CN104944738A - Setting tank, glass object making device and glass object making method - Google Patents
Setting tank, glass object making device and glass object making method Download PDFInfo
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- CN104944738A CN104944738A CN201510144424.XA CN201510144424A CN104944738A CN 104944738 A CN104944738 A CN 104944738A CN 201510144424 A CN201510144424 A CN 201510144424A CN 104944738 A CN104944738 A CN 104944738A
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- flow path
- path portion
- clarifying tank
- glass melting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
- C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
- C03B5/225—Refining
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
- C03B5/04—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in tank furnaces
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Glass Melting And Manufacturing (AREA)
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Abstract
A setting tank can prevent glass fuse object quality dropping, a glass object making device comprising the same, and a glass object making method using same are provided; the setting tank has a glass fuse liquid flow path made of fireproof bricks and extending in one direction; the flow path has a polygon flow path portion with a section above hexagon; the polygon flow path has the bottom face, a first side face vertical to the bottom face, and a second side face vertical to the bottom face and opposite to the first side face; a size between the bottom of the first side face to the bottom face in a normal direction of the bottom face is set as a, and a formula is complied with: (1): 0.25<a/H<0.52...(1).
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the manufacture method of a kind of clarifying tank, glass article manufacturing installation and glass article.
Background technology
For the purpose of the quality improving the glass article after being shaped, before forming, carry out clarification operation, will the bubble removal in glass melting thing be produced, and glass is homogenized.As an example of the clarifying tank be used in this clarification operation, propose vacuum deaerator groove (such as patent documentation 1,2).
Prior art document
Patent documentation
Patent documentation 1: No. 2009/148028th, International Publication
Patent documentation 2: Japanese Patent Laid-Open 2000 – No. 178029 publications
In clarifying tank, the composition easily volatilized from the material surface of the glass melting thing flowed in the stream of clarifying tank volatilizees, and forms the material layer different from the composition of other normal segments, i.e. so-called extrinsic material.This extrinsic material becomes the reason that the quality of glass melting thing is declined, it is therefore desirable that make this extrinsic material focus on local and discharge.
But, such as, in the clarifying tank of that brick shown in patent documentation 1,2, sometimes can there is the convection current of glass melting thing in clarifying tank.Thus, the glass melting thing in vacuum deaerator groove can be stirred together with extrinsic material, discharge after being sometimes difficult to make extrinsic material concentrate on local.Consequently, the quality of glass melting thing declines sometimes.
Summary of the invention
A form of the present invention is made in view of the above problems, and one of object is to provide a kind of manufacture method of clarifying tank, the glass article manufacturing installation comprising this kind of clarifying tank and the glass article that employs this kind of clarifying tank that the quality of glass melting thing can be suppressed to decline.
The clarifying tank of one form of clarifying tank of the present invention has the stream of the refractory brick of the glass melting thing extended along a direction, it is characterized in that, described stream has the Polygons flow path portion that cross-sectional shape is the polygonal shape of more than hexagon, described Polygons flow path portion has bottom surface, with the first side of described plane perpendicular and with described plane perpendicular and second side relative with described first side, equal from the size of lower end to described bottom surface of described second side with on the normal direction of described bottom surface of the size of the lower end from described first side in the normal direction of described bottom surface to described bottom surface, when the size of described Polygons flow path portion in the normal direction of described bottom surface is set as H, by in the normal direction of described bottom surface be set as a from the size of lower end to described bottom surface of described first side time, meet following formula (1): 0.25 < a/H < 0.52 ... formula (1).
Also the end of described first side on described bottom surface can be set as first end, the end of described second side on described bottom surface is set as the second end, when by the normal direction of described first side from the size of described first end to described first side and on the normal direction of described second side be set as b from the size of described the second end to described second side time, meet following formula (2): a/b≤1.4 ... formula (2).
Also following structure can be formed as: described Polygons flow path portion is arranged on the position of the upstream side of the flow direction more leaning on described glass melting thing than described clarifying tank at the center of one total length upwards.
Also following structure can be formed as: described stream has the rectangle flow path portion that cross-sectional shape is rectangle.
Also following structure can be formed as: described stream has the scarp described Polygons flow path portion be connected with described rectangle flow path portion.
Also can be formed as following structure: in described stream, be provided with the baffler for tackling the bubble in described glass melting thing, described baffler is arranged on than described Polygons flow path portion more by the position in the downstream side of the flow direction of described glass melting thing.
Also following structure can be formed as: when the size of described Polygons flow path portion in the normal direction of described first side is set as W, meet following formula (3): 0.50 < H/W < 0.80 ... formula (3).
One form of glass article manufacturing installation of the present invention comprises above-mentioned clarifying tank, and comprise at the upstream side of the flow direction of the described glass melting thing of described clarifying tank the melting channel that frit is melted, in addition, comprise in the downstream side of the flow direction of the described glass melting thing of described clarifying tank and described glass melting thing is formed and is formed as the building mortion of glass article
Also can be formed as following structure: this glass article manufacturing installation also comprises: upcast, this upcast is connected with the end of the upstream side on the flow direction of the described glass melting thing of described clarifying tank, and extends downwards from described clarifying tank; Downtake, this downtake is connected with the end in the downstream side on the flow direction of the described glass melting thing of described clarifying tank, and extends downwards from described clarifying tank; And decompression member, described decompression member makes decompression in described clarifying tank.
The feature of one form of the manufacture method of glass article of the present invention is, use described glass article manufacturing installation, the manufacture method of this glass article has makes frit fusing manufacture raw materials melt operation, the clarification operation that described glass melting thing is clarified of glass melting thing and form the glass melting thing after described clarification operation and be formed as the forming process of glass article.
Also can be formed as following manufacture method: in described clarification operation, make decompression in described stream.
Also can be formed as following manufacture method: in described clarification operation, described glass melting thing is heated to more than 1500 DEG C.
Also following manufacture method can be formed as: the total amount of the described glass melting thing of process every day is 10
4kg ~ 20
5kg.
Adopt a form of the present invention, the manufacture method of can decline to the quality of glass melting the thing clarifying tank suppressed, the glass article manufacturing installation comprising this kind of clarifying tank and the glass article that employs this kind of clarifying tank can be provided.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the sectional view of the glass article manufacturing installation schematically representing the first embodiment.
