CN104818305B - 脂肪酶催化合成3-取代-2-吲哚酮类化合物的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种以芳香醛与吲哚‑2‑酮为底物,以脂肪酶为催化剂,进行的Knoevenagel缩合反应生成3‑取代‑2‑吲哚酮类化合物的方法。其中,3‑取代‑2‑吲哚酮类化合物是合成吲哚类生物碱的重要中间体,同时也具有广泛的药理和生理活性。本发明提供的方法,产物收率为87.8‑94.2%,反应条件温和,操作简单,生产成本低,产率高,底物谱宽,对环境污染小。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物催化技术领域,涉及一种脂肪酶催化的芳香醛与吲哚-2-酮的Knoevenagel缩合反应的方法。
背景技术
3-取代-2-吲哚酮类化合物是合成吲哚类生物碱的重要中间体,同时也具有广泛的药理和生理活性,例如抗菌活性、抗肿瘤活性、抗炎活性等。这类化合物一般是由吲哚-2-酮和芳香醛在哌啶、哌嗪等有机碱或它们的盐催化下,发生Knoevenage缩合反应而得。但这些催化工艺往往需要使用大量有机溶剂,造成环境污染,反应时间较长,产率也不是很高。但是,近年来出现了微波法、超声波法、研磨法等新方法,还是用了多种催化剂,包括固体催化剂、离子液体、固载催化剂等。但以上很大一部分催化反应体系存在着反应条件苛刻、成本高和难以获得等缺点。
酶作为一种生物催化剂,具有高催化效率、高专一性以及对环境友好等优点,在农药、香精香料、医药及其中间体等高附加值的化合物合成中得到了越来越多的应用。脂肪酶(lipase, E.C.3.1.1.3)是指一类能够催化甘油三酯水解生成脂肪酸、甘油和甘油单酯或二酯的酶,广泛存在于动植物和微生物体中,是工业生产中常见的一种水解酶,常用来催化水解、酯化、酯交换、氨解等反应。然而一种酶有特定的天然底物,因此研究生物酶除天然属性以外的其他催化特性显的特别重要。近年来,酶的催化多功能性已经引起了有机化学家的兴趣。多功能性酶已成功应用于Aldol缩合、Knoevenagel缩合、Michael加成、Henry反应等多种C-C键形成反应中。文献已报道多种脂肪酶能有效催化芳香醛与链状活性亚甲基发生Knoevenage反应,但是与杂环类活性亚甲基化合物的缩合反应至今未见文献报道。
发明内容
现有技术中Knoevenagel缩合反应基本都以化学催化的方法进行,本发明以脂肪酶为催化剂,以芳香醛,与吲哚-2-酮为底物经过缩合反应制得了3-取代-2-吲哚酮类化合物,因此提供了脂肪酶催化反应的新用途。
具体的,本发明的技术方案为:
以吲哚-2-酮为底物,利用脂肪酶催化进行Knoevenagel缩合反应生成3-取代-2-吲哚酮类化合物。对于脂肪酶作为催化剂的理解,应该理解为进行Knoevenagel缩合反应的新用途, 特别是其以吲哚-2-酮作为底物的缩合反应中。
脂肪酶催化合成3-取代-2-吲哚酮类化合物的方法,其中,以芳香醛和吲哚-2-酮为底物,在含有有机溶剂和水的体系中,将底物与脂肪酶接触,进行Knoevenagel缩合反应形成3-取代-2-吲哚酮类化合物。
本发明提供的方法中,缩合反应反应方程式为:
其中Ar为p-NO2C6H4、o-NO2C6H4、m-NO2C6H4、p-CNC6H5、2,4-Cl,ClC6H3、 2,6-Cl,ClC6H3、p-ClC6H4、p-BrC6H4、C6H5、p-MeOC6H5、2-furaryl、p-OHC6H4中的一种。
本发明所述的脂肪酶,为通常意义的脂肪酶,即脂肪酶(lipase, E.C.3.1.1.3),其能够催化甘油三酯水解生成脂肪酸、甘油和甘油单酯或二酯,来源于动植物或者微生物,常用来进行催化水解、酯化、酯交换、氨解等反应。
在本发明中脂肪酶可选自南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B(lipase from Candida antarctica)、猪胰脂肪酶(Porcine pancreas lipase),酶褶皱假丝酵母脂肪酶(Candida rugosa lipase),洋葱伯克霍尔德脂肪酶(Burkholderia cepacia lipase),黑曲霉脂肪酶(Lipase lipoprotein from Aspergillus niger),Novozym 435 脂肪酶(lipase B fromCandida antarctica, immobilized on a macroporous acrylic resin)中的一种。其中脂肪酶优选猪胰脂肪(Porcine pancreas lipase)。
在本发明所述的方案中,有机溶剂为甲基叔丁基醚、甲苯、二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃、乙醇、乙腈、正己烷和二甲基亚砜中的一种,优选二甲基亚砜。
本发明所述的方法,在反应体系中,有机溶剂和水的数量关系为水份体积占水和有机溶剂总体积的比例10-20%。
本发明所述的方法,所述反应体系中,芳香醛和吲哚-2-酮的摩尔浓度比为芳香醛:吲哚-2-酮为1:1-2 。
本发明所述的方法,所述反应体系中,酶占总体积的浓度为5-30 mg/ml。
本发明所述的方法,所述反应体系中,所述反应的反应条件为:反应温度,15-55°C;反应时间5-25h。
