CN104722965B - A kind of strip brazing material preparation method based on self-propagating technology - Google Patents
A kind of strip brazing material preparation method based on self-propagating technology Download PDFInfo
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- CN104722965B CN104722965B CN201510133727.1A CN201510133727A CN104722965B CN 104722965 B CN104722965 B CN 104722965B CN 201510133727 A CN201510133727 A CN 201510133727A CN 104722965 B CN104722965 B CN 104722965B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/40—Making wire or rods for soldering or welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
- B23K35/0222—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
- B23K35/0233—Sheets, foils
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
- B23K35/3601—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with inorganic compounds as principal constituents
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Abstract
A kind of strip brazing material preparation method based on self-propagating technology of the present invention, belongs to welding material preparing technical field.The composition of the strip brazing material prepared as required determines thermite, slag former, the type of alloying constituent and content, obtains material A after mixing；Separately using calcium sulfate, aluminium powder, calcium fluoride as material B, after the different parts of the mould that material A, B are respectively added to autonomous Design, igniting causes self-propagating reaction, and the high-temperature liquid metal obtained is sprayed by mold bottom nozzle, cooled roller cools down, and throws away and i.e. can get strip brazing material.This invention utilizes the self-propagating reaction of material to replace traditional fusion process to obtain molten metal, and utilizing calcium sulfate is molten metal additional heat with the exothermic reaction of aluminium powder, utilizes this product compressing molten metal to spray continuously.The method equipment needed thereby is simple, and raw material sources are wide, and energy consumption is low, reacting balance safety, and controllability is good, the strip brazing material of available relatively high-quality.
Description
Technical field
A kind of strip brazing material preparation method based on self-propagating technology of the present invention, belongs to technical field of welding materials.
Background technology
Strip brazing material is usually quickly to be cooled down to throw away by high-temperature liquid metal and forms, equal when its chemical composition remains liquid
Even property, without crystal grain, without eutectic precipitated phase, uniformly, there is not thick compound phase in fusing, therefore alloy structure is single in alloy
Refinement, can be organized during soldering, the uniform brazed seam of composition, and its impurity content is few, purity is high, can significantly increase welding
The quality of joint.Due to strip brazing material in heating process almost simultaneously, homogeneous fusing and sprawling, therefore have more preferable moistening
Property.Additionally, strip brazing material can be accurately placed in the gap of soldered fitting, reduce solder waste, reduce cost, and can ensure relatively
Little joint gap.The advantage that strip brazing material highlights promotes the development of its technology of preparing.
The method preparing strip brazing material at present is mainly single-roller method, and its capital equipment is a molten metal bath molten bath and
The cooling body of individual rotation.General employing induction furnace, by raw material repeatedly melting, is then cast into ingot casting, then by ingot casting electric furnace or height
Frequently stove fusing, and make melt be sprayed onto from the nozzle of crucible in rotation cooling body with noble gas pressurization, solidify in contact surface
Become strip, then fly out under the centrifugal action of high speed rotating cooling body, thus obtain required strip brazing material, such as patent
201310572100.7 it is described.Visible, the method obtains the process of molten metal needs induction furnace, casting moulds, electric furnace or high frequency
The multiple expensive device such as stove, technological process is longer, the most loaded down with trivial details；And energy loss phase in induction furnace or coreless induction furnace work process
When greatly.Secondly, need noble gas pressurization that motlten metal just can be made to spray at the nozzle of crucible, add the most again banding
The preparation cost of solder.
And in recent years, metal material preparation technology based on self-propagating technology becomes study hotspot, this is due to this technology
It is to utilize the self-heating of chemical reaction heat high between reactant and carry out synthetic material from conduction, when reactant is once drawn
Combustion, the regional spread that not yet will react from trend, until reaction completely, is to prepare the one of inorganic compound high-temperature material newly
Method, its equipment is simple, technological process is short.Therefore this technology is the most gradually applied to soldering field.Such as patent
201010522164.2 disclose a kind of self-propagating soldering thermal source medicated powder, self-propagating brazing device and preparation method thereof, by Fe2O3、
Al powder, CuO weigh grinding in proportion and uniformly obtain thermal source medicated powder, insert bottom and set the high-temperature resistant container of through hole, high-temperature resistant container
In put into the soldering heat conducting tank of bottom opening, make thermal source medicated powder be squeezed between two containers, solder in soldering heat conducting tank, thermal source
Medicated powder inserts lead-in wire.It is positioned over the place to be welded of workpiece during welding, puts combustion wire, welding agent generation thermit reaction, release heat and melt
Change solder, drip and form weld seam in place to be welded.This invention utilizes the heat of welding agent generation thermit reaction indirectly to add heat fusing solder,
Though welding can be realized, but heat can scatter and disappear in transmittance process in a large number, it is impossible to guarantee that solder can be completely melt, and due to
The solder heat of fusing is low, and rate of cooling is very fast, it is impossible to guarantee the reliability of soldered fitting, and thermit reaction generate Cu,
The metallic product such as Fe cannot reclaim secondary and utilize.