Fig. 2 is the figure of the Polygons flow path portion represented in the clarifying tank of the first embodiment, is the II – II sectional view in Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is the figure of the rectangle flow path portion represented in the clarifying tank of the first embodiment, is the III – III sectional view in Fig. 1.
Fig. 4 is the stereographic map of the stream represented in the clarifying tank of the first embodiment.
Fig. 5 is the sectional view of another example of the Polygons flow path portion represented in the clarifying tank of the first embodiment.
Fig. 6 is the sectional view of the glass article manufacturing installation schematically representing the second embodiment.
Fig. 7 is the figure of the cross-sectional shape on the glass melting logistics road represented in embodiment 1.
Fig. 8 is the figure of the cross-sectional shape on the glass melting logistics road represented in comparative example.
Fig. 9 is the figure of the cross-sectional shape on the glass melting logistics road represented in reference example.
Figure 10 is the figure of the initial stage distribution of the particle of the glass melting thing represented in simulation test.
Figure 11 is the figure of an example of the distribution of the particle of the glass melting thing represented in simulation test.
Figure 12 is the figure of an example of the distribution of the particle of the glass melting thing represented in simulation test.
(nomenclature)
10,210 ... glass article manufacturing installation
11 ... melting channel
13 ... upcast
14,114,214 ... clarifying tank
14a, 114a, 214a ... stream
15 ... downtake
20 ... baffler
30,50,130,230 ... Polygons flow path portion
31,231 ... rectangle flow path portion
32a, 33a, 50a, 132a ... bottom surface
32d, 132f ... first side
32e, 132g ... second side
34a, 34b, 34c, 34d ... scarp
50e ... side
500 ... building mortion
A, b ... size
G ... glass melting thing
H ... highly (size)
Embodiment
In this manual, " upstream side " and " downstream side " is for the flow direction of the glass melting thing in glass article manufacturing installation.
Below, with reference to accompanying drawing, the manufacture method of the clarifying tank of embodiment of the present invention, glass article manufacturing installation and glass article is described.
In addition, scope of the present invention is not limited to following embodiment, can change arbitrarily in the scope of technological thought of the present invention.In addition, in figures in the following, in order to make each structure easy to understand, sometimes make the scale in each structure different from the structure of reality with quantity etc.
In addition, in the following description, setting XYZ coordinate system, is described with reference to this XYZ coordinate system position relationship to each structure.Now, vertical is set as Z-direction, the length direction (left and right directions in Fig. 1) of clarifying tank in horizontal direction 14 (with reference to Fig. 1) is set as Y direction, is X-direction by direction setting orthogonal with Y direction in horizontal direction.In addition, Y direction is the main flow direction of glass melting thing G (with reference to Fig. 1) in clarifying tank 14.
< first embodiment >
As shown in Figure 1, the glass article manufacturing installation 10 of the first embodiment comprises the vacuum degassing apparatus of so-called gate.Glass article manufacturing installation 10 comprises clarifying tank 14, upcast 13, downtake 15, baffler 20, melting channel 11, building mortion 500 and not shown decompression member.
Clarifying tank 14 is formed by refractory brick.As shown in Figures 2 and 3, clarifying tank 14 is the hollow structures with the internal space surrounded by refractory brick.That is, the internal space of clarifying tank 14 is by sidewall portion 17, top 18 and bottom 19 around being formed, and utilizes brick 17a and brick 17b to form above-mentioned sidewall portion 17.Brick 17a and brick 17b is the refractory brick of rectangular shape.Top 18 and bottom 19 are formed by a refractory brick, or are combined to form by multiple refractory brick.The refractory brick being used in top 18 is such as paddy shape brick.As refractory brick, can be burned brick, also can be non-burned brick, can also be electric smelting cast brick.
The stream 14a of glass melting thing G is formed in the internal space of clarifying tank 14.
The stream 14a of clarifying tank 14 as shown in Figure 1, extends to form along a direction (Y direction).In the first embodiment, stream 14a has Polygons flow path portion 30 and rectangle flow path portion 31.
At this, in this manual, " stream " is the path for glass melting thing G flowing, to refer in the internal space of clarifying tank 14 space of the end on the upside of from bottom surface to the vertical of brick 17a, 17b described later.That is, in the first embodiment, stream refers to the internal space of the lower side divided with two dot chain line in figs. 2 and 3.
Being such as that the local of the groove of the refractory brick of the stream of rectangle loads and has the refractory brick of the first inclined-plane 32b described later and the second inclined-plane 32c having cross-sectional shape, forming Polygons flow path portion 30, thus manufacturing clarifying tank 14.
In the first embodiment, Polygons flow path portion 30 is arranged on a part for the upstream side, center than the total length of stream 14a on bearing of trend (Y direction).Length (Y direction length) L1 of Polygons flow path portion 30 is such as set as more than 15% of total length (Y direction length) L of stream 14a.In addition, from upcast 13 to the end of the upstream side of Polygons flow path portion 30, that is, the distance Ls from upcast 13 to the starting position of Polygons flow path portion 30 is such as set as less than 17% of the total length L of stream 14a.From upcast 13 to the end in the downstream side of Polygons flow path portion 30, that is, decide from upcast 13 to the distance Le of the end position of Polygons flow path portion 30 by the length L1 of Polygons flow path portion 30 with apart from the distance Ls of the starting position of Polygons flow path portion 30.
By setting the setting position of Polygons flow path portion 30 like this, can suppress further the generation of convection current in Polygons flow path portion 30.
As shown in Figure 2, the part of Polygons flow path portion 30 to be the cross-sectional shapes in stream 14a the be polygonal shape of more than hexagon.In the first embodiment, the cross-sectional shape of Polygons flow path portion 30 is hexagonal shape.In addition, in this manual, the polygonal shape more than hexagon refers to that the quantity at angle is the polygonal shape of more than six.
Polygons flow path portion 30 has bottom surface 32a, the first inclined-plane 32b, the second inclined-plane 32c, the first side 32d and the second side 32e.Bottom surface 32a is connected with the first side 32d by the first inclined-plane 32b.Bottom surface 32a is connected with the second side 32e by the second inclined-plane 32c.First side 32d is vertical with bottom surface 32a.Second side 32e is vertical with bottom surface 32a and relative with the first side 32d.