本发明所述的方法,其中所述反应的具体步骤为:
(a)将芳香醛与吲哚-2-酮混合
(b)在底物中以此加入水和有机溶剂
(c)加入脂肪酶并与底物接触,催化生成3-取代-2-吲哚酮类化合物。
本发明所述的方法,还包括分离纯化3-取代-2-吲哚酮类化合物的步骤,具体的步骤为:
(a)将芳香醛与吲哚-2-酮混合
(b)在底物中以此加入水和有机溶剂
(c)加入脂肪酶并与底物接触,催化生成3-取代-2-吲哚酮类化合物
其特征在于,还包括以下步骤
(d)在体系中加入TLC(石油醚/乙酸乙酯)
(e)反应完毕后过滤除酶;
(f)滤液用水、乙酸乙酯萃取三次,合并有机相,用无水MgSO4干燥过滤后,减压旋蒸,
(g)粗产物用柱层析分离并回收目标产物。
本发明的有益效果在于:
(1)提供了产物的新的合成方法。以脂肪酶为催化剂,提供了反应条件温和,操作简单,生产成本低,产率高,副产物少,底物适用范围宽,对环境污染小的3-取代-2-吲哚酮类化合物合成方法。
(2)发掘了脂肪酶的新用途,特别是以吲哚-2-酮为底物的Knoevenagel缩合反应。
(3)本发明所述的方法,产物收率为87.8-94.2%,相对于其他合成方法,具备较强的竞争优势。
附图说明
图1 3-(4-硝基苯亚甲基)-1,3-二氢-2H-吲哚-2-酮3-[4-Nitrobenzylidene]indoline-2-one核磁共振氢谱图。
图2 3-(2-硝基苯亚甲基)-1,3-二氢-2H-吲哚-2-酮3-[2-Nitrobenzylidene]indoline-2-one核磁共振氢谱图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明做进一步说明。所列的实施例仅作阐示之用,并表明本发明的精神和范围并非限于此中的细节及其修改案。
实施例1
本发明所涉及的生物酶及其他试剂均为市场购买,其中试剂均未经进一步纯化;核磁共振氢谱(1HNMR)用Bruker Advance 2B 400 核磁共振波谱仪进行测定,频率为400MHz,溶剂为氘代二甲基亚砜,内标为四甲基硅(TMS)。
所有实例中,脂肪酶催化的芳香醛与吲哚-2-酮的Knoevenagel缩合反应,其反应方程式为:
。
实例1:将2 mmol对硝基苯甲醛和2mmol吲哚-2-酮,加入10 ml反应瓶中,然后加入125mg猪胰脂肪酶,1ml去离子水,4ml DMSO,45°C下搅拌反应,TLC(石油醚/乙酸乙酯,1/1,v/v)监测反应进行情况。10h后过滤除酶,反应完毕后过滤除酶,滤纸和滤液分别用CH2Cl2和水洗涤三次。滤液用5ml水、10ml乙酸乙酯萃取三次,合并有机相,用无水MgSO4干燥过滤后,减压旋蒸,粗产物经柱层析[石油醚/乙酸乙酯,9/1-2/1,v/v]分离即可得到纯化的目标产物,收率为94.2%,mp: 245–250°C。1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 10.72 (s, 1H), 8.35 (d,J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 7.7 Hz,1H), 7.27 (t, J = 7.7, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (m, J = 10.1, 8.5, 4.3 Hz, 2H)。
实例2:将2 mmol邻硝基苯甲醛和2mmol吲哚-2-酮,加入10 ml反应瓶中,然后加入125mg猪胰脂肪酶,1ml去离子水,4ml DMSO,45°C下搅拌反应,TLC(石油醚/乙酸乙酯,1/1,v/v)监测反应进行情况。10h后后过滤除酶,反应完毕后过滤除酶,滤纸和滤液分别用CH2Cl2和水洗涤三次。滤液用5ml水、10ml乙酸乙酯萃取三次,合并有机相,用无水MgSO4干燥过滤后,减压旋蒸,粗产物经柱层析[石油醚/乙酸乙酯,9/1-2/1,v/v]分离即可得到纯化的目标产物,收率为89.2%,mp:199-200°C。1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 10.54 (s, 1H),8.17 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.86 – 7.73 (m, 2H), 7.66 (dd, J =16.9, 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.83(d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H)。
实例3:将2 mmol对氯苯甲醛和2mmol吲哚-2-酮,加入10 ml反应瓶中,然后加入125mg猪胰脂肪酶,1ml去离子水,4ml DMSO,45°C下搅拌反应,TLC(石油醚/乙酸乙酯,1/1,v/v)监测反应进行情况。15h后后过滤除酶,反应完毕后过滤除酶,滤纸和滤液分别用CH2Cl2和水洗涤三次。滤液用5ml水、10ml乙酸乙酯萃取三次,合并有机相,用无水MgSO4干燥过滤后,减压旋蒸,粗产物经柱层析[石油醚/乙酸乙酯,9/1-2/1,v/v]分离即可得到纯化的目标产物,收率为91.6%,mp:180-182°C。1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 10.61 (s, 1 H), 7.72(d, J=8.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.58 (m, 3 H), 7.47 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.23 (t, J=7.5Hz, 1 H), 6.85 (t, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H)。
