CN104860865B - 一种非典型性荧光材料琥珀酰亚胺衍生物的制备方法 - Google Patents

一种非典型性荧光材料琥珀酰亚胺衍生物的制备方法 Download PDF

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CN104860865B
CN104860865B CN201510284486.0A CN201510284486A CN104860865B CN 104860865 B CN104860865 B CN 104860865B CN 201510284486 A CN201510284486 A CN 201510284486A CN 104860865 B CN104860865 B CN 104860865B
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严骏杰
杨敏
潘栋辉
徐宇平
杨润琳
王立振
赵富宽
张波
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种非典型性荧光琥珀酰亚胺衍生物的制备方法,所述衍生物为硫/氮琥珀酰亚胺;进一步的所述硫/氮琥珀酰亚胺具体为:2‑硫马来酰亚胺、2,3‑二硫琥珀酰亚胺和2‑氮琥珀酰亚胺,该琥珀酰亚胺衍生物可广泛用于蛋白标记、细菌检测、重金属离子的筛查等领域。

Description

一种非典型性荧光材料琥珀酰亚胺衍生物的制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于高分子化学领域,涉及一种琥珀酰亚胺衍生物及其制备方法。
技术背景
荧光材料凭借其优异的光学性能,被广泛应用于蛋白标记、细菌检测、重金属离子的筛查等科学领域。荧光材料凭借其优异的光学性能,被广泛应用于蛋白标记、细菌检测、重金属离子的筛查等科学领域,并提供荧光光物理过程的新见解。一般来说,荧光材料是通过功能化具有共轭结构的荧光团制备而成。最近,非典型性荧光材料在生物化学传感和成像方面已经展现出了很好的应用潜力。Pucci等发现聚异丁烯琥珀酸酐/酰亚胺具有非典型性荧光,并归因于羰基的聚集诱导荧光。同样,我们也偶然发现了羰基和苯环之间的共轭相互作用能产生特异性荧光。但是,所有这些非典型性荧光单元只有以共价键结合的方式分散在基质中才会发出荧光,本身不具备明显的可探测荧光。因此,设计并制备含有非典型性荧光单元的荧光材料有很大的难度。在这种背景下,寻找既能自身发光、尤其能在基质中获得增强荧光的非典型荧光团,对于非典型性荧光材料的制备重要而紧。
琥珀酰亚胺是一类重要的有机合成原料,用于制备医药、农药的重要中间体。但是琥珀酰亚胺结构的单一使得其不具备特殊的性能,因此,通常需对琥珀酰亚胺进行功能化制备琥珀酰亚胺衍生物。绝大多数琥珀酰亚胺衍生物是对亚胺上的氮原子位置进行基团修饰,最具代表性的是N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS),广泛用于酰胺化反应中羧基的活化试剂。一般而言,琥珀酰亚胺衍生物是通过功能化功能性伯胺和马来酸酐的酰胺化反应制备而成。因而,想在2,3位引入官能团只能通过功能化的马来酸酐,这势必会增加反应原料的成本。另一方面,琥珀酰亚胺能和蛋白之间易发生电荷转移作用,因此是一种常用的蛋白荧光淬灭剂,和马来酰亚胺相似,通常是在氮原子位置引入共轭荧光基团来合成相应的荧光化合物用于有机光电材料的制备,但2,3位较大的空间位阻增加了引入荧光基团的难度。关于2,3位脂肪族取代的琥珀酰亚胺的荧光特性,以及用于蛋白和聚合物的标记现有技术中没有报道。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于为了解决现有技术中缺少非典型性荧光材料。基于对非共轭荧光化合物体系的机理,提供了一种非典型性荧光琥珀酰亚胺衍生物及其制备方法和应用。
