当信号反射点个数大于等于2时，判断一维混凝土有损伤；3), judge the sending time of the step signal, determine a certain transition point as the starting point of the step signal: the transition point different from the starting point of the step signal is the signal reflection point, when the number of signal reflection points is greater than or equal to 2, Judging that the one-dimensional concrete has damage;
4)、当信号反射点个数大于等于2时，计算信号反射点与阶跃信号起始点之间的模数转换采样次数，该采样次数乘以采样周期并除以2就是信号反射点与阶跃信号起始点之间光速传播的时间t，用时间t乘以光速，得到信号反射点到阶跃信号起始点间的距离，这个距离就是损伤点或被测混凝土另一端到测试接口之间的距离。通过微处理器的输出损伤数据便可适时、有效的测试出被测混凝土质量。4) When the number of signal reflection points is greater than or equal to 2, calculate the number of analog-to-digital conversion sampling times between the signal reflection point and the starting point of the step signal. The time t of the speed of light propagation between the starting points of the jump signal is multiplied by the time t by the speed of light to obtain the distance between the signal reflection point and the starting point of the step signal. This distance is the distance between the damage point or the other end of the concrete under test and the test interface. distance. The quality of the tested concrete can be tested timely and effectively through the output damage data of the microprocessor.
参见图5使用矢量网络分析仪测试时有分为两种，将矢量网络分析仪的端口一连接到被测混凝土一端的外导体和内导体上，按照时域S参数方法进行测试。See Figure 5. There are two types of test using a vector network analyzer. Connect port one of the vector network analyzer to the outer conductor and inner conductor at one end of the concrete to be tested, and perform the test according to the time-domain S-parameter method.
参见图6。将矢量网络分析仪的端口一连接到被测混凝土一端的内导体和外导体上，将矢量网络分析仪的端口二连接到被测混凝土另一端的内导体和外导体上，按照多种S参数方法进行测试。See Figure 6. Connect port one of the vector network analyzer to the inner conductor and outer conductor at one end of the concrete under test, and connect port two of the vector network analyzer to the inner conductor and outer conductor at the other end of the concrete under test, according to various S parameters method to test.
本实施例采用了安捷伦8719ES矢量网络分析仪。In this embodiment, an Agilent 8719ES vector network analyzer is used.
当使用矢量网络分析仪，按照时域S参数方法进行测试时，采用矢量分析仪时域S11参数进行测试，分析反射点的个数和反射时间。若反射点个数大于等于2，说明被测混凝土有异常；用反射时间乘以光速并除以2，得到信号反射点到矢量网络分析仪端口间的距离，这个距离就是损伤点或被测混凝土另一端到矢量网络分析仪端口一的距离。When using a vector network analyzer to test according to the time-domain S-parameter method, use the time-domain S11 parameter of the vector analyzer to test, and analyze the number of reflection points and reflection time. If the number of reflection points is greater than or equal to 2, it means that the concrete under test is abnormal; multiply the reflection time by the speed of light and divide it by 2 to get the distance between the signal reflection point and the port of the vector network analyzer. This distance is the damage point or the concrete under test. The distance from the other end to port one of the vector network analyzer.
使用矢量网络分析仪按照多种S参数方法进行测试时，需要先测试与被测混凝土结构和规格相同的健康混凝土的多个频域参数，再与被测混凝土的对应测量端口的对应的频域参数进行对比，得出测试结果。测试的过程是：When using a vector network analyzer to test according to various S-parameter methods, it is necessary to test multiple frequency domain parameters of healthy concrete with the same structure and specifications as the concrete under test, and then test the corresponding frequency domain parameters of the corresponding measurement port of the concrete under test. The parameters are compared to obtain the test results. The testing process is:
1)、与被测混凝土结构和规格相同的健康混凝土定义为对比混凝土，将矢量网络分析仪的端口一连接到对比混凝土一端的内导体和外导体上，将矢量分析仪的端口二连接到对比混凝土另一端的内导体和外导体上，测试对比混凝土的频域S11，S12，S21，S22参数，将这些参数计为SA11，SA12，SA21，SA22；1) The healthy concrete with the same structure and specification as the concrete to be tested is defined as the comparison concrete. Connect the port one of the vector network analyzer to the inner conductor and the outer conductor at one end of the comparison concrete, and connect the port two of the vector analyzer to the comparison concrete. On the inner conductor and outer conductor at the other end of the concrete, test and compare the frequency domain S11, S12, S21, and S22 parameters of the concrete, and count these parameters as SA11, SA12, SA21, and SA22;
2)、将矢量网络分析仪的端口一连接到被测混凝土一端的内导体和外导体上，将矢量分析仪的端口二连接到被测混凝土另一端的内导体和外导体上，测试被测混凝土的频域S11，S12，S21，S22参数，将这些参数计为SB11，SB12，SB21，SB22；2) Connect port one of the vector network analyzer to the inner conductor and outer conductor at one end of the concrete under test, and connect port two of the vector analyzer to the inner conductor and outer conductor at the other end of the concrete under test to test the Frequency domain S11, S12, S21, S22 parameters of concrete, count these parameters as SB11, SB12, SB21, SB22;
3)、分别对比参数SA11与参数SB11、参数SA12与参数SB12、参数SA21与参数SB21、参数SA22与参数SB22之间的差异，如果参数不一样，则判断被测混凝土有损伤。3) Compare the differences between parameter SA11 and parameter SB11, parameter SA12 and parameter SB12, parameter SA21 and parameter SB21, parameter SA22 and parameter SB22, if the parameters are different, it is judged that the tested concrete is damaged.