实例4:将2 mmol苯甲醛和2mmol吲哚-2-酮,加入10 ml反应瓶中,然后加入125 mg猪胰脂肪酶,1ml去离子水,4ml DMSO,45°C下搅拌反应,TLC(石油醚/乙酸乙酯,1/1,v/v)监测反应进行情况。20h后后过滤除酶,反应完毕后过滤除酶,滤纸和滤液分别用CH2Cl2和水洗涤三次。滤液用5ml水、10ml乙酸乙酯萃取三次,合并有机相,用无水MgSO4干燥过滤后,减压旋蒸,粗产物经柱层析[石油醚/乙酸乙酯,9/1-2/1,v/v]分离即可得到纯化的目标产物,收率为90.2%,mp:175-176°C。1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ10.59 (s, 1 H), 7.69 (d, J=7.2Hz, 2 H), 7.62 (s, 1 H), 7.49 (m, 4H), 7.22 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1 H), 6.84 (dd, J=12.8, 7.9 Hz, 2 H)。
实例5:将2 mmol对甲氧基苯甲醛和2mmol吲哚-2-酮,加入10 ml反应瓶中,然后加入125mg猪胰脂肪酶,1ml去离子水,4ml DMSO,45°C下搅拌反应,TLC(石油醚/乙酸乙酯,1/1,v/v)监测反应进行情况。20h后后过滤除酶,反应完毕后过滤除酶,滤纸和滤液分别用CH2Cl2和水洗涤三次。滤液用5ml水、10ml乙酸乙酯萃取三次,合并有机相,用无水MgSO4干燥过滤后,减压旋蒸,粗产物经柱层析[石油醚/乙酸乙酯,9/1-2/1,v/v]分离即可得到纯化的目标产物,收率为84.4%,mp: 158-159°C。1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ10.54 (s, 1 H),7.70 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H), 7.64 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.57 (s, 1 H), 7.21 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.08 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H), 6.86 (m, 2 H), 3.83 (s, 3 H)。
实例5:将2 mmol对甲氧基苯甲醛和2mmol吲哚-2-酮,加入10 ml反应瓶中,然后加入125mg 猪胰脂肪酶,1ml去离子水,4ml DMSO,45°C下搅拌反应,TLC(石油醚/乙酸乙酯,1/1,v/v)监测反应进行情况。20h后后过滤除酶,反应完毕后过滤除酶,滤纸和滤液分别用CH2Cl2和水洗涤三次。滤液用5ml水、10ml乙酸乙酯萃取三次,合并有机相,用无水MgSO4干燥过滤后,减压旋蒸,粗产物经柱层析[石油醚/乙酸乙酯,9/1-2/1,v/v]分离即可得到纯化的目标产物,收率为84.4%,mp: 158-159°C。1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ10.54 (s, 1 H),7.70 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H), 7.64 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.57 (s, 1 H), 7.21 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.08 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H), 6.86 (m, 2 H), 3.83 (s, 3 H)。
实例6:将2 mmol对硝基苯甲醛和2mmol吲哚-2-酮,加入10 ml反应瓶中,然后加入200mg 猪胰脂肪酶,1ml去离子水,4ml 四氢呋喃,35°C下搅拌反应,TLC(石油醚/乙酸乙酯,1/1,v/v)监测反应进行情况。20h后过滤除酶,反应完毕后过滤除酶,滤纸和滤液分别用CH2Cl2和水洗涤三次,用无水MgSO4干燥过滤后,减压旋蒸,粗产物经柱层析[石油醚/乙酸乙酯,9/1-2/1,v/v]分离即可得到纯化的目标产物,收率为51.8%,mp: 245–250°C。1H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO) δ 10.72 (s, 1H), 8.35 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.4Hz, 2H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (t, J = 7.7, 0.8 Hz,1H), 6.86 (m, J = 10.1, 8.5, 4.3 Hz, 2H)。