一种非典型性荧光琥珀酰亚胺衍生物,所述衍生物为结构式为:
的硫/氮琥珀酰亚胺,其中R1,R2,R3:为烷基。
进一步的所述硫/氮琥珀酰亚胺优选具体为:2-硫马来酰亚胺、2,3-二硫琥珀酰亚胺和2-氮琥珀酰亚胺。
本发明还在于提供了非典型性荧光琥珀酰亚胺衍生物的制备方法:
(1)2-硫马来酰亚胺的制备
(2)2,3-二硫琥珀酰亚胺的制备
(3)2-氮马来酰亚胺的制备
(4)2-硫琥珀酰亚胺的制备
(5)2-氮琥珀酰亚胺的制备
琥珀酰亚胺和马来酰亚胺都是没有荧光的,被正丁胺取代后,2-氮琥珀酰亚胺有微弱的荧光,2-氮马来酰亚胺有很强的荧光。而被正丁硫醇取代后,2-硫琥珀酰亚胺和2-硫马来酰亚胺均没有荧光。2,3-二硫琥珀酰亚胺有很强的荧光。所有的琥珀酰亚胺类荧光化合物都用核磁共振氢谱、碳谱、高分辨质谱和元素分析表征。2,3-二硫琥珀酰亚胺、2-氮琥珀酰亚胺和其相应的马来酰亚胺有相似的荧光谱图,但荧光强度稍弱,而紫外吸收谱图则有很大的不同。
本发明还提供了一种非典型性荧光琥珀酰亚胺衍生物在蛋白标记、细菌检测、重金属离子的筛查等科学领域的应用。荧光材料广泛应用于实时和空间的重金属离子的分析与检测,我们选用聚苯乙烯类的琥珀酰亚胺来研究其对金属离子的绑定能力。在聚(苯乙烯-alt-2-氮马来酰亚胺)的DMF溶液中分别加入Li+,Na+,K+,Ag+,Ca2+,Mg2+,Zn2+,Cu2+,Cd2+,Pb2+,Co2+和Cr3+等离子(五倍当量),并跟踪荧光的变化。汞离子加入后,溶液荧光立刻淬灭,而其他金属粒子的加入基本不改变溶液的荧光强度。紫外吸收谱图用来定量表征汞离子的荧光淬灭过程,当汞离子量加到两当量时,紫外吸收从353nm红移到了398nm,亚胺-汞-亚胺螯合物的生成导致了荧光的完全淬灭。
发明的有益效果:
本发明提供了一种非典型性荧光琥珀酰亚胺衍生物及其制备方法和应用,非典型性荧光琥珀酰亚胺衍生物,对非共轭荧光化合物体系是一个很好的补充;所述的非典型性荧光琥珀酰亚胺衍生物制备方法简单、节约反应的原料成本;所述的非典型性荧光琥珀酰亚胺衍生物中的亚胺和汞离子可以形成稳定的络合物,可以通过荧光的变化用于溶液中汞离子的检测。当汞离子量加到马来酰亚胺摩尔数的两当量时,紫外吸收从353nm红移到了398nm,亚胺-汞-亚胺螯合物的生成导致荧光的完全淬灭。
附图说明:
以下将结合附图和具体实例对本发明进行进一步的阐述。
图1、含有硫代马来酰亚胺和硫/氮琥珀酰亚胺单元的序列规整单体/共聚物的特异性荧光。
图2、琥珀酰亚胺具备荧光的功能化示意图。
图3、硫/氮琥珀酰亚胺/马来酰亚胺在氯仿中的紫外吸收和荧光谱图。
图4、硫/氮琥珀酰亚胺的优化结构,HOMO/LUMO的分子轨道振幅和能级水平。
图5、聚(苯乙烯-alt-2-氮马来酰亚胺)的DMF溶液在加入金属离子后的荧光变化。
具体实施方式:
下面结合具体实施例,进一步阐述本发明。应理解,这些实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围。
除非另行定义,文中所使用的所有专业与科学用语与本领域熟练人员所熟悉的意义相同。此外,任何与所记载内容相似或均等的方法及材料皆可应用于本发明中。文中所述的较佳实施方法与材料仅作示范之用。
实施例1
非典型性荧光琥珀酰亚胺衍生物及其制备方法
2-硫马来酰亚胺的制备
溴代马来酰亚胺(401.2mg,2.28mmol)溶于15mL乙醚中,通氩气除氧10min。正丁硫醇加入上述反应液并搅拌5min,随后将反应液冰浴冷却至0℃。三乙胺(242.4mg,2.40mmol)缓慢滴加入溶液中,白色沉淀立即析出,待三乙胺滴加完后,反应液室温搅拌过夜。反应结束后,反应液用60mL乙醚稀释,经水、盐水洗涤(30mL)后用无水硫酸钠干燥。合并有机相、过滤、浓缩,柱层析纯化(固定相硅胶,淋洗剂:正己烷/乙酸乙酯=3:1)得黄色油状固体。
