CN104551144A - Milling finish machining method for side wall of difficult-to-cut material or large-size three-dimensional molded surface part - Google Patents
Milling finish machining method for side wall of difficult-to-cut material or large-size three-dimensional molded surface part Download PDFInfo
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- CN104551144A CN104551144A CN201410711773.0A CN201410711773A CN104551144A CN 104551144 A CN104551144 A CN 104551144A CN 201410711773 A CN201410711773 A CN 201410711773A CN 104551144 A CN104551144 A CN 104551144A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23C—MILLING
- B23C3/00—Milling particular work; Special milling operations; Machines therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q17/00—Arrangements for observing, indicating or measuring on machine tools
- B23Q17/20—Arrangements for observing, indicating or measuring on machine tools for indicating or measuring workpiece characteristics, e.g. contour, dimension, hardness
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23C—MILLING
- B23C2220/00—Details of milling processes
- B23C2220/24—Production of elliptical holes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23C—MILLING
- B23C2220/00—Details of milling processes
- B23C2220/60—Roughing
- B23C2220/605—Roughing and finishing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q2717/00—Arrangements for indicating or measuring
- B23Q2717/006—Arrangements for indicating or measuring in milling machines
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Abstract
The invention discloses a milling machining error online detection self-adapted machining method for a side wall of a difficult-to-cut or large-size three-dimensional molded surface part. The method comprises the following steps: after machining a three-dimensional molded surface layer by layer, measuring an appearance error of the three-dimensional molded surface; and automatically calculating compensation according to a detection value to determine a final finish machining track so as to finish the finish machining of the three-dimensional molded surface. According to the milling machining error online detection self-adapted machining method, a part size in a machining process is measured so that machining comprehensive errors caused by the factors including tool abrasion, part rigid deformation, non-uniform hardness and the like are eliminated, and the machining precision of the difficult-to-cut or large-size three-dimensional molded surface part is greatly improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to NC milling field, particularly relate to a kind of milling finish machining method of three-dimensional profile part sidewall, be specially adapted to the milling fine finishining of hard-cutting material or large stereo profile part sidewall.
Background technology
In production reality, have typical part as shown in Figure 1, this kind of feature side-wall, by being that low-angle inclined-plane forms with bottom surface normal direction, forms three-dimensional profile part.The processing of this kind of three-dimensional profile part normally cuts processing for selecting R cutter or ball head knife to carry out layer.If workpiece part strength is lower or restricted in structure (such as requiring rounding size), then the R angle of cutter can not too large (for control cutting force), and Z-direction layer is cut step pitch and needed very little, and therefore its machining path is very long.
Particularly, if the difficult machined part of part or large-scale workpiece, due to its tool sharpening path length, can there is following problem in current processing method.The first, obvious part Milling Process tool wear can be there is, cause its machining accuracy poor.Part Milling Process tool wear is determined by part material performance and size, and part material is harder, and part shape size is larger, and required length of cut is longer.As can be seen from processing experience in the past, abrasion of cutting tool problem is particularly outstanding in heavy parts and hard-cutting material processing, its producing cause be at heavy parts in process, cutter can wear and tear gradually along with length of cut increase, this problem can not detect adjustment cutter parameters completely by hand and solve, and has influence on the crudy of part.The second, the cutter relieving that part rigidity deficiency causes can be there is, thus cause its machining accuracy poor.Part adds man-hour, reasons in structure due to machine tool chief axis and part causes the change of cutting force, cause long-range constantly the reduction to proximal malformations from clamping point, the part shape error that the long-range cutter relieving of final formation clamping point is large, near-end is little, this error can increase because part height increases.In addition, part hardness inequality also can produce milling profile errors.For heavy parts, same material is at different points, and material hardness numerical value exists the difference of 3 ~ 5HRc, during fine finishining, produces machining profile error because hardness difference can cause profile difference cutter relieving difference.