Based on drawbacks described above, the application is intended to provide a kind of equipment simple, and technological process is short, preparation cost low based on from climing
Prolong the preparation method of the strip brazing material of technology.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved is to provide a kind of equipment simple, and technological process is short, and preparation cost is low
The preparation method of strip brazing material based on self-propagating technology.
For achieving the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme that
The preparation method of a kind of strip brazing material based on self-propagating technology, specifically includes following steps:
1) assembly jig A, mould B and chill roll: mould A is put in mould B, have a running channel bottom mould A, water and say
Mouth, through the aperture bottom mould B, is placed in the top of chill roll, is put into by catch in mould A and cover running channel；
2) preparing material A, material A is the raw material that aluminothermic process prepares solder, including aluminium powder, metal-oxide, and alloying constituent, with
And the CaF as slag former2, mesh number is all 200～300 mesh, stirs, and adds mould A intracavity to, flattens compacting；
3) preparing material B, in material B, each composition and percentage by weight are calcium sulfate 53～63%, aluminium powder 33～39%, fluorine
Changing calcium 4～6%, mesh number is all 200～300 mesh, stirs, add mould B to, mould A is completely covered, and flattens compacting；
4) opening motor, controlling chill roll linear resonance surface velocity is 30m/s-40m/s, and carries out cold to chill roll logical cooling water
But；
5) on material B, sprinkle starting mix, plug lead-in wire, igniting, after the catch of mould A running channel cervical region melts, thing
The liquid metal that material A reaction generates, by the chill roll surface being ejected into rotation bottom running channel, cools down rapidly, and at centrifugal force
I.e. available required strip brazing material is thrown away under effect.
The running channel position of mould A should be above chill roll peak, and should be in chill roll peak linear velocity direction
Front side, running channel outlet with chill roll shaft core line should be 4 ° of-6 ° of angles with plumb line, and running channel outlet with chill roll surface protect
Hold the spacing of 1-2mm.
Material A is the raw material that aluminothermic process prepares solder, including aluminium powder, metal-oxide, and alloying constituent, and as slag former
CaF2, the concrete kind of each component of material A and content need the composition of the strip brazing material according to preparation to allocate.
Described mould A material is graphite, goblet type, can be put together by two half cups, and wall thickness 15-25mm, running channel is long
Degree 150mm-200mm, running channel cross section is oval, and major axis 20-25mm, short axle 10-15mm, during assembling, major axis is parallel to chill roll
Width.
Described mould B material is graphite, column type, can be put together by two half cups, higher 30-40mm than mould A, wall thickness
25-30mm, a circular port is arranged at bottom, can closely cooperate with running channel.
Described catch is the low-melting-point metal paillon foil of corresponding solder composition.
The composition of described starting mix is gunpowder.
Described chill roll is provided with shoveling tape device.
The inventive method relates to two class exothermic reactions, is respectively
2yAl+3MxOy=yAl2O3+3xM+Q (1)
8Al+3CaSO4=4Al2O3+3CaS+Q (2)
After igniting, lead-in wire burning, then the starting mix that ignites, starting mix heat causes top layer material B to react (2), reaction
Spreading downwards, during to material A, B contact surface, material A reacts (1) simultaneously, and hereafter, reaction (1) is at mould A intracavity
Spreading downwards, reaction (2) spreads downwards between mould B and mould A；When reacting (1) and spreading to mould A cervical region, catch melts
Changing, high-temperature liquid metal flows out, and is ejected into roll surface through nozzle, quickly after cooling, throws away and i.e. can get strip brazing material.
Reaction (1) occurs in mould A, has following effect: 1. displacement obtains the metal ingredient needed for solder；2. reaction is many
Waste heat amount is as the thermal source of melted alloy agent.Reaction (2) occurs on mould A and between mould A, B, this heat of reaction greatly but
Inviolent, there is following effect: 1. big calorimetric is released in reaction, as extra heat source, for reaction (1) supplying heat, make reaction (1) fill
Divide and carry out, and promote that gold slag separates；2. reaction (2) portion of product enters mould A, oppresses metal together with the slag phase of reaction (1)
Liquid is sprayed by nozzle continuously；3. reaction (2) reduces the molten metal heat in running channel and scatters and disappears, and has a heat insulation effect, and in making running channel
The molten metal longer time is in approximation and " seethe with excitement " uniformly the mixing of state, beneficially liquid metal.