Bottom surface 32a, the first inclined-plane 32b and the second inclined-plane 32c are formed by the refractory brick forming bottom 19a, and the first side 32d and the second side 32e is formed by brick 17a and brick 17b respectively.
The cross-sectional shape of Polygons flow path portion 30 is symmetrical with respect to the medullary ray line at the center of width (X-direction).The size of the first inclined-plane 32b in vertical is equal with the size of the second inclined-plane 32c in vertical.
In addition, in this manual, size is equal not only refers to the situation that size is identical closely, such as, allow size than the degree being 0.9 ~ 1.1.
It is desirable to, maximum width (X-direction length) W of size b on the width (X-direction) of Polygons flow path portion 30 of the height of Polygons flow path portion 30 in vertical (size) H, the first inclined-plane 32b and the second size a of inclined-plane 32c in vertical, the first inclined-plane 32b and the second inclined-plane 32c and Polygons flow path portion 30 meets following formula (1), and meets formula (2) and formula (3).
0.25 < a/H < 0.52 ... formula (1)
A/b≤1.4 ... formula (2)
0.50 < H/W < 0.80 ... formula (3)
In other words size a is the size of lower end to bottom surface from the first side 32d in the normal direction (Z-direction) of bottom surface 32a, is the size of lower end to bottom surface from the second side 32e in the normal direction of bottom surface 32a.In addition, the lower end of the first side 32d is the position that the first side 32d connects with the first inclined-plane 32b.In addition, the lower end of the second side 32e is the position that the second side 32e connects with the second inclined-plane 32c.
In other words size b is the size of end (first end) to the first side 32d of the first 32d side, side from bottom surface 32a in the normal direction (X-direction) of the first side 32d, is the size of end (the second end) to the second side 32e of the second 32e side, side from bottom surface 32a in the normal direction (X-direction) of the second side 32e.In addition, the end of the first 32d side, side of bottom surface 32a is the position that bottom surface 32a is connected with the first inclined-plane 32b.In addition, the end of the second 32e side, side of bottom surface 32a is the position that bottom surface 32a is connected with the second inclined-plane 32c.
It is desirable that the a/H of formula (1) is 0.25 ~ 0.51, be more preferably 0.30 ~ 0.51, it is desirable to further be 0.35 ~ 0.50.More preferably, the a/b of formula (2) is 0.5 ~ 1.0, it is desirable to further be 0.7 ~ 0.9.More preferably, the H/W of formula (3) is 0.55 ~ 0.75, it is desirable to further be 0.60 ~ 0.75.
In Polygons flow path portion 30, form glass melting logistics road 32 because of the flowing of glass melting thing G.Glass melting logistics road 32 is parts that in Polygons flow path portion 30, flowing has glass melting thing G.Cross section (ZX cross section) shape on glass melting logistics road 32 is identical with cross section (ZX cross section) shape of the glass melting thing G flowed in Polygons flow path portion 30.In fig. 2, glass melting logistics road 32 is by the part of the lower side of the material face Ga of glass melting thing G division in Polygons flow path portion 30.
In the clarification operation of reality, it is desirable that regulate the amount of the glass melting thing G imported in Polygons flow path portion 30, with the height H relative to Polygons flow path portion 30, make the low 100mm ~ 250mm of glass melting object height degree GL.Such as, when the height H of Polygons flow path portion 30 is 300mm ~ 400mm, glass melting object height degree GL is set to 50mm ~ 300mm.
When according to the height H of above-mentioned Polygons flow path portion 30 and the relation of glass melting object height degree GL, when the height H of formula (1) and formula (3) is replaced as glass melting object height degree GL, preferably following formula (4) and formula (5).
0.50≤a/GL < 1.00 ... formula (4)
0.20≤GL/W≤0.60 ... formula (5)
That is, it is desirable that the cross-sectional shape on glass melting logistics road 32 meets above-mentioned formula (4) and formula (5).In addition, it is desirable that the cross-sectional shape on glass melting logistics road 32 is the shapes meeting formula (2).
More preferably, the a/GL of formula (4) is 0.55 ~ 0.95.More preferably, the GL/W of formula (5) is 0.3 ~ 0.5.
As shown in Figure 3, in the first embodiment, rectangle flow path portion 31 is separately positioned on upstream side and the downstream side of Polygons flow path portion 30.In the first embodiment, the part except Polygons flow path portion 30 in stream 14a is rectangle flow path portion 31.The cross-sectional shape of rectangle flow path portion 31 is rectangles.
Rectangle flow path portion 31 has bottom surface 33a, the first side 33b vertical with bottom surface 33a and the second side 33c relative with the first side 33b.First side 33b is formed by brick 17a, and the second side 33c and bottom surface 33a is formed by brick 17b and bottom 19b respectively.
In the first embodiment, the bottom surface 32a of Polygons the flow path portion 30 and bottom surface 33a of rectangle flow path portion 31 does not have difference of altitude, is formed at grade.
The height H of rectangle flow path portion 31 is identical with maximum width W with the height H of Polygons flow path portion 30 with maximum width W.
Glass melting logistics road 33 in rectangle flow path portion 31 is same with Polygons flow path portion 30, is by the part of the lower side of the material face Ga of glass melting thing G division in rectangle flow path portion 31.The cross-sectional shape on glass melting logistics road 33 is identical with the cross-sectional shape of rectangle flow path portion 31, is rectangle.
Polygons flow path portion 30 and rectangle flow path portion 31 as shown in Figure 4, connect by scarp 34a, 34b, 34c, 34d.First inclined-plane 32b of Polygons flow path portion 30 is connected with the first side 33b of the bottom surface 33a of rectangle flow path portion 31 and rectangle flow path portion 31 by scarp 34a, 34b.Second inclined-plane 32c of Polygons flow path portion 30 is connected with the second side 33c of the bottom surface 33a of rectangle flow path portion 31 and rectangle flow path portion 31 by scarp 34c, 34d.As long as Polygons flow path portion 30 is connected with rectangle flow path portion 31 by scarp 34a, 34b, 34c, 34d, therefore can be plane, also can be curved surface, can also be face plane being connected with curved surface and being formed.