2,3-二硫琥珀酰亚胺的制备
2-硫马来酰亚胺(186.1mg,1.0mmol),三乙胺(101.9mg,1.0mmol)溶于5mL四氢呋喃,氩气除氧10min。正丁硫醇的甲醇溶液缓慢滴加至上述溶液中,室温搅拌24h。反应结束后,抽干溶剂,柱层析纯化(固定相硅胶,淋洗剂:正己烷/乙酸乙酯=3:1)得亮黄色晶体。
2-氮马来酰亚胺的制备
溴代马来酰亚胺(401.2mg,2.28mmol)溶于15mL乙醚中,通氩气除氧10min。正丁胺加入上述反应液并搅拌5min,随后将反应液冰浴冷却至0℃。三乙胺(242.4mg,2.40mmol)缓慢滴加入溶液中,白色沉淀立即析出,待三乙胺滴加完后,反应液室温搅拌过夜。反应结束后,反应液用60mL乙醚稀释,经水、盐水洗涤(30mL)后用无水硫酸钠干燥。合并有机相、过滤、浓缩,柱层析纯化(固定相硅胶,淋洗剂:正己烷/乙酸乙酯=3:1)得浅棕黄色固体。
2-硫琥珀酰亚胺的制备
马来酰亚胺(262.1mg,2.70mmol)溶于5mL四氢呋喃,通氩气除氧10min,加入三乙胺(273.1mg,2.70mmol)作催化剂。正丁硫醇(250.4mg,2.78mmol)和三丁基膦(20μl)同时加入反应液中,室温下搅拌24h。反应结束后抽干溶剂,柱层析纯化(固定相硅胶,淋洗剂:正己烷/乙酸乙酯=3:2)得浅黄色液体。
2-氮琥珀酰亚胺的制备
马来酰亚胺(450.2mg,4.64mmol)溶于5mL冰乙醇中,缓慢滴加正丁胺(338.6mg,4.64mmol),0℃下搅拌1h。反应结束后,柱层析纯化(固定相硅胶,淋洗剂:正己烷/乙酸乙酯=3:2)得浅粉色液体。
实施例2
琥珀酰亚胺衍生物的非典型性荧光特性检测
将制备得到含有马来酰亚胺和琥珀酰亚胺单元的序列规整共聚物,动态荧光结果显示,四序列单体(端基为硫代马来酰亚胺)和五序列共聚物(端基为硫/氮琥珀酰亚胺)的反应液均具有很强的荧光(图1)。四序列单体的荧光可能来源于硫代马来酰亚胺,因为三序列单体(端基为巯基)是没有荧光的。但是,很难解释五序列共聚物为何也有荧光,因为胺基和马来酰亚胺发生迈克尔加成反应之后转化成了琥珀酰亚胺。为了排除荧光来源与杂质的可能性,聚合物通过沉淀法除去未反应的小分子、干燥,重新溶解于DMF的聚合物溶液在紫外灯下仍然有很强的荧光。琥珀酰亚胺是一种常用的蛋白荧光淬灭剂,在不引入任何荧光单元、仅仅改变取代基的情况下,即实现了淬灭剂到荧光团的转变。因此,我们推断硫/氮琥珀酰亚胺是潜在的荧光团。
因此,我们设计和制备了一系列的硫/氮琥珀酰亚胺,并考察其荧光性能(图2)。等当量的硫醇和溴代马来酰亚胺室温下反应得到定量的2-硫代马来酰亚胺,碱催化下,再加入一当量的硫醇即制备得到2,3-二硫琥珀酰亚胺,产率71%。而2,3-二氮琥珀酰亚胺在碱性条件下很容易发生消去反应,得到稳定产物2-氮马来酰亚胺。另一方面,碱催化下,马来酰亚胺和硫醇、胺反应分别制备了单取代的硫/氮琥珀酰亚胺。
图2所示,琥珀酰亚胺和马来酰亚胺都是没有荧光的,被正丁胺取代后,2-氮琥珀酰亚胺有微弱的荧光,2-氮马来酰亚胺有很强的荧光。而被正丁硫醇取代后,2-硫琥珀酰亚胺和2-硫马来酰亚胺均没有荧光。有意思的是,2,3-二硫琥珀酰亚胺有很强的荧光。所有的琥珀酰亚胺类荧光化合物都用核磁共振氢谱、碳谱、高分辨质谱和元素分析表征。图3显示,2,3-二硫琥珀酰亚胺、2-氮琥珀酰亚胺和其相应的马来酰亚胺有相似的荧光谱图,但荧光强度稍弱,而紫外吸收谱图则有很大的不同。
b)用DFT计算结果解释琥珀酰亚胺衍生物非典型性荧光的机理。