Summary of the invention
For above defect or the Improvement requirement of prior art, the invention provides a kind of milling finish machining method of three-dimensional profile part sidewall, for carrying out milling fine finishining to hard-cutting material or large-sized three-dimensional profile part sidewall, it obtains the accurately machined error of last workpiece or the wear law of same tool in semifinishing in real time by work in-process, thus in real time a rear workpiece or finishing tool of the same type are compensated, thus realize the milling fine finishining of workpiece.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a kind of milling finish machining method of three-dimensional profile part sidewall is provided, its obtain by the milling fine finishining of previous workpiece mismachining tolerance that such workpiece produces by cutter relieving and and then a rear workpiece is compensated, thus overcome in the processing of hard-cutting material or large-sized three-dimensional profile part sidewall due to main shaft cutter relieving or the not enough mismachining tolerance brought of workpiece rigidity, realize the accurate processing to such part, it is characterized in that, the method comprises:
(1) the three-dimensional profile workpiece of clamping, and oppose side wall carries out successively Milling Process, comprising finally utilizing finishing tool layering fine to process, obtains the workpiece profile after processing;
(2) error-detecting is carried out to the workpiece profile after processing, namely on profile elevations h direction, at multiple At The Height, test point is set respectively successively, gauge head is utilized to detect described each test point, obtain the error of actual detected value that each test point place produces due to cutter relieving and theoretical value, and then obtain the TP metrical error of each test point;
(3) another workpiece of the identical type that changes the outfit, and the various manufacturing procedures before fine finishining are completed to it;
(4) fine finishining is carried out to this workpiece, namely select finishing tool and carry out fine finishining according to the processing mode consistent with the machined parameters of previous workpiece, and utilize above-mentioned TP metrical error to carry out cutter compensation when being worked into described each test point, thus realize the milling fine finishining to solid type face part sidewall.
As improvement of the present invention, the described TP metrical error δ ' of each test point is:
δ′＝δ-δ
0
Wherein, δ is that gauge head measures show value, δ
0for detecting the error of actual theoretical value and theoretical value, δ
0=r/cos α-r, r are that gauge head surveys the radius of a ball, and α is inclined-plane normal angle.
As improvement of the present invention, described each At The Height can arrange multiple different test point, and each test point is preferably placed at each outline line near intersections be arranged on the side wall profile cross section of this At The Height.
As improvement of the present invention, each height at described test point place is equidistant along short transverse in profile, to be in height evenly distributed by test point.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a kind of milling finish machining method of three-dimensional profile part sidewall is provided, its by obtain in the milling semifinishing of workpiece such workpiece by the mismachining tolerance produced due to tool wear and and then in follow-up fine finishining, adopt identical cutter and compensate, thus overcome in the processing of hard-cutting material or large-sized three-dimensional profile part sidewall due to mismachining tolerance that tool wear is brought, realize the accurate processing to such part, it is characterized in that, the method comprises:
(1) with roughing tool successively rough milling sidewall profile profile, and reserved Milling Machining surplus;
(2) machining profile is continued with semifinishing cutter, and reserved Milling Machining surplus;
(3) error-detecting is carried out to the workpiece profile after semifinishing, namely on profile elevations h direction, at multiple At The Height, test point is set respectively successively, gauge head is utilized to detect described each test point, obtain the error of actual detected value that each test point place produces due to tool wear and theoretical value, and then obtain the TP metrical error of each test point;
(4) profile fine finishining is carried out with another finishing tool consistent with semifinishing, and machined parameters is consistent with semifinishing profile, and utilize above-mentioned TP metrical error to compensate when being worked into described each test point, thus realize the milling fine finishining to solid type face part sidewall.
As improvement of the present invention, the described TP metrical error δ ' of each test point is:
δ′＝δ-δ
0
Wherein, δ is that gauge head measures show value, δ
0for detecting the error of actual theoretical value and theoretical value, δ
0=r/cos α-r, r are that gauge head surveys the radius of a ball, and α is inclined-plane normal angle.
