CN104781376A - 压实木炭肥料的生产方法和设备 - Google Patents
压实木炭肥料的生产方法和设备 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种以热化学方式将含肥原料生产成型为球状或其它压实形状的低尘煤炭的方法和设备。原料(1)与可控气体(2)进行不完全燃烧,从而碳化(10,11,12);仍然红热的残余物用水淬熄(浇熄)(3,31)。在此过程中制造的煤炭肥料(4)基本能够保持其形状,并且在其被淬熄(浇熄)前仍处于红热状态时可像活性炭那样用于处理设备(5,80)中的废气(21,81)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种将含有无机肥料的原料成型为球状或其他形状后通过热化学过程制备木炭肥料的方法和设备。
背景技术
利用含有肥料的物质,包括污水处理厂的污泥、畜禽养殖产生的粪便、沼渣、所谓的能源作物、以及各种过程中产生的木材及泥煤等,已成为人们关注的焦点,尤其是通过能源回收和肥料回用可使这些物料实现效益最大化。
传统的废物处理方法是干化焚烧,利用焚烧炉焚烧过程中,粉尘的形成亦或灰分的部分成渣会导致故障发生。从而会增加设备维护工作,以及灰渣利用的问题,以至于整体效率降低。
亚马逊河流域的印第安人在2000多年前就已认识到木炭对土壤肥力的有益效果(“亚马逊黑土”)。自上个世纪以来,对于利用人造炭形成“亚马逊黑土”效果人们进行了许多尝试。木炭肥料除了具有土壤改善效果外,还能带来较大比例的碳,这些碳被植物吸收,经过一段很长的时间后又返回到土壤中。例如,在2011年第二届亚太生物炭会议上,展示了与所谓的生物炭相关的高价值。由于在欧盟内只有当满足生物认证条件时才能使用“生物”一词,因此在本发明的说明中,使用更一般的名称“木炭肥料”或“煤炭肥料”。
木炭制备过程以及间接性的木炭肥料生产过程是为人们所熟知的。有许多方法不但可利用木头、废木、稻草、绿色垃圾、以及所谓的能源作物生产煤炭和木炭,而且还可利用各种废物例如畜栏的粪尿、污水厂污泥、沼气池残渣以及泥煤等生产煤炭和木炭。原料在高温和厌氧的条件下被处理,此时,有机(碳基)材料在热化学作用下转变为碳,即所谓的碳化。产生的气体可在下游煤气炉中使用,或用于其它目的。
这些原料碳化过程的能量输出比较低,尤其在使用高矿物含量的原料时,产生的碳的热值就更少。因此,制造煤炭的过程通常仅用于使用活性炭或燃烧煤炭。如果希望从可用的原料中获得更多能量(就像在废水处理厂或畜牧场中希望的那样),那么需要使用第二个炉。
例如,在DE 20 2011 001 453 U1中提出了一种“用于从生物质和可燃废物(尤其是可再生资源)中回收能量并进行碳化的设备”。在这种炉的输出端是用于间接地冷却生产出的煤炭的热交换器。这种设备应提高能量利用效率;热交换器用于对水进行加热,然后将热水用于设备外部。建议使用高热值的“生物质”原料,并把其粉碎为小于40毫米的颗粒。材料通过热化学方式处理为具有高热值的煤炭。这个推荐的设备仅用于常规的碳化过程和含尘材料;它在不供气的情况下工作,因此产生的能量较低。为了进一步使用生产出的煤炭,建议采用下游燃烧系统。
由于污水厂污泥的热值不够高,因此仅对污水厂污泥进行碳化处理从经济角度来看是不可行的。畜牧场的粪便也有类似的问题。在常规碳化过程中产生的煤炭通常富含粉尘;当在下游燃烧过程中使用这种煤炭时,或者当在农场上散布这种煤炭时,这会导致许多弊病。同时,任何类型的粉尘对环境的危害都非常大。
为了避免现有技术方法的这些缺点,建议把含尘煤炭与其它材料混合使用,并进行后续处理;但是这种附加的处理会显著降低整个过程的赢利性。有人提出用煤粉生产出的后续颗粒产品可以用作沥青或其他材料,但是这样成本就会比较高。并且它会导致与农业中的肥料许可相关的难题。
到目前为止,还没有能够在以经济的并对环境无害的方式生产小球状或其它压实形状的煤炭肥料的同时产生的能量比纯碳化过程的能量更高的方法。只有上文中已提到的把所述材料燃烧为灰烬的固体煅烧炉。
发明内容
本发明的初衷是改进农业有机物的燃烧效果,以最大限度地减少以往焚烧工艺中因粉尘和炉渣造成的缺点。
