CN104868252A - 1-bit microwave anisotropic electromagnetic coding meta-material - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a 1-bit microwave anisotropic electromagnetic coding meta-material. A unit structure of the meta-material consists of an isotropic structure and an anisotropic structure. The design and optimization of geometric parameters of the unit structure can enable each unit to represent independent reflection phase 0 degree and 180 degrees during the irradiation of x-polarization and y-polarization vertically-incident electromagnetic waves, wherein the independent reflection phase 0 degree and 180 degrees are respectively corresponding to a digital state '0' and a digital state '1'. The digital units are arranged on a two-dimensional plane according to digital coding designed in advance, thereby forming the anisotropic electromagnetic coding meta-material. Because each unit is independent in response during x-polarization and y-polarization, the coded meta-material can make independent response during the irradiation of x-polarization and y-polarization vertically-incident electromagnetic waves, including abnormal beam separation and random surface scattering. The meta-material is simple in structure, is easy to machine, is wide in frequency band, can be used for the design of beam separation to generate a plurality of beams, or can be used for the design of an invisible surface, and effectively reduces the radar scattering section of a target.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of Novel manual electromagnetic material, particularly relate to a kind of anisotropy electromagnetism coding Meta Materials with polarization function controlled.
Background technology
It is the study hotspot of electromagnetism educational circles to electromagnetic any manipulation all the time, traditional scheme normally utilizes monoblock dielectric material (conventional lenses) or relies on the shape (traditional antenna) of metal surface to regulate and control magnetic distribution, but the space phase the brought accumulation that this type of scheme is all the equivalent refractive index relying on specific geometry or lens realizes, therefore there is thicker thickness, be not easy to other integration of equipments.
The people such as Capasso in 2011 propose broad sense Snell's law, by introducing discontinuous phase place in two-dimensional surface, by the phase hits compensation originally needed on the phase place complanation of spatial summation, make to utilize the two dimension electromagnetic amplitude of super surperficial manipulation and phase place to become possibility, utilize this technology to make various lens and antenna, will greatly reduce its physical size and weight reduction.Because each construction unit can realize any control to electromagnetic wave amplitude and phase place, therefore by the PHASE DISTRIBUTION that design is more complicated, such as vortex wave beam and Bezier wave beam etc. can be realized; If design random PHASE DISTRIBUTION, then can realize, to the irreflexive effect of incident wave, effectively can reducing the RCS of target, realizing stealthy.
The Unit Design of above-mentioned Meta Materials is all to isotropic, and the function of the Meta Materials namely designed is exactly unique, can not change with polarization and change.The 1-bit anisotropy electromagnetism coding Meta Materials of the present invention's design then changes its function by changing the polarised direction of incident electromagnetic wave.1-bit electromagnetism coding Meta Materials designed by the present invention contains four digital states " 0 ", " 1 ", " 2 " and " 3 " that the identical and phase place of reflected wave amplitude differs 90 degree successively, due to cellular construction can x polarization and y polarize vertical incidence ripple irradiation under present independently digital state and respond, therefore when the polarization of electromagnetic wave direction of vertical incidence is along x-axis and y-axis, this anisotropy coding Meta Materials can present two kinds of different functions, comprising abnormal beam separation and random surface scattering etc.
Summary of the invention
The invention provides a kind of 1-bit anisotropy electromagnetism coding Meta Materials with polarization function controlled, by designing specific digital coding sequence and being given each elementary cell in material, different functions is realized independently, as abnormal beam separation and random surface scattering etc. under the electromagnetic irradiation of vertical incidence that just can polarize in x polarization and y.
To achieve these goals, the present invention realizes by the following technical solutions:
The present invention is made up of four kinds of basic cell structures, and it presents 0 degree and 180 degree of reflected phase will independently under the electromagnetic irradiation of vertical incidence that x polarizes and y polarizes, and corresponds respectively to digital state " 0 " and " 1 ".Conveniently mark, we are by the form of each cellular construction called after " s/s ", the digital state of reflected phase will when wherein the letter of slash front and back is represented as x polarization and y polarization respectively, therefore these four structures can be designated as " 0/0 ", " 1/1 ", " 0/1 " and " 1/0 ".Wherein " 0/0 ", " 1/1 " are isotropic structure; " 0/1 " and " 1/0 " is anisotropic structure.
These basic cell structures are arranged on two dimensional surface according to corresponding encoder matrix, when vertical incidence electromagnetic wave in the x-direction or y direction polarization time, designed Meta Materials can present different responses.
Compared with prior art, advantage of the present invention is:
1. the present invention characterizes each elementary cell jointly with numeral state when x polarization and y polarization, carries out analysis and design electromagnetism Meta Materials effectively by design encoder matrix.