Upcast 13 is connected from the end of vertical lower side with the upstream side of clarifying tank 14.Upcast 13 extends to form along vertical.The inside of upcast 13 is communicated with the stream 14a of clarifying tank 14.The end of the vertical lower side of upcast 13 is connected with melting channel 11 by link road 12.Glass melting thing G before clarification drinks up and imports in the stream 14a in clarifying tank 14 by upcast 13 from melting channel 11.The cross-sectional shape of upcast 13 is not particularly limited, and in the first embodiment, such as, is rectangle.
Downtake 15 is connected from the end of vertical lower side with the downstream side of clarifying tank 14.Downtake 15 extends to form along vertical.The inside of downtake 15 is communicated with the stream 14a of clarifying tank 14.The end of the vertical lower side of downtake 15 is connected with building mortion 500 by link road 16.Glass melting thing G after being clarified by clarifying tank 14 is discharged to vertical lower side from the stream 14a in clarifying tank 14 by downtake 15.The cross-sectional shape of downtake 15 is not particularly limited, and in the first embodiment, such as, is rectangle.
Baffler 20 is as shown in Figure 1, extended to vertical lower side from the top 18 of clarifying tank 14.The end of the vertical lower side of baffler 20 is positioned at the position of the material face Ga side more on the lower than glass melting thing G.Baffler 20 is arranged on the position than Polygons flow path portion 30 side farther downstream.That is, baffler 20 is arranged in rectangle flow path portion 31.
Baffler 20 has the function for tackling the bubble in glass melting thing G and the bubble that floats in glass melting thing G and be trapped in the material face Ga of glass melting thing G.
In the example depicted in figure 1, baffler 20 only arranges one, but the present invention is not limited to this, and baffler 20 also can arrange multiple.
Not shown decompression member is the element reduced pressure in the stream 14a to clarifying tank 14.As long as in the scope that decompression member reduces pressure in energy flow path 14a, be not particularly limited.As decompression member, such as, can use the decompression shell of being accommodated by clarifying tank 14.In this case, by carrying out decompression suction in decompression shell, the inside of the stream 14a of clarifying tank 14 can be made to be in subatmospheric decompression state.In addition, as other decompression member, also decompression shell can not be set, use drawdown pump etc. to carry out decompression suction to the upper space of the glass melting thing G in clarifying tank 14.
Be directed to glass melting thing G in clarifying tank 14 from melting channel 11 via link road 12 and upcast 13 to remain in inside the clarifying tank 14 of decompression state and pass through.Because passing through in the clarifying tank 14 of decompression state, the bubble in glass melting thing G can be made significantly to grow up.Bubble floating after growing up plays on the material face Ga of glass melting thing G, breaks.Thus, utilize clarifying tank 14 by the bubble removal in glass melting thing G.That is, clarifying tank 14 couples of glass melting thing G are utilized to clarify.
The total amount of the every day of the glass melting thing G utilizing the clarifying tank 14 of the first embodiment to clarify is such as 10
4kg ~ 20
5kg.
Adopt the first embodiment, in clarifying tank 14, be provided with cross-sectional shape be hexagon and the Polygons flow path portion 30 meeting formula (1).Therefore, the cross-sectional shape on the glass melting logistics road 32 in Polygons flow path portion 30 is hexagon and meets the shape of formula (4).Thereby, it is possible to suppress the convection current occurred in Polygons flow path portion 30 in stream 14a, therefore, it is possible to suppress to stir together with glass melting thing G extrinsic material.Thus, easily make extrinsic material concentrate on local and discharge, the decline of the quality of glass melting thing G can be suppressed.
In addition, adopt the first embodiment, the cross-sectional shape of Polygons flow path portion 30 also meets formula (2), thus can suppress the convection current that glass melting thing G occurs in Polygons flow path portion 30 further.
In addition, adopt the first embodiment, the cross-sectional shape of Polygons flow path portion 30 meets formula (3), thus makes the cross-sectional shape on glass melting logistics road 32 become the shape meeting formula (5).Thereby, it is possible to suppress the convection current that glass melting thing G occurs in Polygons flow path portion 30 further.
At this, by the cross-sectional shape of stream is formed as cross-sectional shape as described above, can suppress the convection current of glass melting thing G, be that the present inventor is newfound.By simulation test, the present inventor specify that this finds.Aftermentioned based on the results are shown in of simulation test.
In addition, as the cross-sectional shape not easily causing convection current, such as, can enumerate circle and ellipse, but very difficult refractory brick forms the stream with these shapes.To this, be formed as rectangle by the cross-sectional shape of the Polygons flow path portion 30 by the first embodiment and the first inclined-plane 32b and the second inclined-plane 32c is set in the mode meeting formula (1), can be formed with refractory brick, therefore the formation of Polygons flow path portion 30 is easy.
In addition, such as, when using platinum (Pt) to be used as the formation material of clarifying tank, easily the cross-sectional shape of stream is formed as circular and oval.In addition, when using platinum (Pt) to be used as the formation material of clarifying tank, platinum can be utilized to heat whole clarifying tank in the mode of electrified regulation, therefore easily control convection current.But, when using platinum to be used as the formation material of clarifying tank, there are the following problems: the problem that the intensity of the clarifying tank that the strength ratio of clarifying tank utilizes refractory brick to be formed is low and platinum volatilize and makes the problem that the quality of glass melting thing declines in glass melting thing.In addition, the problem that the equipment cost that also there is clarifying tank increases.
Based on this problem, the formation material of clarifying tank 14 is refractory brick.Therefore, and make formation material be compared with the situation of platinum, the intensity of clarifying tank can be improved, and also can suppress the decline of the quality of glass melting thing.In addition, the manufacturing cost of clarifying tank can also be reduced.
In addition, consider that the convection current in the stream 14a of clarifying tank 14 is because of the bubble parameters in glass melting thing G, floats and occur.That is, consider when bubble floats, float power and put on glass melting thing G, convection current occurs.Bubble in glass melting thing G goes towards downstream side along with the upstream side from stream 14a and reduces gradually, therefore the closer to the upstream side of stream 14a, more easily convection current occurs.
Adopt the first embodiment, Polygons flow path portion 30 is arranged on the position of the upstream side, center than the total length of clarifying tank 14 on length direction (Y direction).Thereby, it is possible to more effectively suppress the convection current produced in stream 14a.