As improvement of the present invention, described each At The Height can arrange multiple different test point, and each test point is preferably placed at each outline line near intersections be arranged on the side wall profile cross section of this At The Height.
As improvement of the present invention, each height at described test point place is equidistant along short transverse in profile, to be in height evenly distributed by test point.
As improvement of the present invention, describedly utilize above-mentioned TP metrical error to compensate specifically, when being worked into test point, revise current cutter compensation value, this cutter compensation value is corresponding to the metrical error value of this intersection point.
The present invention is directed in the scheme of the mismachining tolerance that work in-process brings primarily of main shaft cutter relieving or part rigidity deficiency, in step (1) wherein, first clamping, previous process step is completed by technique, last work step is for using finishing tool layering fine machining profile, and contour machining selects the processing method of cutter compensation.In step (2), each test point place plane is at a distance of certain depth h, and this depth threshold can specifically be selected according to the required precision of reality processing and determine.Test point is preferably the neighbouring point of the intersection point of two different sub-outline lines on each section of outline line.In the program, known the milling ernr of such workpiece by the processing of previous workpiece, thus in a rear workpiece, cutter compensation is carried out to this, thus realize the accurate Milling Process of this type of workpiece.
The present invention is directed in the scheme of the mismachining tolerance that work in-process brings primarily of tool wear, the roughing tool successively rough milling profile of step (1) wherein, stay theoretical Milling Machining surplus, step (2) semifinishing tool sharpening profile, stays theoretical Milling Machining surplus.Machined parameters and accurately machined machined parameters completely the same; Semifinishing cutter and finishing tool use in groups, and processing content should ensure unanimously, if a certain section of machining locus is circular arc, then end coordinate values programming is pressed in programming.Step (3) gauge head detects the cross section profile of part certain depth h, determination and the front a scheme of this degree of depth and test point are similar, detection method is with the step (2) of previous scheme, by the sequence detection of part machining locus, detection side is on XY coordinate plane, perpendicular to part section outline line, compare the normal error amount δ of workpiece actual size and semifinishing theoretical size
1, keeping records in order, the δ of often
1be stored in address position, continuous print address successively.Another finishing tool finished profile consistent with semifinishing of step (4), machined parameters is consistent with semifinishing profile, segmented compensation mismachining tolerance δ
1.When being namely worked into test point, revise current cutter compensation value, pointwise modification each processing Theory track intersection point cutter compensation value, cutter compensation value is corresponding to the metrical error value of this intersection point, namely when being worked into each test point of each detection contour layer, #12020 is revised as successively, #12021, #12022 etc. in the value detecting each point tool abrasion.
In the present invention, if part has yielding position, local, can increase at this position and detect and compensation point, for revising local deformation error.
In general, the above technical scheme conceived by the present invention compared with prior art, has following beneficial effect:
(1) for the mismachining tolerance brought by main shaft cutter relieving or part rigidity deficiency, the present invention program is creatively pursuant to similar workpiece and has identical rigidity or distortion, by arranging test point, the error occurred in this work pieces process is detected and calculated and stores, to adopt and take identical technique and machined parameters to process when next workpiece fine finishining, and utilize above-mentioned error to carry out real-Time Compensation at corresponding test point place, thus greatly improve the machining accuracy of profile.
(2) finishing tool is worn and torn the contouring error brought, there is at the same workpiece of processing according to same tool in the present invention the feature of same abrasive effect, by arranging test point when semifinishing on profile and obtaining metrical error by gauge head and store, carry out to adopt another cutter identical with semifinishing when fine finishining, and and utilize above-mentioned error to carry out real-Time Compensation at corresponding test point place, thus greatly improve the machining accuracy of profile.
(3) in the present invention, being arranged through of test point is evenly arranged in profile elevations h direction, make profile whole-body machining accuracy and uniformity better, and can arrange multiple at the test point of each At The Height, each test point is preferably arranged near each sub-profile joining, can be like this these points as corresponding profile control point thus make accuracy of detection and machining accuracy higher.