Due to the different fusing points of strip brazing material ingredient, thermal capacitance difference, in order to ensure the safety of course of reaction, for
Different strip brazing materials, can go to control heat of reaction by the adjustment of content of aluminium powder in reaction (2).For high-melting-point, big thermal capacitance
Solder composition, the proportioning of aluminium powder and calcium sulfate should as close possible to proportioning required by chemical equation, thus can be to react (1)
Adequate heat is provided；For low melting point, the solder composition of little thermal capacitance, in right amount can add aluminium powder, to absorb the unnecessary of reaction (2) more
Heat, thus ensure stationarity and the safety of course of reaction.
The present invention has a following beneficial effect:
(1) method equipment is simple.The method of the present invention is simple thermit reaction, mainly comprises the following steps weighing, batch mixing, dress
Material, igniting, simple to operate, it is to avoid repeatedly melting, be cast into ingot, cumbersome process that ingot casting melts again；Preparation equipment is predominantly sent out
The graphite jig of raw reaction and chill roll, it is not necessary to the multiple main equipments such as induction furnace, casting moulds, electric furnace or coreless induction furnace.
(2) raw material sources are wide, with low cost.This invention is prepared the cost of strip brazing material and is mainly expense of raw materials, except roller
Rotation needs outside electric energy, then need not remaining energy resource consumption, and raw material sources are extensive, with low cost.
(3) reacting balance, safety, controllability is good.For different reaction systems (1), can be by adjusting in reaction (2)
Aluminum content controls heat, to ensure stationarity and the safety of reaction.
(4) good product quality.Reaction (2) can promote that the golden slag reacting (1) separates, and the impurity greatly reduced in molten metal contains
Amount and gas content, be effectively improved strip brazing material quality.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Below by accompanying drawing, the present invention is further detailed.
Fig. 1 is mould and material distribution schematic diagram.
Fig. 2 is nozzle throat area figure.
Fig. 3 is mould chill roll installation diagram.
Fig. 4 is the EDS figure of the cuprio strip brazing material that model is BCu60ZnSn-R of embodiment 1 preparation.
Wherein, 1 lead-in wire；2 ignite oxidant layer；3 mould A；4 material A；5 catch；6 material B；7 mould B；
8 chill rolls；9 shovel bands；10 bracing frames.
Detailed description of the invention
In embodiment, the composition of material A and material B is all quality composition.
Embodiment 1: model is prepared by the cuprio strip brazing material of BCu60ZnSn-R.
Mould A is put in mould B, bottom mould A, have a running channel, be nozzle bottom running channel, by this nozzle by mould B
The aperture of bottom, and nozzle deflection chill roll linear velocity opposite direction side, be 4 ° with the vertical curve angle in the chill roll center of circle, and with
Periphery keeps the spacing of 1mm, and the longer axis parallel of oval nozzle is in the thickness direction of chill roll.Zinc paper tinsel catch is put into mould A
Cervical region, covers running channel；Weigh material A: CuO powder 48.40%, Al powder 10.90%, Zn powder 29.90%, Cu powder 7.70%, Sn powder
0.80%, Si powder 0.20%, Pb powder 0.08%, CaF2Powder 2.02%, after material A mix homogeneously, adds mould A inner chamber to
In, flatten compacting；Weigh material B:CaSO4Powder 59.30%, Al powder 36.40%, CaF2Powder 4.3%, by material B mix homogeneously
After, add in mould B, it is ensured that the amount energy mould A completely of material B, material B is flattened compacting.Turn on the power, regulation motor with
Control roll surface speed is 30m/s, and chill roll is cooled down by logical cooling water.On material B, sprinkle starting mix, plug and draw
Line, igniting, after the catch of mould A cervical region melts, the high temperature fluent metal that material A reaction generates is ejected into height by bottom nozzle
On the cooling roll surface that speed rotates, cool down rapidly, then throw away i.e. available required strip brazing material under the influence of centrifugal force.Implement
The EDS of the cuprio strip brazing material that model is BCu60ZnSn-R of example 1 preparation schemes as shown in Figure 4, result such as following table.
| Element | Weight % | Atom % |
| SiK | 00.33 | 01.22 |
| SnL | 01.23 | 01.00 |
| CuK | 59.14 | 57.90 |
| ZnK | 39.3 | 39.89 |
Embodiment 2: model is prepared by the cuprio strip brazing material of BCu62ZnNiMnSi.