In addition, adopt the first embodiment, Polygons flow path portion 30 is arranged on a part of stream 14a, and the part except Polygons flow path portion 30 is provided with rectangle flow path portion 31.Therefore, be formed as Polygons flow path portion by a part for the clarifying tank by the cross-sectional shape of stream being rectangle, the clarifying tank 14 of the first embodiment can be manufactured.Thus, adopt the first embodiment, easily manufacture clarifying tank 14.
In addition, adopt the first embodiment, baffler 20 is arranged on the position than Polygons flow path portion 30 side farther downstream, therefore, it is possible to suppress the flowing of the glass melting thing G in baffler 20 pairs of Polygons flow path portion 30 to be disturbed.In addition, can utilize baffler 20 that the bubble layer on the top layer of arrival glass melting thing G is broken.
In addition, adopt the first embodiment, Polygons flow path portion 30 is connected by scarp 34a ~ 34d with rectangle flow path portion 31.Therefore, in the boundary of Polygons flow path portion 30 with rectangle flow path portion 31, there is not the part of the stage portion be formed as sharply, the delay of glass melting thing G can be suppressed.Owing to forming clarifying tank 14 with brick, therefore with formed compared with this scarp by carrying out processing to the platinotron of elliptical shape, easily on clarifying tank 14, form this scarp.
In addition, in the first embodiment, also following structure can be adopted.
In the above description, the cross-sectional shape of Polygons flow path portion 30 is formed as hexagon, but the present invention is not limited thereto.In the first embodiment, as long as in the scope of the polygonal shape of the cross-sectional shape of Polygons flow path portion 30 more than hexagon, be not particularly limited.As another example, the cross-sectional shape illustrating Polygons flow path portion 130 is in Figure 5 octagonal clarifying tank 114.
The sidewall portion that utilization is formed by brick 17a and brick 17b, top 18 and bottom 119a, around the stream 114a forming clarifying tank 114.
The cross-sectional shape of Polygons flow path portion 130 is the shapes being preferably octagon and meeting formula (1), formula (2), formula (3).Thus, the cross-sectional shape on the glass melting logistics road 132 in Polygons flow path portion 130 is preferably octagon and meets the shape of formula (2), formula (4), formula (5).
Polygons flow path portion 130 has bottom surface 132a, inclined-plane 132b, 132c, 132d, 132e, the first side 132f and the second side 132g.Bottom surface 132a is connected with inclined-plane 132c by inclined-plane 132b.First side 132f is connected with inclined-plane 132b by inclined-plane 132c.Bottom surface 132a is connected with inclined-plane 132e by inclined-plane 132d.Second side 132g is connected with inclined-plane 132d by inclined-plane 132e.First side 132f is vertical with bottom surface 132a.Second side 132g is vertical with bottom surface 132a and relative with the first side 132f.
In the structure shown here, size a is the value obtained after inclined-plane 132b, 132d size a1 in vertical (Z-direction) is added with inclined-plane 132c, 132e size a2 in vertical.
In addition, in the first embodiment, can replace rectangle flow path portion 31 ground that the flow path portion with other cross-sectional shape is set.As other cross-sectional shape, such as, can enumerate trapezoidal and except quadrangle form polygonal shape etc.As other cross-sectional shape, also can be the polygonal shape of more than hexagon, and not meet the shape of formula (1).
In addition, in the above description, the part being formed as stream 14a is the structure of Polygons flow path portion 30, but the present invention is not limited to this.In the first embodiment, whole stream 14a also can be Polygons flow path portion 30.
In addition, in the first embodiment, also can clip the flow path portion of the cross-sectional shape with other, such as rectangle flow path portion is provided with multiple Polygons flow path portion.In this case, multiple Polygons flow path portion can have cross-sectional shapes different respectively, also can have identical cross-sectional shape.
In addition, in the first embodiment, also the Polygons flow path portion with multiple different cross-sectional shape can be connected setting.
In addition, in the above description, be formed as making the cross-sectional shape on the cross-sectional shape of Polygons flow path portion 30 and glass melting logistics road 32 be the structure of hexagonal shape, but the present invention is not limited to this.In the first embodiment, such as also can to make the cross-sectional shape of Polygons flow path portion 30 for octagon-shaped, and the cross-sectional shape on glass melting logistics road 32 is the mode of hexagonal shape, Polygons flow path portion 30 and glass melting logistics road 32 is made to be the different polygonal shape of cross-sectional shape.That is, this refers to that the vertical upper side not having glass melting thing G to flow in Polygons flow path portion 30 is formed with bight.
(the second embodiment)
The glass article manufacturing installation 210 of the second embodiment is the glass article manufacturing installation of the clarifying tank of the high temperature with so-called flat pattern.
In addition, for the structure identical with the first embodiment, sometimes mark identical symbol in the accompanying drawings, omit the description.
As shown in Figure 6, glass article manufacturing installation 210 comprises clarifying tank 214, baffler 20, electrode (heating unit) 40a, 40b, 40c, melting channel 11 and building mortion 500.
Clarifying tank 214 is the hollow structures with the internal space surrounded by refractory brick.The stream 214a of glass melting thing G is formed in the internal space of clarifying tank 214.Stream 214a has Polygons flow path portion 230 and rectangle flow path portion 231.
Polygons flow path portion 230 is identical with the Polygons flow path portion 30 of the first embodiment.Rectangle flow path portion 231 is identical with the rectangle flow path portion 31 of the first embodiment.In this second embodiment, Polygons flow path portion 230 is arranged on the end of the upstream side of clarifying tank 214.
Link road 12 is connected with the end of the upstream side of clarifying tank 214.That is, the glass melting thing G imported in clarifying tank 214 from link road 12 directly imports in Polygons flow path portion 230.Link road 16 is connected with the end in the downstream side of clarifying tank 214.
Electrode 40a ~ 40c is projecting to vertical lower side from top 18.The end of the vertical lower side of electrode 40a ~ 40c is positioned at the position more leaning on vertical lower side than the material face Ga of glass melting thing G.By carrying out electrified regulation to electrode 40a ~ 40c, glass melting thing G is heated.