(4) said method of the present invention adopts adaptive equalization, effectively can reduce the part's machining errors because tool wear, cutter relieving produce, improve part processing precision and production efficiency.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of typical three-dimensional profile workpiece;
Fig. 2 is according to the layered weighting schematic diagram in the milling finish machining method constructed by the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is according to often some detection computations schematic diagram in the milling finish machining method constructed by the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is according to every layer of contour detecting schematic diagram in the milling finish machining method constructed by the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is according to the arc machining schematic diagram in the milling finish machining method constructed by the embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to make object of the present invention, technical scheme and advantage clearly understand, below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, the present invention is further elaborated.Should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein only in order to explain the present invention, be not intended to limit the present invention.In addition, if below in described each embodiment of the present invention involved technical characteristic do not form conflict each other and just can mutually combine.
According to the milling finish machining method to hard-cutting material or large stereo profile part sidewall constructed by one embodiment of the present of invention, it carries out the milling fine finishining of three-dimensional profile part sidewall primarily of the mismachining tolerance that main shaft cutter relieving or part rigidity deficiency bring for work in-process.The method specifically comprises the steps:
(1) clamping, completes previous process step by technique, and last work step is for using finishing tool layering fine machining profile, and contour machining selects the processing method of cutter compensation.
(2) detect the cross section profile of part certain depth h with gauge head, each profile near intersections surveys a point, and practical basis determines following method.
The side error detection method provided with Reinshaw, detection side is on XY coordinate parallel surface, and perpendicular to part section outline line, the detection method of often is shown in Fig. 3, compares the normal error amount δ ' of workpiece actual size and final theoretical profile size.
Contact with parts profile owing to surveying ball, contact is not on the XY parallel surface crossing the centre of sphere (see Fig. 3), and it detects the error of actual theoretical value and theoretical value
Actual each point contour detecting error
δ′＝δ-δ
0
Wherein, r is for surveying the radius of a ball; A is inclined-plane normal angle; δ ' is actual each point contour detecting error; δ is that gauge head measures show value.
Above detection method is only adapted to the detection of little gradient side, due to the calibrating parameters that the calibrating parameters called when measuring is XY vertical plane, detect inventor and carried out detection experiment with standard inclined plane, obtain following standard angle error correction values (as table 1):
Table 1 inclined-plane metrical error empirical equation
| Angle of chamfer a | Inclined-plane metrical error correction value (mm) |
| 3° | 0 |
| 5° | -0.01 |
| 7° | -0.02 |
| 9° | -0.035 |
Undertaken by the order of certain depth layer cross section contour machining track during detection, keeping records after detecting.The δ of often is stored in continuous print address bit (see Fig. 4) successively, then every each point error amount of h depth detection one deck cross section profile, be stored in continuous print address bit successively, address bit: #12020 (setting No. 20 cuttves as starting point) is mended as being stored in cutter, #12021, #12022, #12023 etc.
(3) replace a part clamping, completes previous process step by technique.
(4) finishing tool finished profile is used; Machined parameters is consistent with a upper workpiece fine finishining, segmented compensation mismachining tolerance δ.Namely, during machining profile, when being worked into each test point of each detection contour layer, #12020 is revised as successively, #12021, #12022 etc. in the value detecting each point tool abrasion.
If a certain section of machining locus is circular arc, then programming presses end coordinate values programming, for FANUC system, if machining locus is shown in Fig. 5, starting point coordinate is (X0, Z0), and terminal point coordinate is (X1, Z1), radius is r, and program structure is: G3 G41 X1 Z1 Rr D1.
According to the milling finish machining method to hard-cutting material or large stereo profile part sidewall constructed by an alternative embodiment of the invention, it carries out the milling fine finishining of three-dimensional profile part sidewall primarily of the mismachining tolerance that tool wear is brought for work in-process.The method specifically comprises the steps:
(1) with roughing tool successively rough milling profile, theoretical Milling Machining surplus is stayed.