Reaction mould and chill roll are assembled.Reaction dies cavity cervical region has a running channel, is nozzle bottom running channel, spray
Mouth deflection chill roll linear velocity opposite direction side, is 5 ° with the vertical curve angle in the chill roll center of circle, and keeps 1.5mm with periphery
Spacing, aluminium foil catch is put into charging mold neck, covers running channel；Weigh internal layer material A: CuO powder 51.30%, Al powder
12.90%, Zn powder 23.85%, Cu powder 8.20%, Si powder 0.20%, Mn powder 0.20%, Ni powder 0.30%, CaF2Powder 3.05%,
After material A mix homogeneously, add in reaction dies cavity, flatten compacting；Weigh outer skin materials B:CaSO4Powder 62.40%,
Al powder 33.00%, CaF2Powder 4.60%, after material B mix homogeneously, adds in reaction mould exocoel, it is ensured that the amount of material B
Material A can be completely covered, material B is flattened compacting.Turning on the power, regulation motor is with control roll surface speed as 35m/s, and leads to
Chill roll is cooled down by cooling water.On material B, sprinkle starting mix, plug lead-in wire, igniting, question response dies cavity cervical region
Catch fusing after, the high temperature fluent metal that the reaction of internal layer material A generates is ejected into the chill roll of high speed rotating by bottom nozzle
On face, cool down rapidly, then throw away i.e. available required strip brazing material under the influence of centrifugal force.
Embodiment 3: model is prepared by the money base strip brazing material of Bag56CuZnSn.
Reaction mould and chill roll are assembled.Reaction dies cavity cervical region has a running channel, is nozzle bottom running channel, spray
Mouth deflection chill roll linear velocity opposite direction side, is 6 ° with the vertical curve angle in the chill roll center of circle, and keeps 2mm's with periphery
Spacing, puts into charging mold neck by zinc paper tinsel catch, covers running channel；Weigh internal layer material A: AgO powder 45.63%, Al powder
9.78%, Cu powder 21.30%, Zn powder 16.50%, Sn powder 4.85%, CaF2Powder 1.94%, after material A mix homogeneously, adds
In reaction dies cavity, flatten compacting；Weigh outer skin materials B:CaSO4Powder 56.82%, Al powder 39.00%, CaF2Powder
4.18%, after material B mix homogeneously, add in reaction mould exocoel, it is ensured that the amount of material B can be completely covered material A, will
Material B flattens compacting.Turning on the power, regulation motor is with control roll surface speed as 40m/s, and chill roll is carried out by logical cooling water
Cooling.On material B, sprinkle starting mix, plug lead-in wire, igniting, after the catch fusing of question response dies cavity cervical region, internal layer
The high temperature fluent metal that material A reaction generates is ejected on the cooling roll surface of high speed rotating by bottom nozzle, cools down rapidly, then
I.e. available required strip brazing material is thrown away under the effect of centrifugal force.
Embodiment 4: model is prepared by the tin-lead strip brazing material of S-Sn60Pb39Sb1.
Reaction mould and chill roll are assembled.Reaction dies cavity cervical region has a running channel, is nozzle bottom running channel, spray
Mouth deflection chill roll linear velocity opposite direction side, is 5 ° with the vertical curve angle in the chill roll center of circle, and keeps 2mm's with periphery
Spacing, puts into charging mold neck by tinfoil paper catch, covers running channel；Weigh internal layer material A: SnO2 powder 55.27%, Al powder
13.10%, Pb powder 29.09%, Sb powder 0.36%, CaF2Powder 2.18%, after material A mix homogeneously, adds reaction mould to
In inner chamber, flatten compacting；Weigh outer skin materials B:CaSO4Powder 59.30%, Al powder 36.40%, CaF2Powder 4.3%, mixes material B
After closing uniformly, add in reaction mould exocoel, it is ensured that the amount of material B can be completely covered material A, material B is flattened compacting.Beat
Switch power supply, regulation motor is with control roll surface speed as 35m/s, and chill roll is cooled down by logical cooling water.On material B
Sprinkle starting mix, plug lead-in wire, igniting, after the catch fusing of question response dies cavity cervical region, the height that the reaction of internal layer material A generates
Temperature liquid metal is ejected on the cooling roll surface of high speed rotating by bottom nozzle, cools down rapidly, then gets rid of under the influence of centrifugal force
Go out i.e. available required strip brazing material.