为了解释硫/氮琥珀酰亚胺的荧光机理,我们利用密度泛函理论计算来考察他们的电子结构和能级。考虑到杂原子的孤对电子效应,2-丁基琥珀酰亚胺作为对照。众所周知,最高分子占有轨道(HOMO)和最低分子空轨道(LUMO)的分离会导致小振子强度和非辐射衰减的抑制,从而有效地保留固有的荧光。从计算结果(图4)看,2-丁基琥珀酰亚胺HOMO和LUMO在琥珀酰亚胺环上有很大的重叠,相反2,3-二硫琥珀酰亚胺的HOMO主要被硫原子轨道占据,LUMO位于琥珀酰亚胺环的轨道,HOMO和LUMO波函数的空间分离很好地抑制了非辐射衰变路径。2-硫琥珀酰亚胺的HOMO在硫原子上,LUMO分布在硫原子和琥珀酰亚胺的环上,两者的分离程度显著降低,导致高效的非辐射弛豫,因此没有荧光。对于2-氮琥珀酰亚胺,氮原子给电子能力和尺寸的差异稍稍改变了HOMO和LUMO波函数的分布,阻止了部分非辐射衰减路径。另外,2-氮琥珀酰亚胺相对2-硫琥珀酰亚胺有更好的共平面性,这些因素使得2-氮琥珀酰亚胺具备一定的荧光。另一方面,2,3-二硫琥珀酰亚胺的空间位阻比2-氮琥珀酰亚胺和2-硫琥珀酰亚胺都要大,较小的空间重叠抑制了非辐射衰减的途径,因此,强荧光得以保留。
实施例3
琥珀酰亚胺衍生物分析与检测重金属离子
荧光材料广泛应用于实时和空间的重金属离子的分析与检测,我们选用聚苯乙烯类的琥珀酰亚胺来研究其对金属离子的绑定能力。在聚(苯乙烯-alt-2-氮马来酰亚胺)的DMF溶液中分别加入Li+,Na+,K+,Ag+,Ca2+,Mg2+,Zn2+,Cu2+,Hg2+,Cd2+,Pb2+,Co2+和Cr3+等离子(五倍当量),并跟踪荧光的变化。汞离子加入后,溶液荧光立刻淬灭,而其他金属粒子的加入基本不改变溶液的荧光强度。紫外吸收谱图用来定量表征汞离子的荧光淬灭过程,当汞离子量加到两当量时,紫外吸收从353nm红移到了398nm,亚胺-汞-亚胺螯合物的生成导致了荧光的完全淬灭。
非典型性荧光琥珀酰亚胺衍生物,对非共轭荧光化合物体系是一个很好的补充,有利于研究工作人员对荧光机理有更全面的认识。其次,亚胺和汞离子可以形成稳定的络合物,因此,琥珀酰亚胺衍生物可以通过荧光的变化用于溶液中汞离子的检测。
显然,上述实施例仅仅是为清楚地说明所作的举例,而并非对实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说,在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动。这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。而由此所引伸出的显而易见的变化或变动仍处于本发明创造的保护范围之中。

Claims (1)

1.一种非典型性荧光琥珀酰亚胺衍生物2,3—二(正丁基硫代)琥珀酰亚胺的制备方法,其特征在于:包括,
2—(正丁基硫代)马来酰亚胺的制备:
401.2mg,2.28mmol的溴代马来酰亚胺溶于15mL乙醚中,通氩气除氧10min;正丁硫醇加入上述反应液并搅拌5min,随后将反应液冰浴冷却至0℃;242.4mg,2.40mmol的三乙胺缓慢滴加入溶液中,白色沉淀立即析出,待三乙胺滴加完后,反应液室温搅拌过夜;反应结束后,反应液用60mL乙醚稀释,经30mL水、盐水洗涤后用无水硫酸钠干燥;合并有机相、过滤、浓缩,柱层析纯化,固定相为硅胶,淋洗剂:正己烷/乙酸乙酯=3:1得黄色油状固体;
2,3—二(正丁基硫代)琥珀酰亚胺的制备:
186.1mg,1.0mmol的2—(正丁基硫代)马来酰亚胺、101.9mg,1.0mmol的三乙胺溶于5mL四氢呋喃,氩气除氧10min,正丁硫醇的甲醇溶液缓慢滴加至上述溶液中,室温搅拌24h;反应结束后,抽干溶剂,柱层析纯化,固定相为硅胶,淋洗剂:正己烷/乙酸乙酯=3:1得亮黄色晶体。
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