In the clarifying tank 214 of the second embodiment, utilize electrode 40a ~ 40c that glass melting thing G is heated to more than 1500 DEG C.Thus, the viscosity of glass melting thing G is declined, the coarsening rate of the bubble contained by glass melting thing G is increased.Bubble floating after growing up plays on the material face Ga of glass melting thing G, breaks.Thus, clarifying tank 214 couples of glass melting thing G are utilized to clarify.
The total amount of the every day of the glass melting thing G utilizing the clarifying tank 214 of the second embodiment to clarify is such as 10
4kg ~ 20
5kg.
Adopt the second embodiment, identical with the first embodiment, can suppress the convection current in stream 214a, result can suppress the decline of the quality of the glass melting thing G after clarifying.
In addition, in the glass article manufacturing installation at high temperature carrying out clarifying as the glass article manufacturing installation 210 of the second embodiment, when forming clarifying tank with platinum, the decline of the intensity of clarifying tank and the volatilization of platinum especially form problem.Therefore, according to the second embodiment, the particular significant effect obtained by forming clarifying tank 214 with refractory brick.
In addition, in this second embodiment, also following structure can be adopted.
In this second embodiment, the quantity of electrode 40a ~ 40c is not particularly limited, and can be less than two, also can be more than four.
In addition, in this second embodiment, as heating unit, burner also can be set to replace electrode 40a ~ 40c.In addition, electrode 40a ~ 40c also can be arranged on the bottom of clarifying tank 214.
(embodiment of the manufacture method of glass article)
The embodiment of the manufacture method of glass article has raw material and dissolves operation, clarification operation and forming process.
First, raw material dissolves operation is utilize to dissolve stove and make the raw material of glass dissolve to manufacture the operation of glass melting thing G.The glass melting thing G made is stored in the melting channel 11 that illustrates in the first embodiment and the second embodiment.
Then, clarifying operation is be used in the operation that the clarifying tank that illustrates in the first embodiment and the second embodiment clarifies glass melting thing G.
Then, forming process utilizes building mortion 500 the glass melting thing G made is configured as object shape and is formed as the operation of glass article.
Above operation is adopted to manufacture glass article.
In addition, according to needing, the annealing operation of the glass article annealing after by shaping also can be set after forming process, the severing of glass after annealing be become the cut-out operation of desired length and the glass cut off be carried out to the grinding process of grinding.In addition, glass article comprises and has carried out the processing such as surface treatment to the molding after the glass melting thing of annealing operation midway or molding or annealing operation and after cutting off operation and the glass article that formed and the glass article being pasted with film.
Embodiment
(embodiment 1)
By simulation test, embodiment 1 – 1 ~ 1 – 4 and comparative example 1 – 1 ~ 1 – 3 and reference example are contrasted.Consequently, determine the polygonal shape by the cross-sectional shape on glass melting logistics road being formed as more than hexagon and be formed as meeting the shape of formula (4), the convection current of glass melting thing can be suppressed.Illustrate each parameter of embodiment 1 – 1 ~ 1 – 4, comparative example 1 – 1 ~ 1 – 3 and reference example in Table 1.
Table 1
The cross-sectional shape on the glass melting logistics road at the Polygons flow path portion place of embodiment 1 – 1, as shown in Fig. 7 (A), is formed as the hexagonal shape identical with the glass melting logistics road 32 of the first embodiment.
The cross-sectional shape on the glass melting logistics road at the Polygons flow path portion place of embodiment 1 – 2, as shown in Fig. 7 (B), is formed as the hexagonal shape identical with the glass melting logistics road 32 of the first embodiment.
The cross-sectional shape on the glass melting logistics road at the Polygons flow path portion place of embodiment 1 – 3, as shown in Fig. 7 (C), is formed as the hexagonal shape identical with the glass melting logistics road 32 of the first embodiment.
The cross-sectional shape on the glass melting logistics road at the Polygons flow path portion place of embodiment 1 – 4 is formed as the decagon shape shown in Fig. 7 (D).
The Polygons flow path portion 50 of embodiment 1 – 4 has bottom surface 50a, the side 50e vertical with bottom surface 50a, be connected with bottom surface 50a and the vertical surface 50b parallel with side 50e, be connected with side 50e and the horizontal plane 50d parallel with bottom surface 50a and the inclined-plane 50c that is connected by vertical surface 50b and horizontal plane 50d.In embodiment 1 – 4, the size c1 in the vertical (Z-direction) of vertical surface 50b is set as 50mm, the size c2 on the width (X-direction) of horizontal plane 50d is set as 50mm.
Embodiment 1 – 1 ~ 1 – 4 all meets formula (4).Embodiment 1 – 1 and embodiment 1 – 4 does not meet formula (2), and embodiment 1 – 2 and embodiment 1 – 3 meets formula (2).
The cross-sectional shape on the glass melting logistics road at the Polygons flow path portion place of comparative example 1 – 1, as shown in Fig. 8 (A), is formed as hexagonal shape.
Comparative example 1 – 1 does not meet formula (4).
The cross-sectional shape on the glass melting logistics road at the Polygons flow path portion place of comparative example 1 – 2, as shown in Fig. 8 (B), is formed as minor face and is positioned at the trapezoidal of vertical lower side, that is, quadrangle form.
In comparative example 1 – 2, size a is equal with glass melting object height degree GL.Comparative example 1 – 2 does not meet formula (4).
The cross-sectional shape on the glass melting logistics road at the Polygons flow path portion place of comparative example 1 – 3, as shown in Fig. 8 (C), is formed as rectangular shape.
The cross-sectional shape on the glass melting logistics road of reference example as shown in Figure 9, is formed as half-oval shaped.
In embodiment 1 – 1 ~ 1 – 4, comparative example 1 – 1 ~ 1 – 3 and reference example, be all formed as the shape meeting formula (5).
The action of particle Gb (with reference to Figure 10) when flowing in the overall full stream for above-mentioned each shape of the cross-sectional shape making glass melting thing G on glass melting logistics road, glass melting thing G is obtained by simulation test.In simulation test, what the bubble considered contained by glass melting thing G produced floats power.
Stirring index is used to carry out the evaluation whether convection current occurs.Stir the value that obtains after the simple correlation coefficient of the position in vertical that index is the particle Gb of the glass melting thing G of the entrance and exit deducting clarifying tank from 1.Stir index larger, indicate generation convection current, glass melting thing G is more stirred, and stir index less, expression can suppress convection current.