(2) with semifinishing tool sharpening profile, theoretical Milling Machining surplus is stayed.Machined parameters and accurately machined machined parameters completely the same; Semifinishing cutter and finishing tool use in groups, and processing content should ensure unanimously, if a certain section of machining locus is circular arc, then end coordinate values programming is pressed in programming.For FANUC system, if machining locus is shown in Fig. 5, starting point coordinate is (X0, Z0), and terminal point coordinate is (X1, Z1), and radius is r, and program structure is: G3 X1 Z1 Rr.
(3) cross section profile of part certain depth h is detected with gauge head, each profile near intersections surveys a point, detection method is with the step 2 of scheme 1, by the sequence detection of part machining locus, detection side is on XY coordinate plane, perpendicular to part section outline line, compare the normal error amount δ of workpiece actual size and semifinishing theoretical size
1, keeping records in order, the δ of often
1be stored in continuous print address bit (see Fig. 4) successively, then every each point error amount of h depth detection one deck cross section profile, be stored in continuous print address bit successively.Address bit: #12020 (setting No. 20 cuttves as starting point) is mended, #12021, #12022, #12023 etc. as being stored in cutter.
(4) with another finishing tool finished profile consistent with semifinishing, machined parameters is consistent with semifinishing profile, segmented compensation mismachining tolerance δ
1.When being namely worked into test point, revise current cutter compensation value, pointwise modification each processing Theory track intersection point cutter compensation value, cutter compensation value is corresponding to the metrical error value of this intersection point, namely when being worked into each test point of each detection contour layer, #12020 is revised as successively, #12021, #12022 etc. in the value detecting each point tool abrasion.During as being worked into the 1st test point, #12001=#12020 (current process tool is No. 1 cutter).
As part has yielding position, local, can increase at this position and detect and compensation point, for revising local deformation error.If a certain section of machining locus is circular arc, then end coordinate values programming is pressed in programming, for FANUC system, if machining locus is shown in Fig. 2, starting point coordinate is (X0, Z0), terminal point coordinate is (X1, Z1), radius is r, and program structure is: G3 G41 X1 Z1 Rr D1 (No. 1, current cutter position cutter compensation).
After the present invention successively processes solid type face, measure solid type facial contour error, according to the automatic calculation compensation of detected value to determine final fine finishining track, complete the fine finishining of solid type face.The present invention, by measuring the accessory size in process, eliminates the processing composition error brought because of factors such as tool wear, part rigid deformation, hardness are uneven, significantly improves difficult cutting or the machining accuracy of large stereo profile part.
Those skilled in the art will readily understand; the foregoing is only preferred embodiment of the present invention; not in order to limit the present invention, all any amendments done within the spirit and principles in the present invention, equivalent replacement and improvement etc., all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. the milling finish machining method of a three-dimensional profile part sidewall, its obtain by the milling fine finishining of previous workpiece mismachining tolerance that such workpiece produces by cutter relieving and and then a rear workpiece is compensated, thus overcome in the processing of three-dimensional profile part sidewall due to main shaft cutter relieving or the not enough mismachining tolerance brought of workpiece rigidity, realize the accurate processing to such part, it is characterized in that, the method comprises:
(1) the three-dimensional profile workpiece of clamping, and oppose side wall carries out successively Milling Process, comprising finally utilizing finishing tool layering fine to process, obtains the workpiece profile after processing;
(2) error-detecting is carried out to the workpiece profile after processing, namely on profile elevations h direction, at multiple At The Height, test point is set respectively successively, gauge head is utilized to detect described each test point, obtain the error of actual detected value that each test point place produces due to cutter relieving and theoretical value, and then obtain the TP metrical error of each test point;
(3) another workpiece of the identical type that changes the outfit, and the various manufacturing procedures before fine finishining are completed to it;
(4) fine finishining is carried out to this workpiece, namely select finishing tool and carry out fine finishining according to the processing mode consistent with the machined parameters of previous workpiece, and utilize above-mentioned TP metrical error to carry out cutter compensation when being worked into described each test point, thus realize the milling fine finishining to solid type face part sidewall.