Claims (8)
1. a preparation method for strip brazing material based on self-propagating technology, comprises the following steps:
1) assembly jig A, mould B and chill roll: put into by mould A in mould B, has a running channel, running channel outlet to wear bottom mould A
Cross the aperture bottom mould B, be placed in the top of chill roll, catch is put in mould A and cover running channel；
2) preparing material A, material A is the raw material that aluminothermic process prepares solder, including aluminium powder, metal-oxide, alloying constituent, Yi Jizuo
CaF for slag former2, mesh number is all 200 ~ 300 mesh, stirs, and adds mould A intracavity to, flattens compacting；
3) preparing material B, in material B, each composition and percentage by weight are calcium sulfate 56.82 ~ 62.4%, aluminium powder 33 ~ 39%, fluorination
Calcium 4.18 ~ 4.6%, mesh number is all 200 ~ 300 mesh, stirs, and adds mould B to, mould A is completely covered, and flattens compacting；
4) opening motor, controlling chill roll linear resonance surface velocity is 30m/s-40m/s, and cools down chill roll logical cooling water；
5) sprinkling starting mix on material B, plug lead-in wire, igniting, after the catch of mould A running channel cervical region melts, material A is anti-
The liquid metal that should generate, by the chill roll surface being ejected into rotation bottom running channel, cools down rapidly, and in the effect of centrifugal force
Under throw away i.e. available required strip brazing material.
Preparation method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the running channel position of mould A should be the not highest at chill roll
Above Dian, and in the front side in chill roll peak linear velocity direction, running channel outlet with chill roll shaft core line should with plumb line in
4 ° of-6 ° of angles, and running channel exports and the spacing of chill roll surface holding 1-2mm.
Preparation method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described mould A material is graphite, goblet type, by
Two half cups are put together, wall thickness 15-25mm, running channel length 150mm-200mm, and running channel cross section is oval, major axis 20-
25mm, short axle 10-15mm, during assembling, major axis is parallel to the width of chill roll.
Preparation method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described mould B material is graphite, and column type, by two
Individual half cup is put together, higher 30-40mm than mould A, wall thickness 25-30mm, and a circular port is arranged at bottom, can closely cooperate with running channel.
Preparation method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that prepared solder model is BCu60ZnSn-R, thing
The quality group of material A becomes CuO powder 48.40%, Al powder 10.90%, Zn powder 29.90%, Cu powder 7.70%, Sn powder 0.80%, Si powder 0.20%,
Pb powder 0.08%, CaF2Powder 2.02%, material B quality group becomes CaSO4Powder 59.30%, Al powder 36.40%, CaF2Powder 4.3%.
Preparation method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that prepared solder model is BCu62ZnNiMnSi,
The quality group of material A becomes CuO powder 51.30%, Al powder 12.90%, Zn powder 23.85%, Cu powder 8.20%, Si powder 0.20%, Mn powder
0.20%, Ni powder 0.30%, CaF2Powder 3.05%, material B quality group becomes CaSO4Powder 62.40%, Al powder 33.00%, CaF2Powder
4.60%。
Preparation method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that prepared solder model is Bag56CuZnSn, thing
Material A quality group becomes AgO powder 45.63%, Al powder 9.78%, Cu powder 21.30%, Zn powder 16.50%, Sn powder 4.85%, CaF2Powder
1.94%, material B quality group becomes CaSO4Powder 56.82%, Al powder 39.00%, CaF2Powder 4.18%.
Preparation method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that prepared solder model is S-Sn60Pb39Sb1,
Material A quality group becomes SnO2 powder 55.27%, Al powder 13.10%, Pb powder 29.09%, Sb powder 0.36%, CaF2Powder 2.18%, material B
Quality group becomes CaSO4Powder 59.30%, Al powder 36.40%, CaF2Powder 4.3%.
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| CN108637030B (en) * | 2018-05-08 | 2024-03-12 | 安徽科技学院 | Liquid extrusion forming device for brittle solder strip |
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| CN101972905B (en) * | 2010-10-27 | 2012-06-27 | 天津大学 | Self-propagating brazing heat source medicinal powder, self-propagating brazing device and preparation method thereof |
| DE102010060937A1 (en) * | 2010-12-01 | 2012-06-06 | Universität des Saarlandes | Reactive metallic multilayers and methods for producing reactive metallic multilayers |
| CN103071949A (en) * | 2013-02-26 | 2013-05-01 | 武汉大学 | Self-propagating welding powder |
| CN103537823B (en) * | 2013-11-11 | 2015-06-03 | 武汉大学 | Self-propagating aluminum solder and welding rod |
| CN103567666B (en) * | 2013-11-15 | 2016-04-20 | 中国航空工业集团公司北京航空制造工程研究所 | Be applicable to titanium alloy soldering and Ti 2the strip brazing material of AlNb alloy brazed and preparation and method for welding |
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