实施例4。Example 4.
参见图3。阶跃测试仪由阶跃信号发生器5、信号放大电路6、模数转换电路7、微处理器8构成。阶跃信号发生器5的输出端连接信号放大电路6的输入端，模数转换电路7的模拟输入端连接到信号放大电路6的放大输出端、模数转换电路7的数字输出连接到微处理器8的数据接口上，微处理器与阶跃信号发生器连接，控制阶跃信号发生器的阶跃信号产生。See Figure 3. The step tester is composed of a step signal generator 5 , a signal amplification circuit 6 , an analog-to-digital conversion circuit 7 and a microprocessor 8 . The output end of the step signal generator 5 is connected to the input end of the signal amplification circuit 6, the analog input end of the analog-to-digital conversion circuit 7 is connected to the amplification output end of the signal amplification circuit 6, and the digital output of the analog-to-digital conversion circuit 7 is connected to the microprocessor On the data interface of the device 8, the microprocessor is connected with the step signal generator to control the generation of the step signal of the step signal generator.
微处理器可以使用现场可编程门阵列FPGA,或是数字信号处理电路DSP。本实施例采用现场可编程门阵列FPGA。The microprocessor can use field programmable gate array FPGA, or digital signal processing circuit DSP. This embodiment adopts a field programmable gate array FPGA.
参见图7～17。See Figures 7-17.
图7阶跃测试仪中的阶跃信号发生器电路图中，U7:TS5A4596；U8:TS5A4597由美国TEXAS INSTRUMENTS公司生产。In the circuit diagram of the step signal generator in the step tester in Fig. 7, U7: TS5A4596; U8: TS5A4597 are produced by TEXAS INSTRUMENTS of the United States.
图8的阶跃测试仪中的信号放大电路图中，U4：AD8045，由美国ANALOG DEVICES公司生产。In the signal amplification circuit diagram of the step tester in Fig. 8, U4: AD8045, produced by American ANALOG DEVICES company.
图9～11是阶跃测试仪中数模转换电路，其中，图9模数转换时钟驱动电路图中，U3:晶体振荡器。9 to 11 are the digital-to-analog conversion circuits in the step tester, wherein, in the analog-to-digital conversion clock drive circuit diagram in FIG. 9 , U3: crystal oscillator.
图10模拟信号输入差分驱动电路中，U6：ADA493，由美国ANALOG DEVICES公司生产。Figure 10 In the analog signal input differential drive circuit, U6: ADA493, produced by the American ANALOG DEVICES company.
图11数模转换模块U5：AD9643，由美国ANALOG DEVICES公司生产。Figure 11 Digital-to-analog conversion module U5: AD9643, produced by American ANALOG DEVICES company.
本例中，阶跃测试仪中的微处理器采用现场可编程门阵列FPGA。图12～图17给出了采用现场可编程门阵列FPGA的电路图。图中，U1：XC3S1200，U2：XCF04,美国Xilinx公司生产。In this example, the microprocessor in the step tester is a Field Programmable Gate Array FPGA. Figures 12 to 17 show the circuit diagrams using field programmable gate array FPGA. In the figure, U1: XC3S1200, U2: XCF04, manufactured by Xilinx Corporation of the United States.
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