2. the milling finish machining method of a kind of three-dimensional profile part sidewall according to claim 1, wherein, the described TP metrical error δ ' of each test point is:
δ′＝δ-δ
0
Wherein, δ is that gauge head measures show value, δ
0for detecting the error of actual theoretical value and theoretical value, δ
0=r/cos α-r, r are that gauge head surveys the radius of a ball, and α is side wall inclined plane normal angle.
3. the milling finish machining method of a kind of three-dimensional profile part sidewall according to claim 1 and 2, wherein, described each At The Height can arrange multiple different test point, and each test point is preferably placed at each outline line near intersections be arranged on the side wall profile cross section of this At The Height.
4. the milling finish machining method of a kind of three-dimensional profile part sidewall according to any one of claim 1-3, wherein, each height at described test point place is equidistant along short transverse in profile, to be in height evenly distributed by test point.
5. the milling finish machining method of a three-dimensional profile part sidewall, its by obtain in the milling semifinishing of workpiece such workpiece by the mismachining tolerance produced due to tool wear and and then in follow-up fine finishining, adopt identical cutter and compensate, thus overcome in the processing of three-dimensional profile part sidewall due to mismachining tolerance that tool wear is brought, realize the accurate processing to such part, it is characterized in that, the method comprises:
(1) with roughing tool successively rough milling sidewall profile profile, and reserved Milling Machining surplus;
(2) machining profile is continued with semifinishing cutter, and reserved Milling Machining surplus;
(3) error-detecting is carried out to the workpiece profile after semifinishing, namely on profile elevations h direction, at multiple At The Height, test point is set respectively successively, gauge head is utilized to detect described each test point, obtain the error of actual detected value that each test point place produces due to tool wear and theoretical value, and then obtain the TP metrical error of each test point;
(4) profile fine finishining is carried out with another finishing tool consistent with semifinishing, and machined parameters is consistent with semifinishing profile, and utilize above-mentioned TP metrical error to compensate when being worked into described each test point, thus realize the milling fine finishining to solid type face part sidewall.
6. the milling finish machining method of a kind of three-dimensional profile part sidewall according to claim 5, wherein, the described TP metrical error δ ' of each test point is:
δ′＝δ-δ
0
Wherein, δ is that gauge head measures show value, δ
0for detecting the error of actual theoretical value and theoretical value, δ
0=r/cos α-r, r are that gauge head surveys the radius of a ball, and α is side wall inclined plane normal angle.
7. the milling finish machining method of a kind of three-dimensional profile part sidewall according to claim 5 or 6, wherein, described each At The Height can arrange multiple different test point, and each test point is preferably placed at each outline line near intersections be arranged on the side wall profile cross section of this At The Height.
8. the milling finish machining method of a kind of three-dimensional profile part sidewall according to any one of claim 5-7, wherein, each height at described test point place is equidistant along short transverse in profile, to be in height evenly distributed by test point.
9. the milling finish machining method of a kind of three-dimensional profile part sidewall according to any one of claim 5-8, wherein, describedly above-mentioned TP metrical error is utilized to compensate specifically, when being worked into test point, revise current cutter compensation value, this cutter compensation value is corresponding to the metrical error value of this intersection point.
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| CN105127492A (en) * | 2015-09-07 | 2015-12-09 | 上海交通大学 | Method for online compensation processing of combustion chambers of inline engine cylinder cover |
| CN105127492B (en) * | 2015-09-07 | 2017-11-14 | 上海交通大学 | The method of straight engine the combustion chamber online compensation processing |
| CN106180831A (en) * | 2016-07-13 | 2016-12-07 | 中铁宝桥集团有限公司 | A kind of solid manganese steel frog end fitting surface processing method |
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Application publication date: 20150429 |