实例7:将2 mmol对硝基苯甲醛和2mmol吲哚-2-酮,加入10 ml反应瓶中,然后加入200mg 猪胰脂肪酶,1ml去离子水,4ml 乙腈,35°C下搅拌反应,TLC(石油醚/乙酸乙酯,1/1,v/v)监测反应进行情况。20h后过滤除酶,反应完毕后过滤除酶,滤纸和滤液分别用CH2Cl2和水洗涤三次,用无水MgSO4干燥过滤后,减压旋蒸,粗产物经柱层析[石油醚/乙酸乙酯,9/1-2/1,v/v]分离即可得到纯化的目标产物,收率为40.6%,mp: 245–250°C。1H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO) δ 10.72 (s, 1H), 8.35 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H),7.67 (s, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (t, J = 7.7, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 6.86(m, J = 10.1, 8.5, 4.3 Hz, 2H)。
实例8:将2 mmol对硝基苯甲醛和2mmol吲哚-2-酮,加入10 ml反应瓶中,然后加入200mg 猪胰脂肪酶,0.5ml去离子水,4.5ml DMSO,35°C下搅拌反应,TLC(石油醚/乙酸乙酯,1/1,v/v)监测反应进行情况。10h后过滤除酶,反应完毕后过滤除酶,滤纸和滤液分别用CH2Cl2和水洗涤三次。滤液用5ml水、10ml乙酸乙酯萃取三次,合并有机相,用无水MgSO4干燥过滤后,减压旋蒸,粗产物经柱层析[石油醚/乙酸乙酯,9/1-2/1,v/v]分离即可得到纯化的目标产物,收率为80.2%,mp: 245–250°C。1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 10.72 (s, 1H),8.35 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.41 (d, J= 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (t, J = 7.7, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (m, J = 10.1, 8.5, 4.3 Hz,2H)。
实例9:将2 mmol对硝基苯甲醛和2mmol吲哚-2-酮,加入10 ml反应瓶中,然后加入125mg 猪胰脂肪酶,1ml去离子水,4ml DMSO,25°C下搅拌反应,TLC(石油醚/乙酸乙酯,1/1,v/v)监测反应进行情况。10h后过滤除酶,反应完毕后过滤除酶,滤纸和滤液分别用CH2Cl2和水洗涤三次。滤液用5ml水、10ml乙酸乙酯萃取三次,合并有机相,用无水MgSO4干燥过滤后,减压旋蒸,粗产物经柱层析[石油醚/乙酸乙酯,9/1-2/1,v/v]分离即可得到纯化的目标产物,收率为65.5%,mp: 245–250°C。1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 10.72 (s, 1H), 8.35 (d,J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 7.7 Hz,1H), 7.27 (t, J = 7.7, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (m, J = 10.1, 8.5, 4.3 Hz, 2H)。
实例10:将2 mmol对硝基苯甲醛和2 mmol吲哚-2-酮,加入10 ml反应瓶中,然后加入25mg 猪胰脂肪酶,1ml去离子水,4ml DMSO,45°C下搅拌反应,TLC(石油醚/乙酸乙酯,1/1,v/v)监测反应进行情况。5h后过滤除酶,反应完毕后过滤除酶,滤纸和滤液分别用CH2Cl2和水洗涤三次。滤液用5ml水、10ml乙酸乙酯萃取三次,合并有机相,用无水MgSO4干燥过滤后,减压旋蒸,粗产物经柱层析[石油醚/乙酸乙酯,9/1-2/1,v/v]分离即可得到纯化的目标产物,收率为96.8%,mp: 245–250°C。1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 10.72 (s, 1H), 8.35(d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 7.7Hz, 1H), 7.27 (t, J = 7.7, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (m, J = 10.1, 8.5, 4.3 Hz, 2H)。