在试验中控制(限制)空气的供应量,球状颗粒在安装了旋转盘的煅烧炉内发生了不完全燃烧。从煅烧炉中排出仍然红热的材料,该材料在集灰桶中处于闷烧状态。当用水浇熄时,结果显示产物“灰烬”由高碳含量的小球构成。
此发现拓宽了本发明的目的:应采取措施生产尽可能不含尘的煤炭肥料。这样一来,所用原料的能量产出应高于纯碳化过程中的能量产出。
根据本发明,该方法是通过以下过程实现的:在热化学处理转化炉中,在低于800℃的温度下(优选400至700℃),控制通入的空气或氧气量,对压为球状或其它压实形状的材料进行处理,以达到所需的不完全燃烧状态。其中,在转化炉中通过慢速运转的螺旋输送机、刮板、转板、滑座或类似装置移动压实材料,以最大限度地减少磨损。保持材料的压实形态的关键措施是,在热化学转化炉的末端或在材料离开转化炉后,接触空气或含氧气体之前,用水或水溶液猝熄仍然红热的材料。
本发明的方法可利用配有慢速运动的螺杆或慢速转动的铁铲、转板、滑座等装置的热化学转化设备(转化炉、煅烧炉、气化炉)、控制含氧气体供应的设备、以及利用水或水溶液淬熄仍然红热的煤炭肥料的方式来实施。
本发明的方法能防止形成有害的粉尘或熔渣。本发明可通过调控供氧量来调节过程的燃烧程度(根据使用材料的能量产出),从而根据需要产生碳含量较高或较低的木炭肥料。转化炉产生的气体可用于焚烧或其它目的。
本发明的淬熄(浇熄)操作能防止不完全燃烧的产物的继续燃烧。淬熄(浇熄)过程中在固体物质内部产生的蒸汽会在煤炭肥料中形成气孔,可以提高其性能。尽管原料在空气中进行了不完全燃烧,但是所用的原料的压实形状仍保持不变。产生的成型木炭肥料具有与活性炭相同的优良性质;它可用于本发明的更多实施例中。
虽然在木炭肥料的生产过程中原始物料的一部分(即产生的煤炭)未用于产能,但是产品中的碳含量足以弥补此缺点:即木炭肥料中的肥效成分与活性炭结合,具有比常规肥料高得多的农林业价值。微孔性碳可以使许多肥效物质避免在土壤中过快渗滤,从而植物能够持续地利用肥料(亚马逊黑土)。在本发明中仅简要说明活性炭在土壤中的其它已知优点,包括提高保水性、增加腐殖质的形成、促进植物生长、截留污染物等。
为了改进本发明的过程以产生更多能量,在压实前,需把高肥料含量的原料(污水厂污泥、粪尿、排泄物、沼渣等)与低肥料含量的其它材料(干燥的绿色垃圾、干燥的能源植物、木材、泥煤等)混合。
附图说明
图1示出了压实木炭肥料生产过程和设备。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图对本发明的原理和特征进行描述,所举实例只用于解释本发明,并非用于限定本发明的范围。
下面将参照附图详细说明本发明。
图1为流程图,包括热化学转化炉(煅烧炉、固体烘炉、气化炉)(10),该转化炉带有慢速运转的螺旋输送机(未示出)、刮板、转板、滑座或类似装置,用于输送压制成小球状或其它压实形状的原料的供料器(1)、用于根据转化炉(10)中的温度和/或氧浓度供应含氧气体的管线(2)、以及用于在产品接触含氧气体之前用水或水溶液淬熄(浇熄)产生的木炭肥料的设备(3)。在一个简单的实施例中,可通过管线(3)和喷嘴(未示出)向转化炉(10)的出口处(4)的木炭肥料布水,以便淬熄(浇熄)红热的木炭肥料,并且使其在离开转化炉(10)之后不会继续燃烧。显而易见的是,可使用在淬熄过程中产生的蒸汽来加热干燥空气。热化学转化炉(10)可为垂直构造,例如常规的固体煅烧炉,并且(例如)由滑座或转板划分为加热室(12)和气化室(11),或者,热化学转化炉(10)也可为不同于此处所示的构造,例如类似于回转炉的水平或倾斜构造,或者带刮板或内螺旋的管状构造。
在另一个实施例中,红热的木炭肥料在淬熄(浇熄)之前可在类似于哈根迈尔转筒的下游处理室(5)中使用,优选在约400℃温度下使用,用于对气体燃烧炉(20)的废气(21)进行处理,在转化炉(10)中形成的气体(13)在该气体燃烧炉中焚烧。经过处理的热气可从处理室(5)经由管线(22)排出,以便进一步利用热量。当在处理室(5)中把木炭肥料预先用于处理废气后,可通过管线或处理室(8)中的供水管(31)淬熄(浇熄)仍然红热的煤炭肥料。附图所示的本发明的方法的另一个实施例用于利用从原料的干燥装置(60)经由管线(6)向管线(2)中排出的废气。使用淬熄(浇熄)后的木炭肥料的另一个实施例是在处置装置(80)内净化农场养殖栏(82)中产生的废气(81)(以管线(8)表示)。木炭肥料经由管线(4和/或84)输送至仓库(90)。