When the bubble density importing to the bubble contained by the glass melting thing G in clarifying tank be respectively 1000/kg, 1500/kg, 2000/kg, carried out simulation test.Bubble density is the number of bubble contained in the glass melting thing G in per unit mass.Result is as shown in table 2.In addition, in table 2, bubble density bubble density index represents.Bubble density index is the ratio 1000/kg being set as the bubble density of 1.That is, in table 2, bubble density be 1000/kg, 1500/kg, 2000/kg is expressed as bubble density index 1,1.5,2.
Table 2
Evaluation is when being any one value in 1,1.5,2 by bubble density index, stir index be less than 0.7 situation be denoted as ◎, when bubble density index is 2, stir index and become larger than 0.7, but stir when being 1,1.5 by bubble density index index be less than 0.7 situation be denoted as zero, stir index when being 1.5 and 2 by bubble density index to become the situation larger than 0.7 and be denoted as ×.
At this, the stirring index 0.7 becoming benchmark is decided according to the degree of mixing of the glass melting thing G tried to achieve by simulation test.
As shown in Figure 10, the particle Gb of the glass melting thing G distributed at the initial stage is divided into stratiform to paint along Z-direction, determines the degree of mixing of the particle Gb after have passed clarifying tank.As shown in figure 11, determine when agitation index is 0.64, relative to initial stage distribution, the distribution in the Z-direction of the particle Gb of glass melting thing G is not maintained more dispersedly.That is, confirm when agitation index is 0.64, the degree of mixing of particle Gb is less.On the other hand, as shown in figure 12, confirm when agitation index is 0.8, relative to initial stage distribution, the particle Gb intricately mixing of glass melting thing G.That is, confirm when agitation index is 0.8, the degree of mixing of particle Gb is larger.
As mentioned above, confirm when stirring index is less than 0.7, the degree of mixing of the particle Gb of glass melting thing G is little, and extrinsic material can be suppressed fully to stir together with glass melting thing G.That is, confirm when stirring index is less than 0.7, the convection current in stream can be suppressed fully.
Confirming according to table 2: when bubble density index is 1.5, being greater than 0.7 relative to stirring index in comparative example 1 – 1 ~ 1 – 3, in embodiment 1 – 1 ~ 1 – 4, stirring index is less than 0.7.This is considered because, in comparative example 1 – 1, although the cross-sectional shape on glass melting logistics road is hexagon, do not meet formula (4), in comparative example 1 – 2 and comparative example 1 – 3, the cross-sectional shape on glass melting logistics road is quadrangle form (trapezoidal and rectangle).Thus, confirm when the glass melting logistics road at Polygons flow path portion place cross-sectional shape for meet formula (4) hexagon more than polygonal shape, convection current can be suppressed fully.
In addition, confirm according to the contrast with comparative example 1 – 3, compared with the glass melting logistics road with the cross-sectional shape of rectangle in the past, embodiment 1 – 1 ~ 1 – 4 can suppress the convection current of glass melting thing G.
In addition, confirm when bubble density index is 2, be greater than 0.7 relative to stirring index in embodiment 1 – 1 and embodiment 1 – 4, in embodiment 1 – 2 and embodiment 1 – 3, stir index is less than 0.7.Confirm thus, when the cross-sectional shape on the glass melting logistics road at Polygons flow path portion place meets formula (2), the convection current in stream can be suppressed further.
In addition, embodiment 1 – 1 ~ 1 – 4 and reference example are compared, confirm and be formed as by the cross-sectional shape on the glass melting logistics road by Polygons flow path portion place the polygonal shape that meets more than the hexagon of formula (4), the inhibition of convection current can be made to reach with the cross-sectional shape on glass melting logistics road be the degree that the situation of half-oval shaped is identical.
In addition, according to above result, particularly desirably, the a/H of formula (1) is 0.35 ~ 0.50, and the a/b of formula (2) is 0.7 ~ 0.9, and the H/W of formula (3) is 0.60 ~ 0.75.
(embodiment 2)
Next, embodiment 2 – 1 ~ 2 – 8 that the setting position about the Polygons flow path portion in the stream of the length and clarifying tank that make Polygons flow path portion respectively changes, compares the inhibition of convection current by simulation test.
The cross-sectional shape on the glass melting logistics road at Polygons flow path portion place is identical with embodiment 1 – 3 shown in Fig. 7 (C).Namely, the vacuum degassing apparatus of gate glass article manufacturing installation is formed as the glass article manufacturing installation 10 of the first embodiment.In embodiment 2 – 1 ~ 2 – 8, make the ratio of the distance Ls of the starting position apart from Polygons flow path portion of the total length L relative to the clarifying tank shown in Fig. 1, change respectively relative to the ratio of distance Le of end position apart from Polygons flow path portion of total length L and the ratio of the length L1 of Polygons flow path portion and total length L.Each parameter and the evaluation of embodiment 2 – 1 ~ 2 – 8 are as shown in table 3.
Table 3
In embodiment 2 – 1 ~ 2 – 5, the ratio of distance Ls is fixed as 8.3%, the ratio of distance Le is changed.In embodiment 2 – 6 ~ 2 – 8, the ratio of distance Le is fixed as 41.7%, the ratio of distance Ls is changed.
About evaluation, compared with being formed with the situation of Polygons flow path portion with the total length at clarifying tank (stream), the situation being same degree by stirring index is denoted as zero, and the situation stirring index decline is denoted as △.
Known according to table 3, comparing embodiment 2 – 1 ~ 2 – 5, relative to being zero in embodiment 2 – 1 ~ 2 – 4, is △ in embodiment 2 – 5.This is considered because, in embodiment 2 – 5, distance Le is little, and the length L1 of Polygons flow path portion is inadequate, therefore after have passed Polygons flow path portion, containing a lot of bubble in glass melting thing, there occurs convection current.Confirm thus, it is desirable that the length L1 of Polygons flow path portion is more than 15% of the total length L of clarifying tank (stream).