2. basic cell structure of the present invention can present independently digital state response in two mutually perpendicular polarised directions, therefore there is larger flexible design degree, be in particular in that the present invention can present different functions when incident wave changes polarised direction, as abnormal reflection and random surface scattering etc., it is high that the device realized has orientation ratio, the feature that conversion efficiency is high.
3. the metal pattern structure designed by the present invention is simple, and is single-layer metal structure, can adopt conventional printed circuit boards technique in microwave section, can adopt normal photolithographic process, be easy to volume production in Terahertz, infrared and optical band.Made sample has the feature of ultra-thin and ultra-light, is easy to integrated with existing system; Also can cover simultaneously and anyly have on the object of curved surface, for reducing its Radar Cross Section.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is basic cell structure of the present invention, and wherein scheming (a) is isotropism cellular construction, and figure (b) is anisotropy cellular construction.
Fig. 2 is " 0/0 " of the present invention and the reflected phase will of " 1/1 " isotropism cellular construction when x polarization and y polarization " and phase difference;
The reflected phase will that Fig. 3 is " 1/0 " of the present invention anisotropy cellular construction when x polarization and y polarize and phase difference; The reflected phase will that Fig. 4 is " 0/1 " of the present invention anisotropy cellular construction when x polarization and y polarize and phase difference;
Fig. 5 is the electromagnetism coding pattern when encoder matrix is, total total 16*16 super subelement, and each super subelement is of a size of 4*4;
Fig. 6 is for when encoder matrix is, vertical incidence ripple E field polarization direction is along three-dimensional Far Field Scattering directional diagram during x-axis, and frequency is 1THz;
Fig. 7 is for when encoder matrix is, vertical incidence ripple E field polarization direction is along three-dimensional Far Field Scattering directional diagram during y-axis, and frequency is 1THz;
Fig. 8 is when encoder matrix is, three-dimensional Far Field Scattering directional diagram when vertical incidence ripple E field polarization direction and x-axis angle 45 degree, and frequency is 1THz;
Fig. 9 is for when encoder matrix is, vertical incidence ripple E field polarization direction is along electric field Ex component distribution map during x-axis on Y-Z cross section, and frequency is 1THz;
Figure 10 is for when encoder matrix is, vertical incidence ripple E field polarization direction is along electric field Ey component distribution map during y-axis on X-Z cross section, and frequency is 1THz;
Figure 11 is when encoder matrix is, electric field Ey component when vertical incidence ripple E field polarization direction and x-axis angle 45 degree on X-Z cross section and Y-Z cross section and Ex component distribution map, and frequency is 1THz;
Figure 12 is for when encoder matrix is, vertical incidence ripple E field polarization direction is along two-dimentional Far Field Scattering directional diagram during x-axis in Y-Z plane, and frequency is 1THz;
Figure 13 is the electromagnetism coding pattern when encoder matrix is, total total 16*16 super subelement, and each super subelement is of a size of 4*4;
Figure 14 is for when encoder matrix is, vertical incidence ripple E field polarization direction is along three-dimensional Far Field Scattering directional diagram during x-axis, and frequency is 1THz;
Figure 15 is for when encoder matrix is, vertical incidence ripple E field polarization direction is along three-dimensional Far Field Scattering directional diagram during y-axis, and frequency is 1THz;
Figure 16 is for when encoder matrix is, vertical incidence ripple E field polarization direction is along two-dimentional Far Field Scattering directional diagram during x-axis in Y-Z plane, and frequency is 1THz;
Figure 17 is for when encoder matrix is, vertical incidence ripple E field polarization direction is along backscattering gain during y-axis, and frequency is 1THz;
Embodiment:
In order to verify function of the present invention and performance, four kinds of basic cell structures of Meta Materials that the 1-bit electromagnetism mentioned in Terahertz frequency range instantiation the present invention is encoded.It can be divided into isotropism and anisotropy two class, Fig. 1 (a) gives the three-dimensional structure diagram of isotropism cellular construction, the square-shaped metal square piece of the metallic substrates of to be wherein thickness from the bottom up be respectively t, thickness to be the F4B dielectric layer of d and thickness be t, wherein square-shaped metal length of a film is a, and square dielectric layer is long is p.Fig. 1 (b) gives the three-dimensional structure diagram of anisotropy cellular construction, the square-shaped metal square piece of the metallic substrates of to be wherein thickness from the bottom up be respectively t, thickness to be the polyimide media layer of d and thickness be t, square dielectric layer long for p, four parameter h1 of dumbbell shaped sheet metal, the length of h2, w1 and w2 as shown as icons.Table 1 gives the design parameter of these four structures, wherein obtains because two anisotropic structures (dumbbell structure) can be rotated by 90 degree, therefore only gives the parameter that digital state is " 1/0 " structure.