与常规的木炭生产方法相比,本发明的方法与待处理原料的干燥设备结合使用、和/或与热化学转化炉的气体燃烧后的废气净化设备结合使用、以及与畜舍废气净化结合使用,可实现多种有价值的附加改进效果。
本发明的所有处理步骤基本不需耗力维护和监测。因此,从经济角度来看,它们不仅适用于大型商业企业,也适用于农场等小规模设施。
在本发明的木炭肥料热化学生产过程中,通过对原料进行干燥,并且在干燥前用含氧气体对原料进行消毒,能够显著改善农场的环境卫生,因为使用常规粪尿施肥方法可能导致的病虫害传播、恶臭和大量扬尘以及其它污染物质会被这些措施大大限制。
对于原料的干燥,可使用由热化学转化炉和/或下游废气焚烧炉获得的热量。
在经过干燥后,农田的原料可通过对环境无害的方式运输至大型设备中进行原料混合和造粒,然后,处理后的球状原料被送回,并在干燥设备中被有效地加工,最后经过热化学转化设备处理转变成煤炭肥料。干燥系统的废气、冷凝物和废热可通过有利的方式用于煤炭肥料的生产;整体过程中回收的剩余能量可在农场中使用,或者可用于发电再出售。
原料转化成的部分活性炭可用于对热化学转化系统产生的气体燃烧后的废气进行净化,适宜温度为400℃左右。此时,在所谓的哈根迈尔转筒中,废气中可能存在的二恶英和呋喃会被大量消除。净化可在一个处理室中进行,该处理室还可以作为热交换器使用,或者被供应冷废气。
只有经过这种过渡使用后仍然红热的小球才需要淬熄(浇熄)。这种快速冷却只需降到在空气中不再燃烧的温度。
在畜舍废气净化系统(例如烟囱)中,通过利用在淬熄(浇熄)后仍灼热的含碳肥料的余热,能够提高空气净化系统的流速和效率。
已被加工处理成煤炭肥料形式的原料可经济地储存或销售。
使用常规的农业设备就能够在土壤上撒布成型的煤炭肥料也不会造成环境污染(粉尘、臭气等)。与撒布常规的肥料和粪肥的成本相比,这种撒布工作的成本明显低很多。
总之,在这种农业(林业)与技术结合的方法中,由原植物从大气中获取的大量二氧化碳经过长期的过程被保存为类似于“亚马逊黑土”的土壤碳。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (5)
1.一种在热化学转化设备(10)中制备成型低尘煤炭肥料的方法,该方法主要由已知的固体煅烧炉构成,并配有用于减少磨损的慢速运转循环装置,其特征在于,所述固体煅烧炉的进料为球状原料或其它形式的模压低尘原料,控制通入固体煅烧炉(10)的空气或含氧气体(2)的量,使原料发生不完全的部分燃烧,并且在进一步通入空气之前,至少通过用水或水溶液淬熄(浇熄)的方式阻止不完全燃烧后仍然红热的材料继续燃烧。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,仍然红热的材料在离开热化学转化设备(10)后并在淬熄(浇熄)之前用于处理反应室或转筒(5)的热烟气(21)。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述空气或含氧气体(2)包含干燥装置(60)的气体(6)。
4.一种用于实施如权利要求1、2、3所述方法的设备,其特征在于,所述热化学转化设备(10)由固体煅烧炉构成,该固体煅烧炉配有用于供送被压制为小球或其它模压形状的原料的供料管线(1)、用于减少磨损的慢速运转循环装置、用于供应空气或含氧气体(2)的调节装置、以及至少一条用于供水或水溶液的管线(3)。
5.根据权利要求4所述的设备,其特征在于,在热化学转化设备(10)之后并在供水或水溶液管线(31)之前布置有处理室或转筒(5),气体燃烧炉(20)的热烟气(21)送入其中。
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