In addition, comparing embodiment 2 – 6 ~ 2 – 8 is known, relative to being zero in embodiment 2 – 6, is △ in embodiment 2 – 7 and embodiment 2 – 8.This is considered because, in embodiment 2 – 7 and embodiment 2 – 8, the distance Ls apart from starting position is large, fails effectively to suppress convection current at the upstream side of the clarifying tank (stream) containing a lot of bubble.Confirm thus, it is desirable that be less than 17% of the total length L of clarifying tank (stream) apart from the distance Ls of the starting position of Polygons flow path portion.
Availability of the present invention is confirmed according to above embodiment.
Claims (14)
1. a clarifying tank, this clarifying tank has the stream of the refractory brick of the glass melting thing extended along a direction, it is characterized in that,
Described stream has the Polygons flow path portion that cross-sectional shape is the polygonal shape of more than hexagon,
Described Polygons flow path portion has bottom surface, with the first side of described plane perpendicular and with described plane perpendicular and second side relative with described first side,
Equal from the size of lower end to described bottom surface of described second side with on the normal direction of described bottom surface of the size of the lower end from described first side in the normal direction of described bottom surface to described bottom surface,
When the size of described Polygons flow path portion in the normal direction of described bottom surface is set as H, when the size on the normal direction of described bottom surface of lower end from described first side to described bottom surface is set as a, meet following formula (1):
0.25 < a/H < 0.52 ... formula (1).
2. clarifying tank as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that,
The end of described first side on described bottom surface is set as first end, the end of described second side on described bottom surface is set as the second end,
When by the normal direction of described first side from the size of described first end to described first side and on the normal direction of described second side be set as b from the size of described the second end to described second side time, meet following formula (2):
A/b≤1.4 ... formula (2).
3. clarifying tank as claimed in claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that,
Described Polygons flow path portion is arranged on the position of the upstream side of the flow direction more leaning on described glass melting thing than described clarifying tank at the center of one total length upwards.
4. clarifying tank as claimed any one in claims 1 to 3, is characterized in that,
The length L1 of described Polygons flow path portion is that described clarifying tank is at more than 15% of one total length L upwards.
5. the clarifying tank according to any one of Claims 1-4, is characterized in that,
Described stream has the rectangle flow path portion that cross-sectional shape is rectangle.
6. clarifying tank as claimed in claim 5, is characterized in that,
Described stream has the scarp described Polygons flow path portion be connected with described rectangle flow path portion.
7. the clarifying tank according to any one of claim 1 to 6, is characterized in that,
The baffler for tackling the bubble in described glass melting thing is provided with in described stream,
Described baffler is arranged on than described Polygons flow path portion more by the position in the downstream side of the flow direction of described glass melting thing.
8. the clarifying tank according to any one of claim 1 to 7, is characterized in that,
When the size of described Polygons flow path portion in the normal direction of described first side is set as W, meet following formula (3):
0.50 < H/W < 0.80 ... formula (3).
9. a glass article manufacturing installation, is characterized in that,
This glass article manufacturing installation comprises the clarifying tank according to any one of claim 1 to 8, and comprise at the upstream side of the flow direction of the described glass melting thing of described clarifying tank the melting channel that frit is melted, in addition, comprise in the downstream side of the flow direction of the described glass melting thing of described clarifying tank and described glass melting thing is formed and is formed as the building mortion of glass article.
10. glass article manufacturing installation as claimed in claim 9, is characterized in that,
This glass article manufacturing installation also comprises:
Upcast, this upcast is connected with the end of the upstream side on the flow direction of the described glass melting thing of described clarifying tank, and extends downwards from described clarifying tank;
Downtake, this downtake is connected with the end in the downstream side on the flow direction of the described glass melting thing of described clarifying tank, and extends downwards from described clarifying tank; And
Decompression member, described decompression member makes decompression in described clarifying tank.
The manufacture method of 11. 1 kinds of glass articles, is characterized in that,
In the manufacture method of this glass article, use the glass article manufacturing installation described in claim 9 or 10, the manufacture method of this glass article has makes frit fusing manufacture raw materials melt operation, the clarification operation that described glass melting thing is clarified of glass melting thing and form the glass melting thing after described clarification operation and be formed as the forming process of glass article.
The manufacture method of 12. glass articles as claimed in claim 11, is characterized in that,
In described clarification operation, make decompression in described stream.
The manufacture method of 13. glass articles as claimed in claim 11, is characterized in that,
In described clarification operation, described glass melting thing is heated to more than 1500 DEG C.
The manufacture method of 14. glass articles according to any one of claim 11 to 13, is characterized in that,
The total amount of the described glass melting thing of process every day is 10
4kg ~ 20
5kg.
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| JP2014-070952 | 2014-03-31 | ||
| JP2014070952A JP2015189664A (en) | 2014-03-31 | 2014-03-31 | Refining tank, glass article manufacturing apparatus, and glass article manufacturing method |
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Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH04161898A (en) * | 1990-10-25 | 1992-06-05 | Power Reactor & Nuclear Fuel Dev Corp | Melting furnace |
| CN101541693A (en) * | 2006-11-30 | 2009-09-23 | 旭硝子株式会社 | Glass melting apparatus |
| CN103269986A (en) * | 2010-12-28 | 2013-08-28 | 旭硝子株式会社 | Clarification tank, glass melting furnace, molten glass production method, glassware production method and glassware production device |
| CN103508656A (en) * | 2012-06-29 | 2014-01-15 | 安瀚视特控股株式会社 | Method for manufacturing glass substrate |
-
2014
- 2014-03-31 JP JP2014070952A patent/JP2015189664A/en active Pending
-
2015
- 2015-03-16 KR KR1020150035820A patent/KR20150113837A/en unknown
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Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH04161898A (en) * | 1990-10-25 | 1992-06-05 | Power Reactor & Nuclear Fuel Dev Corp | Melting furnace |
| CN101541693A (en) * | 2006-11-30 | 2009-09-23 | 旭硝子株式会社 | Glass melting apparatus |
| CN103269986A (en) * | 2010-12-28 | 2013-08-28 | 旭硝子株式会社 | Clarification tank, glass melting furnace, molten glass production method, glassware production method and glassware production device |
| CN103508656A (en) * | 2012-06-29 | 2014-01-15 | 安瀚视特控股株式会社 | Method for manufacturing glass substrate |
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| KR20150113837A (en) | 2015-10-08 |
| JP2015189664A (en) | 2015-11-02 |
| CN104944738B (en) | 2019-02-15 |
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