The geometric parameter of 4 kinds of basic cell structures of table 1.1-bit anisotropy electromagnetism coding Meta Materials, it is several that the letter before underscore represents geometric parameters, and the letter after underscore represents digital state.
Above four basic structures can produce digital state response " 0 " and " 1 " independently under x polarization and y polarize the electromagnetic irradiation of vertical incidence, namely reflected phase will is 0 degree and 180 degree, therefore 4 kinds of different combinations " 0/0 ", " 1/1 ", " 0/1 " and " 1/0 " is just had after permutation and combination, wherein the former is reflected phase will numeral state when x polarizes, and the latter is reflected phase will numeral state when y polarizes.Fig. 2 gives " 0/0 " and the reflected phase will of " 1/1 " coding unit when 0.7THz to 1.3THz, can find out that the reflected phase will of " 0/0 " and " 1/1 " coding unit when 1THz is respectively-74 ° and 106 °, differ 180 °.Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 sets forth " 1/0 " and the reflected phase will of " 0/1 " coding unit when 0.7THz to 1.3THz under x polarization and y polarize vertical incidence ripple, equally, and these two unit phase 180 degree when 1THz.
First example, we adopt the PHASE DISTRIBUTION when x polarization and y polarize all present digital state phase place " 010101 ... " the situation of gradient distribution, i.e. a corresponding two-dimensional matrix
Because the electromagnetic coupled between adjacent different structure unit can bring not expected phase response to Meta Materials, in order to avoid therefore effect brings the deterioration in performance, here we introduce the concept of super subelement, and it is made up of N*N identical basic cell structure.In this example, whole material is made up of 16*16 super subelement, and each super subelement is of a size of 4*4, as shown in Figure 5.Fig. 6 with Fig. 7 respectively show the three-dimensional far-field pattern of Meta Materials when x polarization and y polarize vertical electromagnetic wave that encoder matrix is, can be clear that the polarize wave beam of vertical incidence of x is separated and deflect in Y-Z plane and z-axis angle is on the direction at 48 degree of angles
as shown in Far Field Scattering directional diagram two-dimentional in Y-Z plane in Y-Z plane in Figure 12; It is on the direction at 48 degree of angles that y polarizes that the wave beam of vertical incidence to be deflected in X-Z plane with z-axis angle
can calculate this abnormal reflection angle by broad sense snell law formula θ=arcsin (λ/Γ) is 48 degree, and coincide consistent with simulation result, wherein λ represents free space wavelength, and Γ represents the length in a gradient cycle.Fig. 9 Figure 10 respectively show corresponding x and to polarize Y-Z plane when to polarize vertical electromagnetic wave irradiation with y and the electric field intensity map of X-Z plane, can clearly see, electromagnetic field is propagated in the same direction as, and wherein the small disturbance of electric field is that coupling between different structure unit owing to mentioning before causes.More what is interesting is, when polarised direction and the x-axis angle 45 ° of incident wave, the wave beam of vertical incidence can be separated and to deflect in Y-Z plane and X-Z plane with z-axis angle be on 4 directions of 48 degree, is namely respectively
as shown in Figure 8.Figure 11 gives corresponding Electric Field Distribution field pattern, and wherein X-Z plane corresponds to Ey component, and Y-Z plane corresponds to Ex component.By adjusting the angle of polarised direction and x-axis, just effectively can adjust the intensity of four wave beams, can be used for designing the controlled type reflective array antenna of novel polarization.
The digital coding that second example adopts is as follows, when vertical incidence polarization of ele direction is along x-axis, corresponding coded sequence be " 010101 ... " When vertical incidence polarization of ele direction is along y-axis, it is random coded.Whole material is made up of 16*16 super subelement, and the size of super subelement is 4*4, as shown in figure 13.The three-dimensional Far Field Scattering directional diagram display of Figure 14, when in-field is x polarized wave, although coding is now completely different from M1, the wave beam of vertical incidence is still separated and deflect in Y-Z plane and z-axis angle is on the direction at 48 degree of angles
as shown in Far Field Scattering directional diagram two-dimentional in the Y-Z plane in Figure 16; When in-field is y polarized wave, incident wave beam can be scattered to whole upper half-space (z>0) randomly, as shown in figure 15.In order to this random electromagnetic of further qualitative assessment coding Meta Materials is to the diffuse reflection effect of y polarization incident wave, Figure 17 gives the scattering gain of the Meta Materials being encoded to M2 when y polarizes incident wave, namely from the ratio of coding Meta Materials the backscattering value reflected and the backscattering value reflected from onesize perfect electric conductor, can find out from 0.9 to 1.5THz, scattering gain is lower than-10dB, illustrate that this electromagnetism coding Meta Materials effectively can reduce the backscattering of metallic plate in broadband, can be used for the RCS of reducing object, reach stealthy object.