实例12:将2 mmol对硝基苯甲醛和4mmol吲哚-2-酮,加入10 ml反应瓶中,然后加入150mg 猪胰脂肪酶,1ml去离子水,4ml DMSO,45°C下搅拌反应,TLC(石油醚/乙酸乙酯,1/1,v/v)监测反应进行情况。5h后过滤除酶,反应完毕后过滤除酶,滤纸和滤液分别用CH2Cl2和水洗涤三次。滤液用5ml水、10ml乙酸乙酯萃取三次,合并有机相,用无水MgSO4干燥过滤后,减压旋蒸,粗产物经柱层析[石油醚/乙酸乙酯,9/1-2/1,v/v]分离即可得到纯化的目标产物,收率为96.6%,mp: 245–250°C。1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 10.72 (s, 1H), 8.35(d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 7.7Hz, 1H), 7.27 (t, J = 7.7, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (m, J = 10.1, 8.5, 4.3 Hz, 2H)。
实例13:将2 mmol对硝基苯甲醛和2mmol吲哚-2-酮,加入10 ml反应瓶中,然后加入125mg 褶皱假丝酵母脂肪酶,1ml去离子水,4ml DMSO,45°C下搅拌反应,TLC(石油醚/乙酸乙酯,1/1,v/v)监测反应进行情况。25h后过滤除酶,反应完毕后过滤除酶,滤纸和滤液分别用CH2Cl2和水洗涤三次。滤液用5ml水、10ml乙酸乙酯萃取三次,合并有机相,用无水MgSO4干燥过滤后,减压旋蒸,粗产物经柱层析[石油醚/乙酸乙酯,9/1-2/1,v/v]分离即可得到纯化的目标产物,收率为73.5%,mp: 245–250°C。1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 10.72 (s,1H), 8.35 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.41(d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (t, J = 7.7, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (m, J = 10.1, 8.5,4.3 Hz, 2H)。
Claims (9)
1.猪胰脂肪酶催化合成3-取代-2-吲哚酮类化合物的方法,以芳香醛和吲哚-2-酮为底物,将底物与猪胰脂肪酶接触,进行Knoevenagel缩合反应形成3-取代-2-吲哚酮类化合物,其特征在于,此反应在含有有机溶剂和水的体系中进行,且水份体积占水和有机溶剂总体积的比例为10-20%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述反应反应方程式为:
其中Ar为p-NO2C6H4、o-NO2C6H4、m-NO2C6H4、p-CNC6H5、2,4-Cl,ClC6H3、2,6-Cl,ClC6H3、p-ClC6H4、p-BrC6H4、C6H5、p-MeOC6H5、p-OHC6H4、C6H5CH=CH、P-FC6H4、p-MeC6H5、o-MeC6H5、o-MeOC6H5中的一种。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于:Ar为p-NO2C6H4、o-NO2C6H4、m-NO2C6H4、p-CNC6H5、2,4-Cl,ClC6H3、2,6-Cl,ClC6H3、p-ClC6H4、p-BrC6H4、C6H5、p-MeOC6H5、p-OHC6H4中的一种。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述有机溶剂为甲基叔丁基醚、甲苯、二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃、乙醇、乙腈、正己烷和二甲基亚砜中的一种。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,所述有机溶剂为二甲基亚砜。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述反应体系中,芳香醛和吲哚-2-酮的摩尔浓度比为芳香醛:吲哚-2-酮为1:1-2。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述反应体系中,酶占总体积的浓度为5-30mg/ml。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述反应的反应条件为:反应温度,15-55℃;反应时间5-25h。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述反应的具体步骤为:
(a)将芳香醛与吲哚-2-酮混合
(b)在底物中依次加入水和有机溶剂
(c)加入猪胰脂肪酶并与底物接触,催化生成3-取代-2-吲哚酮类化合物。
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