Above two examples illustrate the controlled function of the polarization of the uniqueness of designed anisotropy electromagnetism coding Meta Materials, and efficiency is very important parameter equally in actual applications.Here, we assess its conversion efficiency further.First conversion efficiency is defined as follows: the reflected intensity P1 of mirror reflection angular direction when wave beam incides on metallic plate with 24 degree of inclinations angle, with the ratio of the reflected intensity P2 on deflection angle direction when impinging perpendicularly on the Meta Materials after coding, i.e. efficiency E=P2/P1.Because the two-dimensional scattering directional diagram in Figure 12 has been did the result after normalization to the intensity P1 of simple metal plate reflex time, the conversion efficiency that therefore just can read the Meta Materials being encoded to M1 from these two figure is 0.456*2=91.2%, and such high efficiency cannot be obtained by the graded index Meta Materials of conventional monolayers transmission-type.
The design adopts standard photolithography process and lift-off (stripping) technique, and concrete processing step is as follows: first the gold of 200nm by electron-beam evaporation on 2 cun of silicon chips; Subsequently, the mode of liquid polyimides rotary coating equably even glue on layer gold, then on hot plate, heat each heating 5 minutes, 5 minutes, 5 minutes and 20 minutes with 80 degree, 120 degree, 180 degree and 250 degree, now polyimides has been solidificated on layer gold; Because the even glue of single can only generate the polyimides of about 10 micron thickness, secondary even glue step needs repetition 3 times to make 25 um thick polyimide layers.Then photoetching process is utilized to have the design transfer of the mask plate of required coding pattern on photoresist, deposited by electron beam evaporation deposits the titanium of one deck 10 nanometer and the gold of 200 nanometers more subsequently, uses Liff-off (stripping) technique to generate final metal pattern in acetone afterwards.Because the adhesiveness of silicon dioxide layer of gold and silicon chip surface is poor, whole sample directly can tear it down from silicon chip surface, and formation, without the sample of substrate, has the feature of ultrathin flexible, can be conformal with any curved face object, extends range of application of the present invention.
Need explanation, the above is only the preferred implementation of the present invention at terahertz wave band, because the design has cellular construction simplicity of design and the advantage of single-layer metal pattern, same structure can directly expand to microwave section, millimeter wave band, infrared and visible light wave range by size scaling.Be noted that for those skilled in the art, under the premise without departing from the principles of the invention, can also make some improvements and modifications, these improvements and modifications also should be considered as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. a 1-bit anisotropy electromagnetism coding Meta Materials, is characterized in that: this material is arranged according to the digital coding sequence designed in advance by four kinds of basic cell structures and forms in two dimensional surface.
2. 1-bit anisotropy electromagnetism coding Meta Materials according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, four described basic cell structures are under the electromagnetic irradiation of vertical incidence that x polarizes and y polarizes, its reflected phase will can realize the discrete phase 0 degree of 2 and 180 degree independently, corresponds respectively to digital state " 0 " and " 1 ".
3. 1-bit anisotropy electromagnetism coding Meta Materials according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, four described elementary cells can be divided into two classes: a class is isotropic structure, is made up of, comprises 0/0 square-shaped metal sheet " and " 1/1 " isotropism cellular construction; Another kind of is anisotropic structure, is made up of, comprises 1/0 dumbbell shape sheet metal " and " 0/1 " isotropism cellular construction; The metal pattern of two class formations is all printed in the one side of medium substrate, and another side covers complete metal backing.
4. 1-bit anisotropy electromagnetism coding Meta Materials according to claim 1, is characterized in that, independently realizes various function, comprise abnormal beam separation and random surface scattering etc. under its electromagnetic irradiation of vertical incidence that can polarize in x polarization and y.
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| CN105676314A (en) * | 2016-03-31 | 2016-06-15 | 中国科学院光电技术研究所 | Multi-spectral phase-type metasurface device |
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| CN113745841B (en) * | 2021-07-29 | 2023-08-29 | 中国人民解放军92728部队 | Conformal electromagnetic stealth subsurface and design method thereof |
| CN115332812A (en) * | 2022-08-25 | 2022-11-11 | 中国人民解放军空军工程大学 | Active super-surface-based reflective array antenna and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN115332812B (en) * | 2022-08-25 | 2024-03-22 | 中国人民解放军空军工程大学 | Reflection array antenna based on active super surface and manufacturing method thereof |
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